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Das A, Santhosh S, Giridhar M, Behr J, Michel T, Schaudy E, Ibáñez-Redín G, Lietard J, Somoza MM. Dipodal Silanes Greatly Stabilize Glass Surface Functionalization for DNA Microarray Synthesis and High-Throughput Biological Assays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15384-15393. [PMID: 37801728 PMCID: PMC10586054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Glass is by far the most common substrate for biomolecular arrays, including high-throughput sequencing flow cells and microarrays. The native glass hydroxyl surface is modified by using silane chemistry to provide appropriate functional groups and reactivities for either in situ synthesis or surface immobilization of biologically or chemically synthesized biomolecules. These arrays, typically of oligonucleotides or peptides, are then subjected to long incubation times in warm aqueous buffers prior to fluorescence readout. Under these conditions, the siloxy bonds to the glass are susceptible to hydrolysis, resulting in significant loss of biomolecules and concomitant loss of signal from the assay. Here, we demonstrate that functionalization of glass surfaces with dipodal silanes results in greatly improved stability compared to equivalent functionalization with standard monopodal silanes. Using photolithographic in situ synthesis of DNA, we show that dipodal silanes are compatible with phosphoramidite chemistry and that hybridization performed on the resulting arrays provides greatly improved signal and signal-to-noise ratios compared with surfaces functionalized with monopodal silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Das
- Technical
University of Munich, Germany, TUM School
of Natural Sciences, Boltzmannstraße 10, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Santra Santhosh
- Technical
University of Munich, Germany, TUM School
of Natural Sciences, Boltzmannstraße 10, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maya Giridhar
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Timm Michel
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Technical
University of Munich, Germany, TUM School
of Life Sciences, Alte
Akademie 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erika Schaudy
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gisela Ibáñez-Redín
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jory Lietard
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Chair
of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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2
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Zhao Z, Zharnikov M. Exploiting epoxy-rich poly(ethylene glycol) films for highly selective ssDNA sensing via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26538-26548. [PMID: 37752830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an alternative approach to immobilize thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the DNA sensing. In contrast to the standard, monomolecular assembly of such moieties on gold substrate, over the thiolate-gold anchors, we propose to use bioinert, porous polyethylene glycol (PEG) films as a 3D template for ssDNA immobilization. The latter process relies on the reaction between the thiol group of the respectively decorated ssDNA and the epoxy groups in the epoxy-rich PEG matrix. The immobilization process and subsequent hybridization ability of the resulting sensing assembly were monitored using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with the latter tool proving itself as the most suitable transduction technique. Electrochemical data confirmed the successful immobilization of thiol-decorated ssDNA probes into the PEG matrix over the thiol-epoxy linkage as well as high hybridization efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity of the resulting DNA sensor. Whereas this sensor was equivalent to the direct ssDNA assembly in terms of the efficiency, it exhibited a better selectivity and bioinert properties in view of the bioinert character of the PEG matrix. The above findings place PEG films as a promising platform for highly selective ssDNA sensing, leveraging their flexible chemistry, 3D character, and bioinert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Zhao Z, Das S, Zharnikov M. Rational Design of Porous Poly(ethylene glycol) Films as a Matrix for ssDNA Immobilization and Hybridization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090414. [PMID: 36134960 PMCID: PMC9496007 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films, fabricated by thermally induced crosslinking of amine- and epoxy-terminated four-arm STAR-PEG precursors, were used as porous and bioinert matrix for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immobilization and hybridization. The immobilization relied on the reaction between the amine groups in the films and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester groups of the NHS-ester-decorated ssDNA. Whereas the amount of reactive amine groups in the films with the standard 1:1 composition of the precursors turned out to be too low for efficient immobilization, it could be increased noticeably using an excess (2:1) concentration of the amine-terminated precursor. The respective films retained the bioinertness of the 1:1 prototype and could be successfully decorated with probe ssDNA, resulting in porous, 3D PEG-ssDNA sensing assemblies. These assemblies exhibited high selectivity with respect to the target ssDNA strands, with a hybridization efficiency of 78–89% for the matching sequences and full inertness for non-complementary strands. The respective strategy can be applied to the fabrication of DNA microarrays and DNA sensors. As a suitable transduction technique, requiring no ssDNA labeling and showing high sensitivity in the PEG-ssDNA case, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is suggested.
