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Ahmed L, Lüder J, Chuang CH, EL-Mahdy AFM. Covalent-Organic-Framework-Modified Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor for Selective Detection of Hazardous Formic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30408-30420. [PMID: 38805601 PMCID: PMC11181274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a novel family of porous crystalline materials utilized in various advanced applications. However, applying COFs as a hazardous organic acid gas sensor is substantial but still challenging. Herein, a phenylenediamine-based covalent organic framework (TPDA-TPB COF) featuring excellent crystallinity, ultrastable thermal stability, and high surface area was successfully constructed. Then, the TPDA-TPB COF-modified quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor is fabricated by immobilizing the TPDA-TPB COF thin film on the gold-QCM chip. The fabricated TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor demonstrates a rapid response, excellent reproducibility, high selectivity, and sensitivity to formic gas, arising from hydrogen-bonding interactions between formic acid and the outermost layer of the TPDA-TPB COF, as determined by extensive analysis and density functional theory calculations. The basic sites of the TPDA-TPB COF, which are numerous due to its high nitrogen content, and the carboxylic acid groups present in formic acid exhibit efficient interactions. The sensitivity of the TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor was found to be 7.75 Hz ppm-1 at standard room temperature and pressure conditions, with a limit of detection (LOD) of formic acid down to 1.18 ppm, which is significantly below the workplace olfactory threshold limit of 5.0 ppm established by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The TPDA-TPB COF-modified QCM sensor exhibits remarkable detecting capabilities, making it highly attractive for detecting organic acid vapors in diverse applications that require superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa
Reda Ahmed
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Johann Lüder
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center
for Theoretical and Computational Physics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chuang
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy
- Department
of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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2
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Potter M, Debnath S, Drover MW, Rondeau-Gagné S, Mutus B. An Azomethine-H-Based Fluorogenic Sensor for Formic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43880-43886. [PMID: 37671912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is an important C1-containing feedstock that serves as a masked source of dihydrogen gas (H2). To encourage the adoption of cleaner (noncarbonaceous) energy sources, FA detection and sensing is thus of considerable interest. Here, we examine the use of a commercially available dye, azomethine-H (Az-H), for FA sensing. Solution studies confirm that FA quenches both the absorbance and the luminescence properties of Az-H. FA was additionally found to attenuate a known Az-H (E)-to-(Z) conformational change, suggesting an Az-H/FA interaction, possibly through hydrogen bonding; this phenomenon was probed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Moving toward a solid-state sensor, the Az-H probe was incorporated into a gelatin-based matrix. On exposure to FA, the luminescence of this system was found to increase in a FA-dependent manner, attributed to the formation of stable hydrogen-bonded structures, facilitating a (Z)-to-(E) isomerization via imine protonation, allowing for production of the more luminescent (E)-isomer. This fluorogenic signal was used as a FA sensor with an estimated detection limit of ca. 0.4 ppb FA vapor. This work constitutes an important step toward a highly sensitive FA sensor in both the solution and solid state, opening new space for the detection of organic acids in differing chemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Potter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Suman Debnath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Marcus W Drover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Bulent Mutus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
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3
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Ding P, Liu H, Zhu Z, Fu Y, Li H, Cao H, Meng F, Xu W, He Q, Cheng J. Directional Activated Exciton Highway via Fractal Electric Field Modulation for Ultrasensitive Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2375-2382. [PMID: 37253195 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrical vapor sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has attracted wide attention due to its excellent conductivity, stable interfacial structure, and low dimensional quantum effects. However, the conductivity and contact interface activity were still limited by the random distribution of coated CNTs, which led to limited performance. We developed a new strategy to unify the CNT directions with image fractal designing of the electrode system. In such a system, directional aligned CNTs were gained under a well-modulated electric field, leading to microscale CNT exciton highways and molecule-scale host-guest site activation. The carrier mobility of the aligned CNT device is 20-fold higher than that of the random network CNT device. With excellent electrical properties, such modulated CNT devices based on fractal electrodes behave as an ultrasensitive vapor sensor for methylphenethylamine, a mimic of illicit drug methamphetamine. The detection limit reached as low as 0.998 ppq, 6 orders of magnitude sensitive than the reported 5 ppb record based on interdigital electrodes with random distributed CNTs. Since the device is easily fabricated in wafer-level and compatible with the CMOS process, such a fractal design strategy for aligned CNT preparation will be widely applied in a variety of wafer-level electrical functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ding
