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Swager TM, Pioch TN, Feng H, Bergman HM, Luo SXL, Valenza JJ. Critical Sensing Modalities for Hydrogen: Technical Needs and Status of the Field to Support a Changing Energy Landscape. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2205-2227. [PMID: 38738834 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Decarbonization of the energy system is a key aspect of the energy transition. Energy storage in the form of chemical bonds has long been viewed as an optimal scheme for energy conversion. With advances in systems engineering, hydrogen has the potential to become a low cost, low emission, energy carrier. However, hydrogen is difficult to contain, it exhibits a low flammability limit (>40000 ppm or 4%), low ignition energy (0.02 mJ), and it is a short-lived climate forcer. Beyond commercially available sensors to ensure safety through spot checks in enclosed environments, new sensors are necessary to support the development of low emission infrastructure for production, transmission, storage, and end use. Efficient scalable broad area hydrogen monitoring motivates lowering the detection limit below that (10 ppm) of best in class commercial technologies. In this perspective, we evaluate recent advances in hydrogen gas sensing to highlight technologies that may find broad utility in the hydrogen sector. It is clear in the near term that a sensor technology suite is required to meet the variable constraints (e.g., power, size/weight, connectivity, cost) that characterize the breadth of the application space, ranging from industrial complexes to remote pipelines. This perspective is not intended to be another standard hydrogen sensor review, but rather provide a critical evaluation of technologies with detection limits preferably below 1 ppm and low power requirements. Given projections for rapid market growth, promising techniques will also be amenable to rapid development in technical readiness for commercial deployment. As such, methods that do not meet these requirements will not be considered in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Swager
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Thomas N Pioch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - John J Valenza
- Research Division, ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801 United States
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2
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Xue L, Ren Y, Li Y, Xie W, Chen K, Zou Y, Wu L, Deng Y. Pt-Pd Nanoalloys Functionalized Mesoporous SnO 2 Spheres: Tailored Synthesis, Sensing Mechanism, and Device Integration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302327. [PMID: 37259638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4 ), as the vital energy resource and industrial chemicals, is highly flammable and explosive for concentrations above the explosive limit, triggering potential risks to personal and production safety. Therefore, exploiting smart gas sensors for real-time monitoring of CH4 becomes extremely important. Herein, the Pt-Pd nanoalloy functionalized mesoporous SnO2 microspheres (Pt-Pd/SnO2 ) were synthesized, which show uniform diameter (≈500 nm), high surface area (40.9-56.5 m2 g-1 ), and large mesopore size (8.8-15.8 nm). The highly dispersed Pt-Pd nanoalloys are confined in the mesopores of SnO2 , causing the generation ofoxygen defects and increasing the carrier concentration of sensitive materials. The representative Pt1 -Pd4 /SnO2 exhibits superior CH4 sensing performance with ultrahigh response (Ra /Rg = 21.33 to 3000 ppm), fast response/recovery speed (4/9 s), as well as outstanding stability. Spectroscopic analyses imply that such an excellent CH4 sensing process involves the fast conversion of CH4 into formic acid and CO intermediates, and finally into CO2 . Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the attractive covalent bonding interaction and rapid electron transfer between the Pt-Pd nanoalloys and SnO2 support, dramatically promote the orbital hybridization of Pd4 sites and adsorbed CH4 molecules, enhancing the catalytic activation of CH4 over the sensing layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenhe Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Keyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yidong Zou
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Limin Wu
- Institute of Energy and Materials Chemistry, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West University Street, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yonghui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, iChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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Xing X, Li Z, Zhao X, Tian Y, Chen X, Lang X, Yang D. Two-dimensional Aluminum Oxide Nanosheets Decorated with Palladium Oxide Nanodots for Highly Stable and Selective Hydrogen Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2208026. [PMID: 37013451 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2 ) sensing materials such as semiconductor metal oxides may suffer from poor long-term stability against humidity and unsatisfactory selectivity against other interfering gases. To address the above issues, highly stable and selective H2 sensing built with palladium oxide nanodots decorating aluminum oxide nanosheets (PdO NDs//Al2 O3 NSs) has been achieved via combined template synthesis, photochemical deposition, and oxidation. Typically, the PdO NDs//Al2 O3 NSs are observed with thin NSs (≈17 nm thick) decorated with nanodots (≈3.3 nm in diameter). Beneficially, the sensor prototypes built with PdO NDs//Al2 O3 NSs show excellent long-term stability for 278 days, high selectivity against interfering gases, and outstanding stability against humidity at 300 °C. Remarkably, the sensor prototypes enable detection of a wide-range of 20 ppm - 6 V/V% H2 , and the response and recovery times are ≈5 and 16 s to 1 V/V% H2 , respectively. Theoretically, the heterojunctions of PdO NDs-Al2 O3 NSs with a large specific surface ratio and Al2 O3 NSs as the support exhibit excellent stability and selective H2 sensing. Practically, a sensing device integrated with the PdO NDs//Al2 O3 NSs sensor prototype is simulated for detecting H2 with reliable sensing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Lang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dachi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Optoelectronics Technology, Ministry of Education and Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Kumar A, Chen