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4
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Muthukrishnan L. An overview on electrospinning and its advancement toward hard and soft tissue engineering applications. Colloid Polym Sci 2022; 300:875-901. [PMID: 35765603 PMCID: PMC9226287 DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the emerging technologies of the recent times harboring nanotechnology to fabricate nanofibers for various biomedical and environmental applications are electrospinning (nanofiber technology). Their relative ease in use, simplicity, functionality and diversity has surpassed the pitfalls encountered with the conventional method of generating fibers. This review aims to provide an overview of electrospinning, principle, methods, feed materials, and applications toward tissue engineering. To begin with, evolution of electrospinning and its typical apparatus have been briefed. Simultaneously, discussion on the production of nanofibers with diversified feed materials such as polymers, small molecules, colloids, and nanoparticles and its transformation into a powerful technology has been dealt with. Further, highlights on the application of nanofibers in tissue engineering and the commercialized products developed using nanofiber technology have been summed up. With this rapidly emerging technology, there would be a great demand pertaining to scalability and environmental challenge toward tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077 India
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5
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Ávila-Cossío ME, Rivero IA, García-González V, Alatorre-Meda M, Rodríguez-Velázquez E, Calva-Yáñez JC, Espinoza KA, Pulido-Capiz Á. Preparation of Polymeric Films of PVDMA-PEI Functionalized with Fatty Acids for Studying the Adherence and Proliferation of Langerhans β-Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5249-5257. [PMID: 32201814 PMCID: PMC7081399 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of thin polymeric films by the layer-by-layer deposition and covalent cross-linking of polyvinyl dimethylazlactone and polyethylene imine, which were functionalized with lauric (12-C), myristic (14-C), and palmitic (16-C) saturated fatty acids, whose high levels in the bloodstream are correlated with insulin resistance and the potential development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aiming to assess the effect of the fatty acids on the adhesion and proliferation of Langerhans β-cells, all prepared films (35 and 35.5 bilayers with and without functionalization with the fatty acids) were characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties by a battery of experimental techniques including 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, cell staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy among others. In general, the developed films were found to be nanometric, transparent, resistant against manipulation, chemically reactive, and highly cytocompatible. On the other hand, in what the effect of the fatty acids is concerned, palmitic acid was found to impair the proliferation of the cultured β-cells, contrary to its homologues which did not alter this biological process. In our opinion, the multidisciplinary study presented here might be of interest for the research community working on the development of cytocompatible 2D model substrates for the safe and reproducible characterization of cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Ávila-Cossío
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ignacio A Rivero
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Victor García-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Manuel Alatorre-Meda
- Cátedras CONACyT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Eustolia Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Campus Tijuana, Calzada Universidad 14418, 22390 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Julio C Calva-Yáñez
- Cátedras CONACyT-Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química-Grupo de Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Karla A Espinoza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Blvd. Alberto Limón Padilla S/N, 22510 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ángel Pulido-Capiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
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6
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Guo X, Carter MCD, Appadoo V, Lynn DM. Tunable and Selective Degradation of Amine-Reactive Multilayers in Acidic Media. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3464-3474. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew C. D. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Visham Appadoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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7
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Masigol M, Fattahi N, Barua N, Lokitz BS, Retterer ST, Platt TG, Hansen RR. Identification of Critical Surface Parameters Driving Lectin-Mediated Capture of Bacteria from Solution. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2852-2863. [PMID: 31150217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectin-functional interfaces are useful for isolation of bacteria from solution because they are low-cost and allow nondestructive, reversible capture. This study provides a systematic investigation of physical and chemical surface parameters that influence bacteria capture over lectin-functionalized polymer interfaces and then applies these findings to construct surfaces with significantly enhanced bacteria capture. The designer block copolymer poly(glycidyl methacrylate)- block-poly(vinyldimethyl azlactone) was used as a lectin attachment layer, and lectin coupling into the polymer film through azlactone-lectin coupling reactions was first characterized. Here, experimental parameters including polymer areal chain density, lectin molecular weight, and lectin coupling buffer were systematically varied to identify parameters driving highest azlactone conversions and corresponding lectin surface densities. To introduce physical nanostructures into the attachment layer, nanopillar arrays (NPAs) of varied heights (300 and 2100 nm) were then used to provide an underlying surface template for the functional polymer layer. Capture of Escherichia coli on lectin-polymer surfaces coated over both flat and NPA surfaces was then investigated. For flat polymer interfaces, bacteria were detected on the surface after incubation at a solution concentration of 103 cfu/mL, and a corresponding detection limit of 1.7 × 103 cfu/mL was quantified. This detection limit was 1 order of magnitude lower than control lectin surfaces functionalized with standard, carbodiimide coupling chemistry. NPA surfaces containing 300 nm tall pillars further improved the detection limit to 2.1 × 102 cfu/mL, but also reduced the viability of captured cells. Finally, to investigate the impact of cell surface parameters on capture, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells genetically modified to allow manipulation of exopolysaccharide adhesin production levels. Statistical analysis of surface capture levels revealed that lectin surface density was the primary factor driving capture, as opposed to exopolysaccharide adhesin expression. These findings emphasize the critical importance of the synthetic interface and the development of surfaces that combine high lectin densities with tailored physical features to drive high levels of capture. These insights will aid in design of biofunctional interfaces with physicochemical surface properties favorable for capture and isolation of bacteria cells from solutions.