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huizi Li
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Fanbing Meng
- Heilongjiang Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid of China, Xiangjiang Road 7, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
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Zhu Z, Liu H, Ding P, Fu Y, Cao H, Xu W, He Q, Cheng J. Direct Active Site at the Van der Waals Heterostructure Interface with Synthetic Drug Analogue N-Methylphenethylimine Ultrasensitivity. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1318-1327. [PMID: 36795762 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
CNT/organic probe-based chemiresistive sensors suffer from the problem of low sensitivity and poor stability due to the unstable and unfavorable CNT/organic probe interface. A new designing strategy of a one-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure was developed for ultrasensitive vapor sensing. By modifying the perylene diimide molecule at the bay region with phenoxyl and further Boc-NH- phenoxy side chains, a highly stable 1D VDW heterostructure SWCNT-probe molecule system was formed with ultrasensitivity and specificity. Interfacial recognition sites consisting of SWCNT and the probe molecule are responsible for the synergistical and excellent sensing response to MPEA molecules, which was proved by Raman, XPS, and FTIR characterizations together with dynamic simulation. Based on such a sensitive and stable VDW heterostructure system, the measured detection limit reached as low as 3.6 ppt for the synthetic drug analogue N-methylphenethylimine (MPEA) in the vapor phase, and the sensor showed almost no performance degradation even after 10 days. Furthermore, a miniaturized detector was developed for real-time monitoring of drug vapor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Pengfei Ding
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
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5
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Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor Based on Tb(III) Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework for Formic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248702. [PMID: 36557836 PMCID: PMC9781586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid is a common chemical raw material, the effective detection of which is of importance to food safety and environmental quality. In this work, the lanthanide functionalized dual-emission metal-organic framework (TH25) was prepared as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for formic acid. This ratiometric sensor has a good detection performance with high selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Together with a low limit of detection of 2.1 ppm, these characters promise the ability to sense at low levels as well as a practical detection ability. This work provides ideas for the design and synthesis of effective chemical sensors for organic acids.
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Ye P, Zhang H, Qu J, Wang J, Zhu X, Hu Q, Ma S. Preparation of recyclable fluorescent electrospinning films and their application in distinguishing and quantitatively analyzing acid gases. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Jianbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Jian‐Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Xiuzhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Qingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Shanghong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
- Key Laboratory for Green Leather Manufacture Technology of China National Light Industry Council, Faculty of Light Industry Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
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Fullerene Rosette: Two-Dimensional Interactive Nanoarchitectonics and Selective Vapor Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105454. [PMID: 35628264 PMCID: PMC9141234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The simplicity of fullerenes as assembled components provides attractive opportunities for basic understanding in self-assembly research. We applied in situ reactive methods to the self-assembly process of C60 molecules with melamine/ethylenediamine components in solution, resulting in a novel type of fullerene assemblies, micron-sized two-dimensional, amorphous shape-regular objects, fullerene rosettes. ATR−FTIR spectra, XPS, and TGA results suggest that the melamine/ethylenediamine components strongly interact and/or are covalently linked with fullerenes in the fullerene rosettes. The broad peak for layer spacing in the XRD patterns of the fullerene rosettes corresponds roughly to the interdigitated fullerene bilayer or monolayer of modified fullerene molecules. The fullerene rosettes are made from the accumulation of bilayer/monolayer assemblies of hybridized fullerenes in low crystallinity. Prototype sensor systems were fabricated upon immobilization of the fullerene rosettes onto surfaces of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and selective sensing of formic acid was demonstrated as preliminary results for social-demanded toxic material sensing. The QCM sensor with fullerene rosette is categorized as one of the large-response sensors among reported examples. In selectivity to formic acids against basic guests (formic acid/pyridine >30) or aromatic guests (formic acid/toluene >110), the fullerene rosette-based QCM sensor also showed superior performance.