K, Thundat T, Swihart MT. Paper-Based Hydrogen Sensors Using Ultrathin Palladium Nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5439-5448. [PMID: 36668703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2), as a chemical energy carrier, is a cleaner alternative to conventional fossil fuels with zero carbon emission and high energy density. The development of fast, low-cost, and sensitive H2 detection systems is important for the widespread adoption of H2 technologies. Paper is an environment-friendly, porous, and flexible material with great potential for use in sustainable electronics. Here, we report a paper-based sensor for room-temperature H2 detection using ultrathin palladium nanowires (PdNWs). To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we compare the performance of polycrystalline and quasi-single-crystalline PdNWs. The polycrystalline PdNWs showed a response of 4.3% to 1 vol % H2 with response and recovery times of 4.9 and 10.6 s, while quasi-single-crystalline PdNWs showed a response of 8% to 1 vol % H2 with response and recovery times of 9.3 and 13.0 s, respectively. The polycrystalline PdNWs show excellent selectivity, stability, and sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 10 ppm H2 in air. The fast response of ultrathin polycrystalline PdNW paper-based sensors arises from the synergistic effects of their ultrasmall diameter, high-index surface facets, strain-coupled grain boundaries, and porous paper substrate. This paper-based sensor is one of the fastest chemiresistive H2 sensors reported and is potentially orders of magnitude less expensive than current state-of-the-art H2-sensing solutions. This brings low-cost, room-temperature chemiresistive H2 sensing closer to the performance of ultrafast optical sensors and high-temperature metal oxide-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Kaiwen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
- RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
- RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, New York14260, United States
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5
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Fabrication and Catalytic Performance of A New Diaminopyridine Pd(II) Monolayer Supported on Graphene Oxide for Catalyzing Suzuki Coupling Reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Jo MS, Kim KH, Choi KW, Lee JS, Yoo JY, Kim SH, Jin H, Seo MH, Yoon JB. Wireless and Linear Hydrogen Detection up to 4% with High Sensitivity through Phase-Transition-Inhibited Pd Nanowires. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11957-11967. [PMID: 35621510 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palladium (Pd) has been drawing increasing attention as a hydrogen (H2) detecting material due to its highly selective sensitivity to H2. However, at H2 concentrations above 2%, Pd undergoes an inevitable phase transition, causing undesirable electrical and mechanical alterations. In particular, nonlinear gas response (ΔR/R0) that accompanies phase transition has been a great bottleneck for detecting H2 in high concentrations, which is especially important as there is a risk of explosion over 4% H2. Here, we propose a phase-transition-inhibited Pd nanowire H2 sensor that can detect up to 4% H2 with high linearity and high sensitivity. Based on the calculation of the change in free energy, we designed Pd nanowires that are highly adhered to the substrate to withstand the stress that leads to phase transition. We theoretically optimized the Pd nanowire dimensions using a finite element method simulation and then experimentally fabricated the proposed sensor by exploiting a developed nanofabrication method. The proposed sensor exhibits a high sensing linearity (98.9%) with high and stable sensitivity (ΔR/R0/[H2] = 875%·bar-1) over a full range of H2 concentrations (0.1-4%). Using the fabricated Pd sensors, we have successfully demonstrated a wireless sensor module that can detect H2 with high linearity, notifying real-time H2 leakage through remote communication. Overall, our work suggests a nanostructuring strategy for detecting H2 with a phase-transition-inhibited pure Pd H2 sensor with rigorous scientific exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seung Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Kim
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Shin Lee
- Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Yoo
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejeong Jin
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Seo
- Department of Information Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 43241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bo Yoon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhu S, Li Z, Ren R, Zhao W, Li T, Liu M, Wu Y. Pd/Cu
2
O/CuO as Active Sites on the Cyclometalated Pd(II)/Cu(II) Nanosheet: Active Centre Formation, Synergistic and Catalytic Mechanism. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqing Zhu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Zihan Li
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Ren
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Tiesheng Li
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 P. R China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University, Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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8
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Song L, Ahn J, Kim DH, Shin H, Kim ID. Porous Pd-Sn Alloy Nanotube-Based Chemiresistor for Highly Stable and Sensitive H 2 Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28378-28388. [PMID: 35679507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While H2 is indispensable as a green fuel source, it is highly flammable and explosive. Because it is difficult to detect due to its lack of odor and color, a solution for proper monitoring of H2 leakage is essential to ensure safe handling. To this end, we have successfully fabricated hollow Pd-Sn alloy nanotubes (NTs) with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 223.0 m2/g through electrospinning and a subsequent etching method, which is the first demonstration of synthesizing Pd-based hollow alloy nanofibers with ultrafine grain sizes. We found that the alloying of Pd with Sn could effectively prevent degradation of the sensing performance upon the α-β phase transition during hydrogen detection. Besides, the highly porous structure with smaller nanograins offered more exposed active sites and higher gas accessibility to bulk materials. The