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8
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An Q, Huang T, Shi F. Covalent layer-by-layer films: chemistry, design, and multidisciplinary applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5061-5098. [PMID: 29767189 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00406k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covalent layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a powerful method used to construct functional ultrathin films that enables nanoscopic structural precision, componential diversity, and flexible design. Compared with conventional LbL films built using multiple noncovalent interactions, LbL films prepared using covalent crosslinking offer the following distinctive characteristics: (i) enhanced film endurance or rigidity; (ii) improved componential diversity when uncharged species or small molecules are stably built into the films by forming covalent bonds; and (iii) increased structural diversity when covalent crosslinking is employed in componential, spacial, or temporal (labile bonds) selective manners. In this review, we document the chemical methods used to build covalent LbL films as well as the film properties and applications achievable using various film design strategies. We expect to translate the achievement in the discipline of chemistry (film-building methods) into readily available techniques for materials engineers and thus provide diverse functional material design protocols to address the energy, biomedical, and environmental challenges faced by the entire scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Cheng M, Wang Y, Shi F. Constructing a Multiplexed DNA Pattern by Combining Precise Magnetic Manipulation and DNA-Driven Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1100-1108. [PMID: 28903006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent demand to construct multiplexed biomolecular patterns to obtain more biological information from a single experiment. However, with only limited reports focusing on defective top-down approaches, challenges remain to develop a bottom-up strategy for multiplexed patterning. To this end, a novel strategy has been proposed to fabricate multiplexed DNA patterns via macroscopic assembly through combined precise magnetic manipulation and DNA hybridization-driven self-assembly. Therefore, a multiplexed DNA pattern composed of glass fibers loaded with multiple specific strands of DNA was constructed, and its potential application in simultaneous detection of multiplex target DNA was demonstrated. Moreover, the fabricated multiplexed DNA pattern shows an erasable behavior because the hybridized DNA can be disassembled by strand displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, 100029, China
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10
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Holden MT, Carter MCD, Ting SK, Lynn DM, Smith LM. Parallel DNA Synthesis on Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Chembiochem 2017; 18:1914-1916. [PMID: 28763573 PMCID: PMC5644289 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of DNA arrays directly on aminolyzed sheets of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is described. Array surfaces typically employ bifunctional linkers or layers of covalently attached polymers to provide substrate hydroxy groups as synthesis attachment points. An amine treatment is used here to expose hydroxy groups on films of PET. These hydroxy groups can then be used to couple phosphoramidites and initiate the array synthesis without further functionalization steps. Arrays fabricated on these substrates with a maskless array synthesizer are tolerant of the high number of chemical exposure steps required to synthesize relatively long oligonucleotides. The results might be of the greatest use to the synthetic biology community, for whom a flexible and robust substrate could enable new strategies to enhance the throughput of oligonucleotide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Matthew C D Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon K Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lloyd M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 425 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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11
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Kratochvil MJ, Carter MCD, Lynn DM. Amine-Reactive Azlactone-Containing Nanofibers for the Immobilization and Patterning of New Functionality on Nanofiber-Based Scaffolds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10243-10253. [PMID: 28234454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of amine-reactive polymer nanofibers and nonwoven reactive nanofiber mats fabricated by the electrospinning of azlactone-functionalized polymers. We demonstrate that randomly oriented nanofibers fabricated using a random copolymer of methyl methacrylate and 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone contain intact and reactive azlactone groups that can be used to introduce new chemical functionality and modulate important interfacial properties of these materials (e.g., wetting behaviors) by postfabrication treatment with primary amine-based nucleophiles. The facile and "click-like" nature of these reactions permits functionalization under mild conditions without substantial changes to nanofiber or mat morphologies. This approach also enables the patterning of