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Xiao C, Liu X, Pan Y, Li Y, Qin L, Yan Z, Feng Y, Zhao M, Huang M. Tailored UPRE2 variants for dynamic gene regulation in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315729121. [PMID: 38687789 PMCID: PMC11087760 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315729121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic elements are foundational in synthetic biology serving as vital building blocks. They enable programming host cells for efficient production of valuable chemicals and recombinant proteins. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress pathway in which the transcription factor Hac1 interacts with the upstream unfolded protein response element (UPRE) of the promoter to restore endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Here, we created a UPRE2 mutant (UPRE2m) library. Several rounds of screening identified many elements with enhanced responsiveness and a wider dynamic range. The most active element m84 displayed a response activity 3.72 times higher than the native UPRE2. These potent elements are versatile and compatible with various promoters. Overexpression of HAC1 enhanced stress signal transduction, expanding the signal output range of UPRE2m. Through molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we pinpointed the DNA-binding residue Lys60 in Hac1(Hac1-K60). We also confirmed that UPRE2m exhibited a higher binding affinity to Hac1. This shed light on the mechanism underlying the Hac1-UPRE2m interaction. Importantly, applying UPRE2m for target gene regulation effectively increased both recombinant protein production and natural product synthesis. These genetic elements provide valuable tools for dynamically regulating gene expression in yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufan Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Xiufang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yuyang Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yanling Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Ling Qin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Zhibo Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yunzi Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
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Torello Pianale L, Caputo F, Olsson L. Four ways of implementing robustness quantification in strain characterisation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:195. [PMID: 38115067 PMCID: PMC10729505 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In industrial bioprocesses, microorganisms are generally selected based on performance, whereas robustness, i.e., the ability of a system to maintain a stable performance, has been overlooked due to the challenges in its quantification and implementation into routine experimental procedures. This work presents four ways of implementing robustness quantification during strain characterisation. One Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strain (CEN.PK113-7D) and two industrial strains (Ethanol Red and PE2) grown in seven different lignocellulosic hydrolysates were assessed for growth-related functions (specific growth rate, product yields, etc.) and eight intracellular parameters (using fluorescent biosensors). RESULTS Using flasks and high-throughput experimental setups, robustness was quantified in relation to: (i) stability of growth functions in response to the seven hydrolysates; (ii) stability of growth functions across different strains to establish the impact of perturbations on yeast metabolism; (iii) stability of intracellular parameters over time; (iv) stability of intracellular parameters within a cell population to indirectly quantify population heterogeneity. Ethanol Red was the best-performing strain under all tested conditions, achieving the highest growth function robustness. PE2 displayed the highest population heterogeneity. Moreover, the intracellular environment varied in response to non-woody or woody lignocellulosic hydrolysates, manifesting increased oxidative stress and unfolded protein response, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Robustness quantification is a powerful tool for strain characterisation as it offers novel information on physiological and biochemical parameters. Owing to the flexibility of the robustness quantification method, its implementation was successfully validated at single-cell as well as high-throughput levels, showcasing its versatility and potential for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Torello Pianale
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fabio Caputo
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Torello Pianale L, Olsson L. ScEnSor Kit for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Engineering and Biosensor-Driven Investigation of the Intracellular Environment. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2493-2497. [PMID: 37552581 PMCID: PMC10443032 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the three-step build-transform-assess toolbox for real-time monitoring of the yeast intracellular environment has been expanded and upgraded to the two-module ScEnSor (S. cerevisiae Engineering + Biosensor) Kit. The Biosensor Module includes eight fluorescent reporters for the intracellular environment; three of them (unfolded protein response, pyruvate metabolism, and ethanol consumption) were newly implemented to complement the original five. The Genome-Integration Module comprises a set of backbone plasmids for the assembly of 1-6 transcriptional units (each consisting of promoter, coding sequence, and terminator) for efficient marker-free single-locus genome integration (in HO and/or X2 loci). Altogether, the ScEnSor Kit enables rapid and easy construction of strains with new transcriptional units as well as high-throughput investigation of the yeast intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Torello Pianale
- Industrial
Biotechnology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Industrial
Biotechnology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sosa-Carrillo S, Galez H, Napolitano S, Bertaux F, Batt G. Maximizing protein production by keeping cells at optimal secretory stress levels using real-time control approaches. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3028. [PMID: 37231013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the production of recombinant proteins is a problem of major industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Secretion of the protein by the host cell considerably simplifies downstream purification processes. However, for many proteins, this is also the limiting production step. Current solutions involve extensive engineering of the chassis cell to facilitate protein trafficking and limit protein degradation triggered by excessive secretion-associated stress. Here, we propose instead a regulation-based strategy in which induction is dynamically adjusted to an optimal strength based on the current stress level of the cells. Using a small collection of hard-to-secrete proteins, a bioreactor-based platform with automated cytometry measurements, and a systematic assay to quantify secreted protein levels, we demonstrate that the secretion sweet spot is indicated by the appearance of a subpopulation of cells that accumulate high amounts of proteins, decrease growth, and face significant stress, that is, experience a secretion burnout. In these cells, adaptations capabilities are overwhelmed by a too strong production. Using these notions, we show for a single-chain antibody variable fragment that secretion levels can be improved by 70% by dynamically keeping the cell population at optimal stress levels using real-time closed-loop control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henri Galez
- Institut Pasteur, Inria, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sara Napolitano
- Institut Pasteur, Inria, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - François Bertaux
- Institut Pasteur, Inria, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
- Lesaffre International, 101 rue de Menin, Marcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Gregory Batt
- Institut Pasteur, Inria, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France.