resultant Pd-Sn NTs exhibited excellent sensitivity toward H2 (0.00005-3%). Notably, the limit of detection of 0.0001% is an outstanding achievement on H2 sensing among state-of-the-art H2 sensors. Moreover, when exposed to a high concentration of H2 (3%), Pd-Sn NTs showed excellent cycling stability with a standard deviation of 0.07% and a sensitivity of 9.27%. These obtained sensing results indicate that Pd-Sn NTs can be used as a highly sensitive and stable H2 gas sensor at room temperature (25 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-virus & Air-quality Control, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-virus & Air-quality Control, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-virus & Air-quality Control, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamin Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-virus & Air-quality Control, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Membrane Innovation Center for Anti-virus & Air-quality Control, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Xiang J, Su Y, Zhang L, Hong S, Wang Z, Han D, Gu F. Atomically Dispersed Pt on Three-Dimensional Ordered Macroporous SnO 2 for Highly Sensitive and Highly Selective Detection of Triethylamine at a Low Working Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13440-13449. [PMID: 35275487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triethylamine (TEA) is a widely used volatile organic chemical, which is harmful and can cause headache, dizziness, and respiratory discomfort. Developing an efficient sensor to detect trace amounts of TEA is significant for industrial and healthcare monitoring. In this work, SnO2 with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure (3DOM) was prepared through a polymethylmethacrylate sphere template route. The TEA sensing performance of the 3DOM SnO2 was enhanced through Pt loading. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images and X-ray absorption fine-structure analysis indicate that Pt on the 3DOM 0.20% Pt/SnO2 surface mainly exists in the state of atomic dispersion, which results in more active sites, higher Hall mobility and active oxygen contents, and lower response energy barriers. The 0.20% Pt/SnO2 sensor has a low operating temperature of 80 °C and a low limit of detection (0.32 ppb). Because of the uniform adsorption of TEA on the atomically dispersed Pt, the 3DOM Pt/SnO2 sensor exhibits high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fubo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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10
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Li Z, Song E, Ren R, Zhao W, Li T, Liu M, Wu Y. Pd-Pd/PdO as active sites on intercalated graphene oxide modified by diaminobenzene: fabrication, catalysis properties, synergistic effects, and catalytic mechanism. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8600-8610. [PMID: 35424835 PMCID: PMC8984910 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00658h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pd–Pd/PdO nanoclusters well dispersed on intercalated graphene oxide (GO) (denoted as GO@PPD–Pd) were prepared and characterized. GO@PPD–Pd exhibited high catalytic activity (a TOF value of 60 705 h−1) during the Suzuki coupling reaction, and it could be reused at least 6 times. The real active centre was Pd(200)–Pd(200)/PdO(110, 102). A change in the Pd facets on the surface of PdO was a key factor leading to deactivation, and the aggregation and loss of active centres was also another important reason. The catalytic mechanism involved heterogeneous catalysis, showing that the catalytic processes occurred at the interface, including substrate adsorption, intermediate formation, and product desorption. The real active centres showed enhanced negative charge due to the transfer of electrons from the carrier and ligands, which could effectively promote the oxidative addition reaction, and Pd(200) and the heteroconjugated Pd/PdO interface generated in situ also participated in the coupling process, synergistically boosting activity. Developed GO@PPD–Pd was a viable heterogeneous catalyst that may have practical applications owing to its easy synthesis and stability, and this synergistic approach can be utilized to develop other transition-metal catalysts. Pd(200) and the Pd(200)/PdO(102, 110) interface generated in situ participated in coupling reactions via a synergistic effect, boosting the catalytic activity to a high level.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
| | - Erran Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
| | - Ruirui Ren
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
| | - Tiesheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
| | - Minghua Liu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 Henan Province P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street 2 Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Kexuedadao 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China (+)86-371-67766667
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11
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Yang S, Li Q, Li C, Cao T, Wang T, Fan F, Zhang X, Fu Y. Enhancing the Hydrogen-Sensing Performance of p-Type PdO by Modulating the Conduction Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52754-52764. [PMID: 34709782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the p-type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) in modern sensing systems requires a strategy to effectively enhance its inherent low response. However, for p-type MOS sensors, conventional methods such as catalyst nanoparticle (NP) decoration and grain size regulation do not work as effectively as they do for n-type MOS sensors, which is basically due to the fact that the p-type MOS adopts an unfavorable parallel conduction model. Herein, taking Au@PdO as an example, we demonstrate that the conduction model of the p-type MOS can be manipulated into the series conduction model by inserting a high-conductive metallic core into less-conductive p-type MOS NPs. This unique series conduction model makes the sensor response of Au@PdO nanoparticle arrays (NAs) very sensitive to the catalyst NP decoration as well as the change of structural parameters. For example, Au@PdO NAs demonstrate an ∼9000 times increase in sensor response when decorated with Pd NPs, whereas there is only ∼100 times increase for PdO NAs. This greatly improved response value outperforms all previously reported PdO-based (and most other p-type semiconductor-based) H2 sensors, which helps the obtained sensor to achieve an ultralow detection limit of ∼0.1 ppm at room temperature. Additionally, Au@PdO NAs inherit the high surface reactivity and gas adsorption property of p-type PdO. As a result, the as-prepared sensor exhibits high humidity-resistive property and excellent selectivity. This work provides a new strategy to significantly enhance the sensing performance of p-type gas sensors by manipulating their conduction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