new functionality on mat-coated surfaces by treatment with bulk solutions of primary amines or by using methods such as microcontact printing. Further, these reactive mats can also, themselves, be contact-transferred or "printed" onto secondary surfaces by pressing them into contact with other amine-functionalized objects. Finally, we demonstrate that functionalization with hydrophobic amines can increase the stability of these materials in aqueous environments and yield hydrophobic nanofiber scaffolds useful for the design of "slippery" liquid-infused materials. The approaches reported here enable the introduction of new properties to reactive polymer mats after fabrication and, thus, reduce the need to synthesize individual functional polymers prior to electrospinning to achieve new properties. The azlactone chemistry used here broadens the scope of reactions that can be used to functionalize polymer nanofibers and is likely to prove general. We anticipate that this approach can be used with a range of amines or other nucleophiles (e.g., alcohols or thiols) to design nanofibers and reactive nanofiber-based materials with new physical properties, surface features, and behaviors that may be difficult to achieve by the direct electrospinning of conventional materials or other functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew C D Carter
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Choi JW, Carter MCD, Wei W, Kanimozi C, Speetjens FW, Mahanthappa MK, Lynn DM, Gopalan P. Self-Assembly and Post-Fabrication Functionalization of Microphase Separated Thin Films of a Reactive Azlactone-Containing Block Copolymer. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 1509 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew C. D. Carter
- Department
of Chemistry, 1101 University
Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 1509 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Catherine Kanimozi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 1509 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Frank W. Speetjens
- Department
of Chemistry, 1101 University
Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Mahanthappa
- Department
of Chemistry, 1101 University
Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, 421 Washington Ave. S.E., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department
of Chemistry, 1101 University
Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 1509 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, 1101 University
Avenue, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Zayas-Gonzalez YM, Lynn DM. Degradable Amine-Reactive Coatings Fabricated by the Covalent Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) with Degradable Polyamine Building Blocks. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3067-75. [PMID: 27525718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of reactive and degradable cross-linked polymer multilayers by the reactive/covalent layer-by-layer assembly of a non-degradable azlactone-functionalized polymer [poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone), PVDMA] with hydrolytically or enzymatically degradable polyamine building blocks. Fabrication of multilayers using PVDMA and a hydrolytically degradable poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) containing primary amine side chains yielded multilayers (∼100 nm thick) that degraded over ∼12 days in physiologically relevant media. Physicochemical characterization and studies on stable films fabricated using PVDMA and an analogous non-degradable poly(amidoamine) suggested that erosion occurred by chemical hydrolysis of backbone esters in the PBAE components of these assemblies. These degradable assemblies also contained residual amine-reactive azlactone functionality that could be used to impart new functionality to the coatings post-fabrication. Cross-linked multilayers fabricated using PVDMA and the enzymatically degradable polymer poly(l-lysine) were structurally stable for prolonged periods in physiological media, but degraded over ∼24 h when the enzyme trypsin was added. Past studies demonstrate that multilayers fabricated using PVDMA and non-degradable polyamines [e.g., poly(ethylenimine)] enable the design and patterning of useful nano/biointerfaces and other materials that are structurally stable in physiological media. The introduction of degradable functionality into PVDMA-based multilayers creates opportunities to exploit the reactivity of azlactone groups for the design of reactive materials and functional coatings that degrade or erode in environments that are relevant in biomedical, biotechnological, and environmental contexts. This "degradable building block" strategy should be general; we anticipate that this approach can also be extended to the design of amine-reactive multilayers that degrade upon exposure to specific chemical triggers, selective enzymes, or contact with cells by judicious design of the degradable polyamine building blocks used to fabricate the coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashira M Zayas-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States , and