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Lin Y, Feng Y, Zheng L, Zhao M, Huang M. Improved protein production in yeast using cell engineering with genes related to a key factor in the unfolded protein response. Metab Eng 2023; 77:152-161. [PMID: 37044356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used cell factory for protein production. Increasing the protein production capacity of a yeast strain may be beneficial for obtaining recombinant proteins as a product or exerting its competence in consolidated bioprocessing. However, heterologous protein expression usually imposes stress on cells. Improving the cell's ability to cope with stress enhances protein yield. HAC1 is a key transcription factor in the unfolded protein response (UPR). In this study, several genes related to the UPR signal pathway, including unfolded protein sensing, HAC1 mRNA splicing, mRNA ligation, mRNA decay, translation, and Hac1p degradation, were selected as targets to engineer yeast strains. The final engineered strain produced α-amylase 3.3-fold, and human serum albumin 15.3-fold, greater than that of the control strain. Key regulation and metabolic network changes in the engineered strains were identified by transcriptome analysis and physiological characterizations. This study demonstrated that cell engineering with genes relevant to the key node HAC1 in UPR increased protein secretion substantially. The verified genetic modifications of this study provide useful targets in the construction of yeast cell factories for efficient protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeping Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yunzi Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China; Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Park JH, Bassalo MC, Lin GM, Chen Y, Doosthosseini H, Schmitz J, Roubos JA, Voigt CA. Design of Four Small-Molecule-Inducible Systems in the Yeast Chromosome, Applied to Optimize Terpene Biosynthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1119-1132. [PMID: 36943773 PMCID: PMC10127285 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of cellular functions often requires the balancing of gene expression, but the physical construction and screening of alternative designs are costly and time-consuming. Here, we construct a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that contains a "sensor array" containing bacterial regulators that respond to four small-molecule inducers (vanillic acid, xylose, aTc, IPTG). Four promoters can be independently controlled with low background and a 40- to 5000-fold dynamic range. These systems can be used to study the impact of changing the level and timing of gene expression without requiring the construction of multiple strains. We apply this approach to the optimization of a four-gene heterologous pathway to the terpene linalool, which is a flavor and precursor to energetic materials. Using this approach, we identify bottlenecks in the metabolic pathway. This work can aid the rapid automated strain development of yeasts for the bio-manufacturing of diverse products, including chemicals, materials, fuels, and food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Park
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marcelo C Bassalo
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Geng-Min Lin
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ye Chen
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hamid Doosthosseini
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joep Schmitz
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translational Sciences, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Roubos
- DSM Science & Innovation, Biodata & Translational Sciences, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher A Voigt
- Synthetic Biology Center, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Timmins J, van Wyk N, Kroukamp H, Walker R, Fritsch S, Rauhut D, Wallbrunn C, Pretorius I, Paulsen I. Engineering a fermenting yeast able to produce the fragrant β-ionone apocarotenoid for enhanced aroma properties in wine. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:7008492. [PMID: 36708173 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wine is composed of multitudinous flavour components and volatile organic compounds that provide this beverage with its attractive properties of taste and aroma. The perceived quality of a wine can be attributed to the absolute and relative concentrations of favourable aroma compounds; hence, increasing the detectable levels of an attractive aroma, such as β-ionone with its violet and berry notes, can improve the organoleptic qualities of given wine styles. We here describe the generation of a new grape-must fermenting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is capable of releasing β-ionone through the heterologous expression of both the enzyme carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and its substrate, β-carotene. Haploid laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae were constructed with and without integrated carotenogenic genes and transformed with a plasmid containing the genes of CCD1. These strains were then mated with a sporulated diploid wine industry yeast, VIN13, and four resultant crosses-designated MQ01-MQ04-which were capable of fermenting the must to dryness were compared for their ability to release β-ionone. Analyses of their fermentation products showed that the MQ01 strain produced a high level of β-ionone and offers a fermenting hybrid yeast with the potential to enhance the organoleptic qualities of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Timmins
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Niel van Wyk
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia.,Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Heinrich Kroukamp
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roy Walker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - S Fritsch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Doris Rauhut
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Christian Wallbrunn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Biochemie, Hochschule Geisenheim University, von-Lade-Str. 1, D-65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Isak Pretorius
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Paulsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, 6 Wallys Way, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
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Synthetic metabolic transducers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as sensors for aromatic permeant acids and bioreporters of hydrocarbon metabolism. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Perruca-Foncillas R, Davidsson J, Carlquist M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. Assessment of fluorescent protein candidates for multi-color flow cytometry analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 34:e00735. [PMID: 35686015 PMCID: PMC9171426 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence of candidate fluorescent proteins was assessed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. eEGFP, CyOFP1opt and mBeRFPopt were found to be suitable for multicolour flow cytometry. Successful protein selection and equipment configuration allowed potential tri-color flow cytometry with 488 nm single-laser excitation.
