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Adam T, Dhahi TS, Gopinath SCB, Hashim U, Uda MNA. Recent advances in techniques for fabrication and characterization of nanogap biosensors: A review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1395-1417. [PMID: 34143905 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanogap biosensors have fascinated researchers due to their excellent electrical properties. Nanogap biosensors comprise three arrays of electrodes that form nanometer-size gaps. The sensing gaps have become the major building blocks of several sensing applications, including bio- and chemosensors. One of the advantages of nanogap biosensors is that they can be fabricated in nanoscale size for various downstream applications. Several studies have been conducted on nanogap biosensors, and nanogap biosensors exhibit potential material properties. The possibilities of combining these unique properties with a nanoscale-gapped device and electrical detection systems allow excellent and potential prospects in biomolecular detection. However, their fabrication is challenging as the gap is becoming smaller. It includes high-cost, low-yield, and surface phenomena to move a step closer to the routine fabrications. This review summarizes different feasible techniques in the fabrication of nanogap electrodes, such as preparation by self-assembly with both conventional and nonconventional approaches. This review also presents a comprehensive analysis of the fabrication, potential applications, history, and the current status of nanogap biosensors with a special focus on nanogap-mediated bio- and chemical sonsors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijjani Adam
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus Uniciti Alam Sg. Chuchuh, Padang Besar (U), Perlis, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Th S Dhahi
- Physics Department, University of Basrah, Basra, Iraq.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - U Hashim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - M N A Uda
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
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Ino K, Şen M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for evaluation of three-dimensional cultured cells. Analyst 2018; 142:4343-4354. [PMID: 29106427 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of recent research progress in the development of micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for the evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells. First, we discuss probe devices: a general outline, evaluation of O2 consumption, enzyme-modified electrodes, evaluation of endogenous enzyme activity, and the collection of cell components from cell aggregates are discussed. The next section is focused on integrated chip devices: a general outline, electrode array devices, smart electrode array devices, droplet detection of 3D cultured cells, cell manipulation using dielectrophoresis (DEP), and electrodeposited hydrogels used for fabrication of 3D cultured cells on chip devices are discussed. Finally, we provide a summary and discussion of future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Şen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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