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Self-Assembled Corn-Husk-Shaped Fullerene Crystals as Excellent Acid Vapor Sensors. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight acid vapors cause aging and destruction in material processing. In this paper, facile fabrication of novel corn-husk-shaped fullerene C60 crystals (CHFCs) through the dynamic liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation method is reported. The CHFCs were grown at the liquid–liquid interface between isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and a saturated solution of C60 in mesitylene under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. The average length, outer diameter, and inner diameter of CHFCs were ca. 2.88 μm, 672 nm, and 473 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the CHFCs exhibit a mixed face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal-close pack (hcp) crystal phases with lattice parameters a = 1.425 nm, V = 2.899 nm3 for fcc phase and a = 2.182 nm, c = 0.936 nm, a/c ratio = 2.33, and V = 3.859 nm3 for hcp phase. The CHFCs possess mesoporous structure as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen sorption analysis. The specific surface area and the pore volume were ca. 57.3 m2 g−1 and 0.149 cm3 g−1, respectively, are higher than the nonporous pristine fullerene C60. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensing results show the excellent sensing performance CHFCs sensitive to acetic acid vapors due to the enhanced diffusion via mesoporous architecture and hollow structure of the CHFCs, demonstrating the potential of the material for the development of a new sensor system for aliphatic acid vapors sensing.
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Zhai B, Huang R, Tang J, Li M, Yang J, Wang G, Liu K, Fang Y. Film Nanoarchitectonics of Pillar[5]arene for High-Performance Fluorescent Sensing: a Proof-of-Concept Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54561-54569. [PMID: 34726062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Substrates play crucial roles for the sensing performances of fluorescent films owing to their effect on the formation of a fluorescent adlayer. However, no such film has been developed through synthesizing a substrate with a defined structure. We herein report a kind of self-standing, uniform, and thickness tunable pillar[5]arene-based nanofilms to serve as substrates for fabricating fluorescent sensing films. In comparison with a glass plate, the pillar[5]arene-based nanofilms can ensure spatial and electronic isolation of immobilized fluorophores and circumvent aggregation-caused quenching in a film state. For conceptual proof, a formic acid fluorescent sensing film was developed through simple loading of a fluorophore, a 4-azetidine-1,8-naphthalimide derivative of cholesterol (NA-Ch), onto the prepared nanofilm. Sensing performance studies demonstrated that the fluorescent film showed a sensitive, fast, and highly selective response to formic acid in air with a detection limit of lower than 2.8 mg m-3 and a response time of less than 3 s. Moreover, the sensing is fully reversible and highly repeatable. Further studies showed that the film sensor can be used for fast determination of methanol acidity via vapor sampling. Clearly, innovation of substrates with defined structures can be taken as an effective and efficient way to develop new sensing films via combination with known fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jinglun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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Torad NL, El-Hosainy H, Esmat M, El-Kelany KE, Tahawy R, Na J, Ide Y, Fukata N, Chaikittisilp W, Hill JP, Zhang X, El-Kemary M, Yamauchi Y. Phenyl-Modified Carbon Nitride Quantum Nanoflakes for Ultra-Highly Selective Sensing of Formic Acid: A Combined Experimental by QCM and Density Functional Theory Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48595-48610. [PMID: 34633180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (HCOOH) is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis, pharmaceuticals, the food industry, and leather tanning and is considered to be an effective hydrogen storage molecule. Direct contact with its vapor and its inhalation lead to burns, nerve injury, and dermatosis. Thus, it is critical to establish efficient sensing materials and devices for the rapid detection of HCOOH. In the present study, we introduce a chemical sensor based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor capable of detecting trace amounts of HCOOH. This sensor is composed of colloidal phenyl-terminated carbon nitride (Ph-g-C3N4) quantum nanoflakes prepared using a facile solid-state method involving the supramolecular preorganization technology. In contrast to other synthetic methods of modified carbon nitride materials, this approach requires no hard templates, hazardous chemicals, or hydrothermal treatments. Comprehensive characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the QCM sensor designed and prepared here exhibits enhanced detection sensitivity and selectivity for volatile HCOOH, which originates from chemical and hydrogen-bonding interactions between HCOOH and the surface of Ph-g-C3N4. According to DFT results, HCOOH is located close to the cavity of the Ph-g-C3N4 unit, with bonding to graphitic carbon and pyridinic nitrogen atoms of the nanoflake. The sensitivity of the Ph-g-C3N4-nanoflake-based QCM sensor was found to be the highest (128.99 Hz ppm-1) of the substances studied, with a limit of detection (LOD) of HCOOH down to a sub-ppm level of 80 ppb. This sensing technology based on phenyl-terminated attached-g-C3N4 nanoflakes establishes a simple, low-cost solution to improve the performance of QCM sensors for the effective discrimination of HCOOH, HCHO, and CH3COOH vapors using smart electronic noses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagy L Torad
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing 210016, China
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hamza El-Hosainy
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Esmat
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University (BSU), Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Khaled E El-Kelany