Transcription factor-based biosensors represent promising tools in the construction and evaluation of efficient cell factories for the sustainable production of fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. They can notably be designed to follow the production of a target compound or to monitor key cellular properties, such as stress or starvation. In most cases, the biosensors are built with fluorescent protein (FP) genes as reporter genes because of the direct correlation between promoter activity and fluorescence level that can be measured using, for instance, flow cytometry or fluorometry. The expansion of available FPs offers the possibility of using several FPs - and biosensors – in parallel in one host, with simultaneous detection using multicolor flow cytometry. However, the technique is currently limited by the unavailability of combinations of FP whose genes can be successfully expressed in the host and whose fluorescence can be efficiently distinguished from each other. In the present study, the broad collection of available FPs was explored and four different FPs were successfully expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: yEGFP, mEGFP, CyOFP1opt and mBeRFPopt. After studying their fluorescence signals, population heterogeneity and possible interactions, we recommend two original combinations of FPs for bi-color flow cytometry: mEGFP together with either CyOFP1opt or mBeRFPopt, as well as the combination of all three FPs mEGFP, CyOFP1opt and mBeRFPopt for tri-color flow cytometry. These combinations will allow to perform different types of bi-color or possibly tri-color flow cytometry and FACS experiments with yeast, such as phenotype evaluation, screening or sorting, by single-laser excitation with a standard 488 nm blue laser.
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Torello Pianale L, Rugbjerg P, Olsson L. Real-Time Monitoring of the Yeast Intracellular State During Bioprocesses With a Toolbox of Biosensors. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:802169. [PMID: 35069506 PMCID: PMC8776715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.802169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial fermentation processes strive for high robustness to ensure optimal and consistent performance. Medium components, fermentation products, and physical perturbations may cause stress and lower performance. Cellular stress elicits a range of responses, whose extracellular manifestations have been extensively studied; whereas intracellular aspects remain poorly known due to lack of tools for real-time monitoring. Genetically encoded biosensors have emerged as promising tools and have been used to improve microbial productivity and tolerance toward industrially relevant stresses. Here, fluorescent biosensors able to sense the yeast intracellular environment (pH, ATP levels, oxidative stress, glycolytic flux, and ribosome production) were implemented into a versatile and easy-to-use toolbox. Marker-free and efficient genome integration at a conserved site on chromosome X of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and a commercial Saccharomyces boulardii strain was developed. Moreover, multiple biosensors were used to simultaneously monitor different intracellular parameters in a single cell. Even when combined together, the biosensors did not significantly affect key physiological parameters, such as specific growth rate and product yields. Activation and response of each biosensor and their interconnection were assessed using an advanced micro-cultivation system. Finally, the toolbox was used to screen cell behavior in a synthetic lignocellulosic hydrolysate that mimicked harsh industrial substrates, revealing differences in the oxidative stress response between laboratory (CEN.PK113-7D) and industrial (Ethanol Red) S. cerevisiae strains. In summary, the toolbox will allow both the exploration of yeast diversity and physiological responses in natural and complex industrial conditions, as well as the possibility to monitor production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Torello Pianale
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Rugbjerg
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Enduro Genetics ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Olsson
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kroukamp H, Peng K, Paulsen IT, den Haan R. Fluorescence-Based Biosensors for the Detection of the Unfolded Protein Response. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:19-30. [PMID: 34985691 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved protein quality control mechanism of eukaryotic cells. Aberrations in this response have been linked to several human diseases, including retinitis pigmentosa and several cancers, and have been shown to have a drastic impact on recombinant protein yields in fungal, insect, and mammalian cell lines. Here, we describe the use of in vivo biosensors to measure and characterize this dynamic cellular response, specifically for detecting the UPR induced by protein overproduction stress in the model cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kroukamp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kai Peng
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Riaan den Haan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
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