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12
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Crawford CJ, Qiao Y, Liu Y, Huang D, Yan W, Seeberger PH, Oscarson S, Chen S. Defining the Qualities of High-Quality Palladium on Carbon Catalysts for Hydrogenolysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:1573-1578. [PMID: 34305386 PMCID: PMC8291771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed hydrogenolysis is often the final step in challenging natural product total syntheses and a key step in industrial processes producing fine chemicals. Here, we demonstrate that there is wide variability in the efficiency of commercial sources of palladium on carbon (Pd/C) resulting in significant differences in selectivity, reaction times, and yields. We identified the physicochemical properties of efficient catalysts for hydrogenolysis: (1) small Pd/PdO particle size (2) homogeneous distribution of Pd/PdO on the carbon support, and (3) palladium oxidation state are good predictors of catalytic efficiency. Now chemists can identify and predict a catalyst's efficiency prior to the use of valuable synthetic material and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Crawford
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yan Qiao
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yequn Liu
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
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13
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Choi JH, Park T, Hur J, Cha HY. Room Temperature Operation of UV Photocatalytic Functionalized AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Hydrogen Sensor. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061422. [PMID: 34071164 PMCID: PMC8229106 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An AlGaN/GaN heterostructure based hydrogen sensor was fabricated using a dual catalyst layer with ZnO-nanoparticles (NPs) atop of Pd catalyst film. The ZnO-NPs were synthesized to have an average diameter of ~10 nm and spin coated on the Pd catalyst layer. Unlike the conventional catalytic reaction, the fabricated sensors exhibited room temperature operation without heating owing to the photocatalytic reaction of the ZnO-NPs with ultraviolet illumination at 280 nm. A sensing response of 25% was achieved for a hydrogen concentration of 4% at room temperature with fast response and recovery times; a response time of 8 s and a recovery time of 11 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Heang Choi
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea;
| | - Taehyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi, Korea;
| | - Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Ho-Young Cha
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
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14
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Cheng P, Wang Y, Wang C, Ma J, Xu L, Lv C, Sun Y. Investigation of doping effects of different noble metals for ethanol gas sensors based on mesoporous In 2O 3. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:305503. [PMID: 33794509 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elaborating the sensitization effects of different noble metals on In2O3has great significance in providing an optimum method to improve ethanol sensing performance. In this study, long-range ordered mesoporous In2O3has been fabricated through replicating the structure of SBA-15. Different noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt and Pd) with the same doping amount (1 at%) have been introduced by anin situdoping routine. The results of the gas sensing investigation indicate that the gas responses towards ethanol can be obviously increased by doping different noble metals. In particular, the best sensing performance towards ethanol detection can be achieved through Pd doping, and the sensors based on Pd-doped In2O3not only possess the highest response (39.0-100 ppm ethanol) but also have the shortest response and recovery times at the optimal operating temperature of 250 °C. The sensing mechanism of noble metal doped materials can be attributed to the synergetic effect combining 'catalysis' and 'electronic and chemical sensitization' of noble metals. In particular, the chemical state of the noble metal also has a great influence on the gas sensing mechanism. A detailed explanation of the enhancement of gas sensing performance through noble metal doping is presented in the gas sensing mechanism part of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglin Wang
- Institute of Complex Systems, Bioelectronics (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Xu
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Lv
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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15
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Abstract
During the past two decades, one–dimensional (1D) metal–oxide nanowire (NW)-based molecular sensors have been witnessed as promising candidates to electrically detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their high surface to volume ratio, single crystallinity, and well-defined crystal orientations. Furthermore, these unique physical/chemical features allow the integrated sensor electronics to work with a long-term stability, ultra-low power consumption, and miniature device size, which promote the fast development of “trillion sensor electronics” for Internet of things (IoT) applications. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the recent studies and achievements in 1D metal–oxide nanowire synthesis, sensor device fabrication, sensing material functionalization, and sensing mechanisms. In addition, some critical issues that impede the practical application of the 1D metal–oxide nanowire-based sensor electronics, including selectivity, long-term stability, and low power consumption, will be highlighted. Finally, we give a prospective account of the remaining issues toward the laboratory-to-market transformation of the 1D nanostructure-based sensor electronics.
