1
|
Ahmed B, Reiche CF, Magda JJ, Solzbacher F, Körner J. Smart Hydrogel Swelling State Detection Based on a Power-Transfer Transduction Principle. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5544-5554. [PMID: 38752016 PMCID: PMC11091848 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Stimulus-responsive (smart) hydrogels are a promising sensing material for biomedical contexts due to their reversible swelling change in response to target analytes. The design of application-specific sensors that utilize this behavior requires the development of suitable transduction concepts. The presented study investigates a power-transfer-based readout approach that is sensitive to small volumetric changes of the smart hydrogel. The concept employs two thin film polyimide substrates with embedded conductive strip lines, which are shielded from each other except at the tip region, where the smart hydrogel is sandwiched in between. The hydrogel's volume change in response to a target analyte alters the distance and orientation of the thin films, affecting the amount of transferred power between the two transducer parts and, consequently, the measured sensor output voltage. With proper calibration, the output signal can be used to determine the swelling change of the hydrogel and, consequently, to quantify the stimulus. In proof-of-principle experiments with glucose- and pH-sensitive smart hydrogels, high sensitivity to small analyte concentration changes was found along with very good reproducibility and stability. The concept was tested with two exemplary hydrogels, but the transduction principle in general is independent of the specific hydrogel material, as long as it exhibits a stimulus-dependent volume change. The application vision of the presented research is to integrate in situ blood analyte monitoring capabilities into standard (micro)catheters. The developed sensor is designed to fit into a catheter without obstructing its normal use and, therefore, offers great potential for providing a universally applicable transducer platform for smart catheter-based sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benozir Ahmed
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christopher F. Reiche
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jules J. Magda
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Florian Solzbacher
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Julia Körner
- Faculty
of
Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Wang Y, Wei Q, Zhang J, Chen X, An Y. A High-Stretching, Rapid-Self-Healing, and Printable Composite Hydrogel Based on Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Nanocellulose, and Sodium Alginate. Gels 2024; 10:258. [PMID: 38667677 PMCID: PMC11049067 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels with excellent flexibility, conductivity, and controllable mechanical properties are the current research hotspots in the field of biomaterial sensors. However, it is difficult for hydrogel sensors to regain their original function after being damaged, which limits their practical applications. Herein, a composite hydrogel (named SPBC) of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA)/cellulose nanofibers (CNFs)/sodium borate tetrahydrate was synthesized, which has good self-healing, electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties. The SPBC0.3 hydrogel demonstrates rapid self-healing (<30 s) and achieves mechanical properties of 33.92 kPa. Additionally, it exhibits high tensile strain performance (4000%). The abundant internal ions and functional groups of SPBC hydrogels provide support for the good electrical conductivity (0.62 S/cm) and electrical response properties. In addition, the SPBC hydrogel can be attached to surfaces such as fingers and wrists to monitor human movements in real time, and its good rheological property supports three-dimensional (3D) printing molding methods. In summary, this study successfully prepared a self-healing, conductive, printable, and mechanically superior SPBC hydrogel. Its suitability for 3D-printing personalized fabrication and outstanding sensor properties makes it a useful reference for hydrogels in wearable devices and human motion monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Innovation Center NPU Chongqing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xiaohu Chen
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yalong An
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang J, Li H. Multiphysics modeling for pressure-thermal sensitive hydrogels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2882-2889. [PMID: 36629076 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some smart hydrogels, like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels, are sensitive to both stimulus hydrostatic pressure and temperature. The model for thermal-sensitive only hydrogels has been well established in the past two decades. In this work, by combining Flory's mean-field theory and Poisson-Nernst-Planck nonlinear equations, we develop a multiphysics model coupling chemo-electro-thermal-mechanical fields which can quantitatively calculate both hydrostatic pressure and thermal sensitivity of hydrogels in an electrolyte bathing solution. Considering PNIPA hydrogels as an example, the proposed model is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental results reported in the literature. We investigate the influences of initial fixed-charge density, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and bathing solution concentration on the volume expansion ratio of the hydrogels. Moreover, the concentration of mobile ions and distribution of electric potential within the hydrogel body and bathing solution are quantitatively predicted. The model and results obtained in this paper can be used to better understand the response of smart hydrogels sensitive to both hydrostatic pressure and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Dynamics of Liaoning Province, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China. .,School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Hua Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Makarova AO, Derkach SR, Kadyirov AI, Ziganshina SA, Kazantseva MA, Zueva OS, Gubaidullin AT, Zuev YF. Supramolecular Structure and Mechanical Performance of κ-Carrageenan-Gelatin Gel. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204347. [PMID: 36297925 PMCID: PMC9612265 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, by means of complex physicochemical methods the structural features of a composite κ-carrageenan–gelatin system were studied in comparison with initial protein gel. The correlation between the morphology of hydrogels and their mechanical properties was demonstrated through the example of changes in their rheological characteristics. The experiments carried out with PXRD, SAXS, AFM and rheology approaches gave new information on the structure and mechanical performance of κ-carrageenan–gelatin hydrogel. The combination of PXRD, SAXS and AFM results showed that the morphological structures of individual components were not observed in the composite protein–polysaccharide hydrogels. The results of the mechanical testing of initial gelatin and engineered κ-carrageenan–gelatin gel showed the substantially denser parking of polymer chains in the composite system due to a significant increase in intermolecular protein–polysaccharide contacts. Close results were indirectly followed from the SAXS estimations—the driving force for the formation of the common supramolecular structural arrangement of proteins and polysaccharides was the increase in the density of network of macromolecular chains entanglements; therefore, an increase in the energy costs was necessary to change the conformational rearrangements of the studied system. This increase in the macromolecular arrangement led to the growth of the supramolecular associate size and the growth of interchain physical bonds. This led to an increase in the composite gel plasticity, whereas the enlargement of scattering particles made the novel gel system not only more rigid, but also more fragile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya O. Makarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky St. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana R. Derkach
- Department of Chemistry, Murmansk State Technical University, Sportivnaya Str. 13, 183010 Murmansk, Russia
| | - Aidar I. Kadyirov
- Institute of Power Engineering and Advanced Technologies, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky St. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Sufia A. Ziganshina
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, 420029 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mariia A. Kazantseva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky St. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- HSE Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, Tallinskaya St. 34, 123458 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S. Zueva
- Department of Physics, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Krasnoselskaya St. 51, 420066 Kazan, Russia
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov St. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- A. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky St. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- A. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St. 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Snari RM, Al‐Qahtani SD, Aldawsari AM, Alnoman RB, Ibarhiam SF, Alaysuy O, Shaaban F, El‐Metwaly NM. Development of novel reversible thermometer from
N
‐isopropylacrylamide and dicyanodihydrofuran hydrazone probe. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razan M. Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Salhah D. Al‐Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry King abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Rua B. Alnoman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Taibah University Madinah Saudi Arabia
| | - Saham F. Ibarhiam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathy Shaaban
- Environment and Health Research Department, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research Umm Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Geomagnetic and Geoelectric Department National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics Cairo Egypt
| | - Nashwa M. El‐Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science Umm‐Al‐Qura University Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
ZHOU YUAN, Liu G, Guo S. Advances in Ultrasound-Responsive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3947-3958. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various intelligent hydrogels have been developed for biomedical applications because they can achieve multiple, variable, controllable and reversible changes in their shape and properties in a spatial and temporal manner,...
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Jiang W, Xie X, Liang H, Chen H, Chen K, Zhang Y, Xu W, Chen M. Recent Developments of Nanomaterials in Hydrogels: Characteristics, Influences, and Applications. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongzheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Xinmin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Haiqing Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University Yantai 264025 China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- School of Qilu Transportation Shandong University Jinan 250002 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kairy PD, Farhoudi N, Binder S, Magda JJ, Kuck K, Solzbacher F, Reiche CF. Catheter-mounted smart hydrogel ultrasound resonators for intravenous analyte monitoring. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:7476-7479. [PMID: 34892822 PMCID: PMC10688543 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of drug concentrations in blood plasma can be beneficial to guide individualized drug administration. High interpatient variability in required dosage and a small therapeutic window of certain drugs, such as anesthetic medications, can cause risks and challenges in accurate dosing during administration. In this work, we present a sensing platform concept using a smart hydrogel micro resonator sheet with medical ultrasound readout that is integrated on the top of a catheter. This concept is validated in-vitro using glucose as an easy to access and handle target analyte. In the case of continuous glucose measurement, our novel catheter-mounted sensing platform allows the detection of glucose concentrations in the range of 0 mM to 12 mM. While these experiments use a well-known glucose-sensitive smart hydrogel for proof-of-principle experiments, this new sensing platform is intended to provide the basis for continuous monitoring of various intravenously applied medications. Selectivity to different drugs, e.g., fentanyl, can be accomplished by developing a corresponding smart hydrogel composition.Clinical Relevance- Many intravenous medications, especially anesthetics, show considerable pharmacokinetic inter-subject variability. Continuous monitoring of intravenous analyte concentrations would enable individualizing the administration of these drugs to the specific patient.