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Rafat Tahawy
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Ide
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukata
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Watcharop Chaikittisilp
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy-Storage Technologies, College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Maged El-Kemary
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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11
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Bezdek M, Luo SXL, Liu RY, He Q, Swager TM. Trace Hydrogen Sulfide Sensing Inspired by Polyoxometalate-Mediated Aerobic Oxidation. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1572-1580. [PMID: 34584959 PMCID: PMC8461779 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance chemiresistive gas sensor is described for the detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an acutely toxic and corrosive gas. The chemiresistor operates at room temperature with low power requirements potentially suitable for wearable sensors or for rapid in-field detection of H2S in settings such as pipelines and wastewater treatment plants. Specifically, we report chemiresistors based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) containing highly oxidizing platinum-polyoxometalate (Pt-POM) selectors. We show that by tuning the vanadium content and thereby the oxidation reactivity of the constituent POMs, an efficient chemiresistive sensor is obtained that is proposed to operate by modulating CNT doping during aerobic H2S oxidation. The sensor shows exceptional sensitivity to trace H2S in air with a ppb-level detection limit, multimonth stability under ambient conditions, and high selectivity for H2S over a wide range of interferants, including thiols, thioethers, and thiophene. Finally, we demonstrate that the robust sensing material can be used to fabricate flexible devices by covalently immobilizing the SWCNT-P4VP network onto a polyimide substrate, further extending the potentially broad utility of the chemiresistors. The strategy presented herein highlights the applicability of concepts in molecular aerobic oxidation catalysis to the development of low-cost analyte detection technologies.
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12
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Wu Y, Hua C, Liu Z, Yang J, Huang R, Li M, Liu K, Miao R, Fang Y. High-Performance Sensing of Formic Acid Vapor Enabled by a Newly Developed Nanofilm-Based Fluorescent Sensor. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7094-7101. [PMID: 33905230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely used in industry and food products, formic acid can be dangerous owing to its corrosive properties. Accurate determination of formic acid would not only benefit its qualified uses but also be an effective way to avoid corrosion or injury from inhalation, swallowing, or touching. Herein, we present a nanofilm-based fluorescent sensor for formic acid vapor detection with a wide response range, fast response speed, and high sensitivity and selectivity. The nanofilm was synthesized at a humid air/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) interface through dynamic covalent condensation between two typically designed building blocks, de-tert-butyl calix[4]arene-tetrahydrazide (CATH) and 4,4',4″,4‴-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetra-benzaldehyde (ETBA). The as-prepared nanofilm is uniform, flexible, fluorescent, and photochemically stable. The thickness and fluorescence intensity of the nanofilm can be facilely adjusted by varying the concentration of the building blocks and the sensing performance of the nanofilm can be optimized accordingly. Based on the nanofilm, a fluorescent sensor with a wide response range (4.4 ppt-4400 ppm) for real-time and online detection of formic acid vapor was built. With the sensor, a trace amount (0.01%) of formic acid in petroleum ether (60-90 °C) can be detected within 3 s. Besides, fluorescence quenching of the nanofilm by formic acid vapor can be visualized. It is believed that the sensor based on the nanofilm would find real-life applications in corrosion and injury prevention from formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Hua
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jinglun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Rong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
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13
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Kim S, Brady J, Al-Badani F, Yu S, Hart J, Jung S, Tran TT, Myung NV. Nanoengineering Approaches Toward Artificial Nose. Front Chem 2021; 9:629329. [PMID: 33681147 PMCID: PMC7935515 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.629329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific efforts have been made to mimic and potentially supersede the mammalian nose using artificial noses based on arrays of individual cross-sensitive gas sensors over the past couple decades. To this end, thousands of research articles have been published regarding the design of gas sensor arrays to function as artificial noses. Nanoengineered materials possessing high surface area for enhanced reaction kinetics and uniquely tunable optical, electronic, and optoelectronic properties have been extensively used as gas sensing materials in single gas sensors and sensor arrays. Therefore, nanoengineered materials address some of the shortcomings in sensitivity and selectivity inherent in microscale and macroscale materials for chemical sensors. In this article, the fundamental gas sensing mechanisms are briefly reviewed for each material class and sensing modality (electrical, optical, optoelectronic), followed by a survey and review of the various strategies for engineering or functionalizing these nanomaterials to improve their gas sensing selectivity, sensitivity and other measures of gas sensing performance. Specifically, one major focus of this review is on nanoscale materials and nanoengineering approaches for semiconducting metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, carbonaceous nanomaterials, conducting polymers, and others as used in single gas sensors or sensor arrays for electrical sensing modality. Additionally, this review discusses the various nano-enabled techniques and materials of optical gas detection modality, including photonic crystals, surface plasmonic sensing, and nanoscale waveguides. Strategies for improving or tuning the sensitivity and selectivity of materials toward different gases are given priority due to the importance of having cross-sensitivity and selectivity toward various analytes in designing an effective artificial nose. Furthermore, optoelectrical sensing, which has to date not served as a common sensing modality, is also reviewed to highlight potential research directions. We close with some perspective on the future development of artificial noses which utilize optical and electrical sensing modalities, with additional focus on the less researched optoelectronic sensing modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jacob Brady
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Faraj Al-Badani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sooyoun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Joseph Hart
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Sungyong Jung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Thien-Toan Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Nosang V. Myung
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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14
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Liu R, Qu W, Dou B, Li Z, Li G. Proton‐Conductive 3D Ln
III
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Formic Acid Impedance Sensing. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:182-190. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Lan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis CentreZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Ting Qu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis CentreZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Bao‐Heng Dou
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis CentreZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis CentreZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis CentreZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
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15
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Liu R, Shi Z, Wang X, Li Z, Li G. Two Highly Stable Proton Conductive Cobalt(II)–Organic Frameworks as Impedance Sensors for Formic Acid. Chemistry 2019; 25:14108-14116. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Lan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTaishan University, Tai'an 271021 Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Feng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan P. R. China
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16
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Schroeder V, Evans ED, Wu YCM, Voll CCA, McDonald BR, Savagatrup S, Swager TM. Chemiresistive Sensor Array and Machine Learning Classification of Food. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2101-2108. [PMID: 31339035 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful identification of complex odors by sensor arrays remains a challenging problem. Herein, we report robust, category-specific multiclass-time series classification using an array of 20 carbon nanotube-based chemical sensors. We differentiate between samples of cheese, liquor, and edible oil based on their odor. In a two-stage machine-learning approach, we first obtain an optimal subset of sensors specific to each category and then validate this subset using an independent and expanded data set. We determined the optimal selectors via independent selector classification accuracy, as well as a combinatorial scan of all 4845 possible four selector combinations. We performed sample classification using two models-a k-nearest neighbors model and a random forest model trained on extracted features. This protocol led to high classification accuracy in the independent test sets for five cheese and five liquor samples (accuracies of 91% and 78%, respectively) and only a slightly lower (73%) accuracy on a five edible oil data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ethan D. Evans
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - You-Chi Mason Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Constantin-Christian A. Voll
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Benjamin R. McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) promise to advance a number of real-world technologies. Of these applications, they are particularly attractive for uses in chemical sensors for environmental and health monitoring. However, chemical sensors based on CNTs are often lacking in selectivity, and the elucidation of their sensing mechanisms remains challenging. This review is a comprehensive description of the parameters that give rise to the sensing capabilities of CNT-based sensors and the application of CNT-based devices in chemical sensing. This review begins with the discussion of the sensing mechanisms in CNT-based devices, the chemical methods of CNT functionalization, architectures of sensors, performance parameters, and theoretical models used to describe CNT sensors. It then discusses the expansive applications of CNT-based sensors to multiple areas including environmental monitoring, food and agriculture applications, biological sensors, and national security. The discussion of each analyte focuses on the strategies used to impart selectivity and the molecular interactions between the selector and the analyte. Finally, the review concludes with a brief outlook over future developments in the field of chemical sensors and their prospects for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maggie He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride: controllable synthesis and enhanced cataluminescent sensing for formic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7499-7509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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