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16
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Oh K, de Sagazan O, Léon C, Le Gall S, Loget G. Custom plating of nanoscale semiconductor/catalyst junctions for photoelectrochemical water splitting. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1997-2004. [PMID: 33443521 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical water splitting under harsh chemical conditions can be promoted by dispersed transition metal nanoparticles electrodeposited on n-Si surfaces, without the need for classical protection layers. Although this method is simple, it only allows for poor control of metal morphology and geometry on the photoanode surface. Herein, we introduce templated nanoscale electrodeposition on photoactive n-Si for the customization of nanoscale inhomogeneous Schottky junctions and demonstrate their use as stable photoanodes. The photoelectrochemical properties of the so-manufactured photoanodes exhibit a strong dependence on the photoanodes' geometrical features, and the obtained experimental trends are rationalized using simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiseok Oh
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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17
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Majhi SM, Mirzaei A, Kim HW, Kim SS, Kim TW. Recent advances in energy-saving chemiresistive gas sensors: A review. NANO ENERGY 2021; 79:105369. [PMID: 32959010 PMCID: PMC7494497 DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the tremendous advances in technology, gas-sensing devices are being popularly used in many distinct areas, including indoor environments, industries, aviation, and detectors for various toxic domestic gases and vapors. Even though the most popular type of gas sensor, namely, resistive-based gas sensors, have many advantages over other types of gas sensors, their high working temperatures lead to high energy consumption, thereby limiting their practical applications, especially in mobile and portable devices. As possible ways to deal with the high-power consumption of resistance-based sensors, different strategies such as self-heating, MEMS technology, and room-temperature operation using especial morphologies, have been introduced in recent years. In this review, we discuss different types of energy-saving chemisresitive gas sensors including self-heated gas sensors, MEMS based gas sensors, room temperature operated flexible/wearable sensor and their application in the fields of environmental monitoring. At the end, the review will be concluded by providing a summary, challenges, recent trends, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Manohar Majhi
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, 715557-13876, Iran
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Tae Whan Kim
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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18
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Li Z, Chen J, Chen L, Guo M, Wu Y, Wei Y, Wang J, Wang X. Hollow Au/Polypyrrole Capsules to Form Porous and Neural Network-Like Nanofibrous Film for Wearable, Super-Rapid, and Ultrasensitive NH 3 Sensor at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55056-55063. [PMID: 33232105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wearable conducting polymer-based NH3 sensors are highly desirable in real-time environmental monitoring and human health protection but still a challenge for their relatively long response/recovery time and moderate sensitivity at room temperature. Herein, we present an effective route to fulfill this challenge by constructing porous and neural network-like Au/polypyrrole (Au/PPy) electrospun nanofibrous film with hollow capsular units for NH3 sensor. Taking the unique architecture and synergistic effect between Au and PPy, our sensor exhibits not only super-rapid response/recovery time (both ∼7 s), faster than all reported sensors, but also stable and ultrahigh sensitivity (response reaches ∼2.3 for 1 ppm NH3) at room temperature even during repeated deformation. Furthermore, good selectivity has been also achieved. These outstanding properties make our sensor hold great potential in real-time NH3-related disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Evermaterials Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Chengdu Evermaterials Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 2000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Li Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Meiling Guo
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Evermaterials Co., Ltd., Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Yen Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 2000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Xungai Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Locked Bag 2000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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19
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Wang Y, Duan L, Deng Z, Liao J. Electrically Transduced Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Metal Oxide Nanowires. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6781. [PMID: 33260973 PMCID: PMC7729516 DOI: 10.3390/s20236781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting metal oxide-based nanowires (SMO-NWs) for gas sensors have been extensively studied for their extraordinary surface-to-volume ratio, high chemical and thermal stabilities, high sensitivity, and unique electronic, photonic and mechanical properties. In addition to improving the sensor response, vast developments have recently focused on the fundamental sensing mechanism, low power consumption, as well as novel applications. Herein, this review provides a state-of-art overview of electrically transduced gas sensors based on SMO-NWs. We first discuss the advanced synthesis and assembly techniques for high-quality SMO-NWs, the detailed sensor architectures, as well as the important gas-sensing performance. Relationships between the NWs structure and gas sensing performance are established by understanding general sensitization models related to size and shape, crystal defect, doped and loaded additive, and contact parameters. Moreover, major strategies for low-power gas sensors are proposed, including integrating NWs into microhotplates, self-heating operation, and designing room-temperature gas sensors. Emerging application areas of SMO-NWs-based gas sensors in disease diagnosis, environmental engineering, safety and security, flexible and wearable technology have also been studied. In the end, some insights into new challenges and future prospects for commercialization are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence & Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Li Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Security and Privacy in Intelligent Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Zhen Deng