Collapse
|
9
|
Farhoudi N, Laurentius LB, Magda JJ, Reiche CF, Solzbacher F. In Vivo Monitoring of Glucose Using Ultrasound-Induced Resonance in Implantable Smart Hydrogel Microstructures. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3587-3595. [PMID: 34543020 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel glucose sensor is presented using smart hydrogels as biocompatible implantable sensing elements, which eliminates the need for implanted electronics and uses an external medical-grade ultrasound transducer for readout. The readout mechanism uses resonance absorption of ultrasound waves in glucose-sensitive hydrogels. In vivo glucose concentration changes in the interstitial fluid lead to swelling or deswelling of the gels, which changes the resonance behavior. The hydrogels are designed and shaped such as to exhibit specific mechanical resonance frequencies while remaining sonolucent to other frequencies. Thus, they allow conventional and continued ultrasound imaging, while yielding a sensing signal at specific frequencies that correlate with glucose concentration. The resonance frequencies can be tuned by changing the shape and mechanical properties of the gel structures, such as to allow for multiple, colocated implanted hydrogels with different sensing characteristics or targets to be employed and read out, without interference using the same ultrasound transducer, by simply toggling frequencies. The fact that there is no need for any implantable electronics, also opens up the path toward future use of biodegradable hydrogels, thus creating a platform that allows injection of sensors that do not need to be retrieved when they reach the end of their useful lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Farhoudi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lars B. Laurentius
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jules J. Magda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christopher F. Reiche
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Florian Solzbacher
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi K, Yang X, Xu J, Sha D, Wang B, Liu X, Liu Z, Ji X. Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol formaldehyde-g-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) macroporous hydrogels and their dual thermo/pH-responsive behavior and antibacterial performance. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
11
|
Hwang BY, Mampre D, Ahmed AK, Suk I, Anderson WS, Manbachi A, Theodore N. Ultrasound in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Wide-Open Field. Neurosurgery 2021; 89:372-382. [PMID: 34098572 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common and devastating condition. In the absence of effective validated therapies, there is an urgent need for novel methods to achieve injury stabilization, regeneration, and functional restoration in SCI patients. Ultrasound is a versatile platform technology that can provide a foundation for viable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in SCI. In particular, real-time perfusion and inflammatory biomarker monitoring, focal pharmaceutical delivery, and neuromodulation are capabilities that can be harnessed to advance our knowledge of SCI pathophysiology and to develop novel management and treatment options. Our review suggests that studies that evaluate the benefits and risks of ultrasound in SCI are severely lacking and our understanding of the technology's potential impact remains poorly understood. Although the complex anatomy and physiology of the spine and the spinal cord remain significant challenges, continued technological advances will help the field overcome the current barriers and bring ultrasound to the forefront of SCI research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Y Hwang
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Mampre
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A Karim Ahmed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Suk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William S Anderson
- Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Manbachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nam J, Byun E, Shim H, Kim E, Islam S, Park M, Kim A, Song SH. A Hydrogel-Based Ultrasonic Backscattering Wireless Biochemical Sensing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:596370. [PMID: 33330426 PMCID: PMC7729131 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.596370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wireless monitoring of the physio-biochemical information is becoming increasingly important for healthcare. In this work, we present a proof-of-concept hydrogel-based wireless biochemical sensing scheme utilizing ultrasound. The sensing system utilizes silica-nanoparticle embedded hydrogel deposited on a thin glass substrate, which presents two prominent interfaces for ultrasonic backscattering (tissue/glass and hydrogel/glass). To overcome the effect of the varying acoustic properties of the intervening biological tissues between the sensor and the external transducer, we implemented a differential mode of ultrasonic back-scattering. Here, we demonstrate a wireless pH measurement with a resolution of 0.2 pH level change and a wireless sensing range around 10 cm in a water tank.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Nam
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjeong Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Shim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Esther Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sayemul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Moonchul Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Albert Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seung Hyun Song
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|