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhui Liao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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20
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Ziegler JM, Andoni I, Choi EJ, Fang L, Flores-Zuleta H, Humphrey NJ, Kim DH, Shin J, Youn H, Penner RM. Sensors Based Upon Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Nanoribbons: 2016-2020. Anal Chem 2020; 93:124-166. [PMID: 33242951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ilektra Andoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eric J Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158 Second Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Heriberto Flores-Zuleta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nicholas J Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyunho Youn
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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21
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Tu Y, Kyle C, Luo H, Zhang DW, Das A, Briscoe J, Dunn S, Titirici MM, Krause S. Ammonia Gas Sensor Response of a Vertical Zinc Oxide Nanorod-Gold Junction Diode at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3568-3575. [PMID: 33112594 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors have been investigated for decades to protect our life and property. However, the traditional devices can hardly fulfill the requirements of our fast developing mobile society, because the high operating temperatures greatly limit their applications in battery-loaded portable systems that can only drive devices with low power consumption. As ammonia is gaining importance in the production and storage of hydrogen, there is an increasing demand for energy-efficient ammonia detectors. Hence, in this work, a Schottky diode resulting from the contact between zinc oxide nanorods and gold is designed to detect gaseous ammonia at room temperature with a power consumption of 625 μW. The Schottky diode gas sensors benefit from the change of barrier height in different gases as well as the catalytic effect of gold nanoparticles. This diode structure, fabricated without expensive interdigitated electrodes and displaying excellent performance at room temperature, provides a novel method to equip mobile devices with MOS gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tu
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Candice Kyle
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Hui Luo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - De-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Anirban Das
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Joe Briscoe
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Steve Dunn
- Chemical and Energy Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, U.K
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Steffi Krause
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
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22
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Koo WT, Cho HJ, Kim DH, Kim YH, Shin H, Penner RM, Kim ID. Chemiresistive Hydrogen Sensors: Fundamentals, Recent Advances, and Challenges. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14284-14322. [PMID: 33124428 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is one of the next-generation energy sources because it is abundant in nature and has a high combustion efficiency that produces environmentally benign products (H2O). However, H2/air mixtures are explosive at H2 concentrations above 4%, thus any leakage of H2 must be rapidly and reliably detected at much lower concentrations to ensure safety. Among the various types of H2 sensors, chemiresistive sensors are one of the most promising sensing systems due to their simplicity and low cost. This review highlights the advances in H2 chemiresistors, including metal-, semiconducting metal oxide-, carbon-based materials, and other materials. The underlying sensing mechanisms for different types of materials are discussed, and the correlation of sensing performances with nanostructures, surface chemistry, and electronic properties is presented. In addition, the discussion of each material emphasizes key advances and strategies to develop superior H2 sensors. Furthermore, recent key advances in other types of H2 sensors are briefly discussed. Finally, the review concludes with a brief outlook, perspective, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tae Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hwa Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamin Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Reginald M Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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23
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Gao Z, Wang T, Li X, Li Q, Zhang X, Cao T, Li Y, Zhang L, Guo L, Fu Y. Pd-Decorated PdO Hollow Shells: A H 2-Sensing System in Which Catalyst Nanoparticle and Semiconductor Support are Interconvertible. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42971-42981. [PMID: 32865972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing a simple strategy to fabricate high-performance hydrogen sensors with long-term stability remains quite challenging. Here, we report the H2-sensing performance of Pd-decorated PdO hollow shells (Pd/PdO HSs). In this novel system, the catalyst nanoparticles (Pd NPs) and semiconductor support (PdO) are interconvertible, which is different from traditional hydrogen-sensing systems such as Pd/TiO2 and Pd/ZnO. This Pd/PdO system exhibits multiple unique properties. First, well-distributed Pd NPs with controllable density can be decorated on PdO support through a one-step NaBH4 treatment during which PdO is partially reduced into Pd. Second, the decorated Pd NPs are physically inlaid in the PdO support, which not only prevents the agglomeration or detachment of Pd NPs but also enhances the electron transfer between Pd NPs and PdO. Third, Pd/PdO HSs can be reoxidized into PdO HSs once their sensing performance degrades, which repeatedly manipulates Pd/PdO HSs under the initial reduction process, leading to the reactivation of the sensing performance. With all these advantages, Pd/PdO HSs demonstrate a detection limit lower than 1 ppm, a response/recovery time to 1% H2 of 5 s/32 s at room temperature, and a repeatable reactivation ability. The strategy presented here is convenient and time saving and has no need to prefunctionalize the PdO surface for the decoration of catalyst NPs. Moreover, the unique reactivation ability of Pd/PdO system opens a new strategy toward extending the lifetime of H2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Tianlong Cao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Yunong Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, P. R. China
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24
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Lupan C, Khaledialidusti R, Mishra AK, Postica V, Terasa MI, Magariu N, Pauporté T, Viana B, Drewes J, Vahl A, Faupel F, Adelung R. Pd-Functionalized ZnO:Eu Columnar Films for Room-Temperature Hydrogen Gas Sensing: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24951-24964. [PMID: 32367706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the operating temperature to room temperature is a serious obstacle on long-life sensitivity with long-term stability performances of gas sensors based on semiconducting oxides, and this should be overcome by new nanotechnological approaches. In this work, we report the structural, morphological, chemical, optical, and gas detection characteristics of Eu-doped ZnO (ZnO:Eu) columnar films as a function of Eu content. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations showed that columnar films, grown via synthesis from a chemical solutions (SCS) approach, are composed of densely packed columnar type grains. The sample sets with contents of ∼0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 at% Eu in ZnO:Eu columnar films were studied. Surface functionalization was achieved using PdCl2 aqueous solution with additional thermal annealing in air at 650 °C. The temperature-dependent gas-detection characteristics of Pd-functionalized ZnO:Eu columnar films were measured in detail, showing a good selectivity toward H2 gas at operating OPT temperatures of 200-300 °C among several test gases and volatile organic compound vapors, such as methane, ammonia, acetone, ethanol, n-butanol, and 2-propanol. At an operating temperature OPT of 250 °C, a high gas response Igas/Iair of ∼115 for 100 ppm H2 was obtained. Experimental results indicate that Eu doping with an optimal content of about 0.05-0.1 at% along with Pd functionalization of ZnO columns leads to a reduction of the operating temperature of the H2 gas sensor. DFT-based computations provide mechanistic insights into the gas-sensing mechanism by investigating interactions between the Pd-functionalized ZnO:Eu surface and H2 gas molecules supporting the experimentally observed results. The proposed columnar materials and gas sensor structures would provide a special advantage in the fields of fundamental research, applied physics studies, and ecological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Lupan
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168, Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Rasoul Khaledialidusti
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Bidholi via Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Vasile Postica
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168, Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Maik-Ivo Terasa
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolae Magariu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168, Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- PSL Université, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Viana
- PSL Université, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Cho HJ, Kim ID, Jung SM. Multifunctional Inorganic Nanomaterial Aerogel Assembled into fSWNT Hydrogel Platform for Ultraselective NO 2 Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10637-10647. [PMID: 32045199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Facile fabrication of multifunctional porous inorganic aerogels remains an outstanding challenge despite the considerable demand for extensive applications. Here, we present the production of a multifunctional porous inorganic nanomaterial aerogel by controllable surface chemistry of a functionalized SWNT (fSWNT) hydrogel platform for the first time. The versatile functional inorganic nanoparticles can be incorporated uniformly on the porous 3D fSWNT hydrogel platform through a facile dip coating method at ambient conditions. The morphology of the multifunctional inorganic aerogel is manipulated by designing the fSWNT hydrogel platform for different requirements of applications. In particular, Pt-SnO2@fSWNT aerogels exhibit high porosity and uniformly distributed ultrafine Pt and SnO2 on the fSWNT platform with controllable particle size (1.5-3.5 nm), which result in significantly high surface area (393 m2 g-1). The ultrafine Pt-SnO2@fSWNT aerogels exhibit highly sensitive (14.77% at 5 ppm) and selective NO2 sensing performance even at room temperature due to the increased active surface area and controllable porous structure of the ultrafine aerogel, which can provide fast transport and penetration of a target gas into the sensing layers. The newly designed multifunctional inorganic aerogel with ultrahigh surface area and high open porosity is a prospective materials platform of high performance gas sensors, which could be also broadly expanded to widespread applications including catalysis and energy storages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Mi Jung
- Environmental Fate & Exposure Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52834, Republic of Korea
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Ji H, Zeng W, Li Y. Gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors: a focus review. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22664-22684. [PMID: 31755888 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gas sensors have been increasingly used in industrial production and daily life. Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensing materials are favoured for their outstanding physical and chemical properties, low cost and simple preparation methods. However, the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors have not been considered by researchers, resulting in omissions and errors in the interpretation of gas sensing mechanisms in many articles. This review organizes and introduces several common gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors in detail and classifies them into two categories. The scope and relationship of these mechanisms are clarified. In addition, this review selects four strategies for enhancing the gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconductors and analyses the gas sensing mechanisms to highlight the importance of the gas sensing mechanism. Finally, some perspectives for future investigations on the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 400030, China
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Haidry AA, Xie L, Wang Z, Zavabeti A, Li Z, Plecenik T, Gregor M, Roch T, Plecenik A. Remarkable Improvement in Hydrogen Sensing Characteristics with Pt/TiO 2 Interface Control. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2997-3006. [PMID: 31573186 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent hydrogen surface susceptibility, TiO2 thin films have been proven worthy of sensing hydrogen. However, these sensors work best at temperatures of 150-400 °C, with poor selectivity and a low response at room temperature. In this context, the novelty of this paper includes an investigation of the critical role of electrode fabrication that is found to significantly define the surface as well as the performance of a sensor. Sensors prepared with optimized conditions showed the best sensor response (SR) of ∼1.58 × 107 toward 10 000 ppm H2 with excellent linearity (R-square ∼ 0.98 for 300-10 000 ppm) at room temperature (∼20 °C). In addition, the said sensor showed a response time of ∼125 s with full baseline recovery and a selectivity factors (SF) of ∼1754, 2456, and 4723 to 1000 ppm of interfering reducing gases CH4, CO, and NH3, respectively, at 100 °C. At room temperature, the selectivity factor (for 300 ppm H2) of the sensor is ∼3.41 to 90% RH and ∼37.35 to 250 ppm oxygen, 200 ppm CO, and 1600 ppm CO2. Last but not least, our X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrical transport characteristics enabled us to explain the high sensing mechanism on the basis of the estimated grain size, the quantitative atomic composition, the barrier at the Pt/TiO2 interface, and the thermal activation energy (also known as the intergranular barrier height) of the thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ali Haidry
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, 3000 Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Tomas Plecenik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maros Gregor
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Roch
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Plecenik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Kumar A, Mohammadi MM, Swihart MT. Synthesis, growth mechanisms, and applications of palladium-based nanowires and other one-dimensional nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19058-19085. [PMID: 31433427 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05835d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-based nanostructures have attracted the attention of researchers due to their useful catalytic properties and unique ability to form hydrides, which finds application in hydrogen storage and hydrogen detection. Palladium-based nanowires have some inherent advantages over other Pd nanomaterials, combining high surface-to-volume ratio with good thermal and electron transport properties, and exposing high-index crystal facets that can have enhanced catalytic activity. Over the past two decades, both synthesis methods and applications of 1D palladium nanostructures have advanced greatly. In this review, we start by discussing different types of 1D palladium nanostructures before moving on to the different synthesis approaches that can produce them. Next, we discuss factors including kinetic vs. thermodynamic control of growth, oxidative etching, and surface passivation that affect palladium nanowire synthesis. We also review efforts to gain insight into growth mechanisms using different characterization tools. We discuss the effects of concentration of capping agents, reducing agents, metal halides, pH, and sacrificial oxidation on the growth of Pd-based nanowires in solution, from shape control, to yield, to aspect ratio. Various applications of palladium and palladium alloy nanowires are then discussed, including electrocatalysis, hydrogen storage, and sensing of hydrogen and other chemicals. We conclude with a summary and some perspectives on future research directions for this category of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Mohammad Moein Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Mark T Swihart
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. and RENEW Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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