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States , and.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Holden MT, Carter MCD, Wu CH, Wolfer J, Codner E, Sussman MR, Lynn DM, Smith LM. Photolithographic Synthesis of High-Density DNA and RNA Arrays on Flexible, Transparent, and Easily Subdivided Plastic Substrates. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11420-8. [PMID: 26494264 PMCID: PMC4945104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The photolithographic fabrication of high-density DNA and RNA arrays on flexible and transparent plastic substrates is reported. The substrates are thin sheets of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) coated with cross-linked polymer multilayers that present hydroxyl groups suitable for conventional phosphoramidite-based nucleic acid synthesis. We demonstrate that by modifying array synthesis procedures to accommodate the physical and chemical properties of these materials, it is possible to synthesize plastic-backed oligonucleotide arrays with feature sizes as small as 14 μm × 14 μm and feature densities in excess of 125 000/cm(2), similar to specifications attainable using rigid substrates such as glass or glassy carbon. These plastic-backed arrays are tolerant to a wide range of hybridization temperatures, and improved synthetic procedures are described that enable the fabrication of arrays with sequences up to 50 nucleotides in length. These arrays hybridize with S/N ratios comparable to those fabricated on otherwise identical arrays prepared on glass or glassy carbon. This platform supports the enzymatic synthesis of RNA arrays and proof-of-concept experiments are presented showing that the arrays can be readily subdivided into smaller arrays (or "millichips") using common laboratory-scale laser cutting tools. These results expand the utility of oligonucleotide arrays fabricated on plastic substrates and open the door to new applications for these important bioanalytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Cheng-Hsien Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jamison Wolfer
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric Codner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael R. Sussman
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin - Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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15
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Kratochvil MJ, Tal-Gan Y, Yang T, Blackwell HE, Lynn DM. Nanoporous Superhydrophobic Coatings that Promote the Extended Release of Water-Labile Quorum Sensing Inhibitors and Enable Long-Term Modulation of Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1039-1049. [PMID: 26501126 PMCID: PMC4604486 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Materials and coatings that inhibit
bacterial colonization are
of interest in a broad range of biomedical, environmental, and industrial
applications. In view of the rapid increase in bacterial resistance
to conventional antibiotics, the development of new strategies that
target nonessential pathways in bacterial pathogens—and that
thereby limit growth and reduce virulence through nonbiocidal means—has
attracted considerable attention. Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) represents
one such target, and is intimately connected to virulence in many
human pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that the properties of nanoporous,
polymer-based superhydrophobic coatings can be exploited to host and
subsequently sustain the extended release of potent and water-labile
peptide-based inhibitors of QS (QSIs) in Staphylococcus aureus. Our results demonstrate that these peptidic QSIs can be released
into surrounding media for periods of at least 8 months, and that
they strongly inhibit agr-based QS in S. aureus for
at least 40 days. These results also suggest that these extremely
nonwetting coatings can confer protection against the rapid hydrolysis
of these water-labile peptides, thereby extending their useful lifetimes.
Finally, we demonstrate that these peptide-loaded superhydrophobic
coatings can strongly modulate the QS-controlled formation of biofilm
in wild-type S. aureus. These nanoporous superhydrophobic
films provide a new, useful, and nonbiocidal approach to the design
of coatings that attenuate bacterial virulence. This approach has
the potential to be general, and could prove suitable for the encapsulation,
protection, and release of other classes of water-sensitive agents.
We anticipate that the materials, strategies, and concepts reported
here will enable new approaches to the long-term attenuation of QS
and associated bacterial phenotypes in a range of basic research and
applied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yftah Tal-Gan
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helen E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David M Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States ; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 1415 Engineering Drive, University of Wisconsin - Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Ariga K, Yamauchi Y, Rydzek G, Ji Q, Yonamine Y, Wu KCW, Hill JP. Layer-by-layer Nanoarchitectonics: Invention, Innovation, and Evolution. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Gaulthier Rydzek
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Qingmin Ji
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
| | - Yusuke Yonamine
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- World Premier International (WPI) Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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17
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Manna U, Carter MCD, Lynn DM. "Shrink-to-fit" superhydrophobicity: thermally-induced microscale wrinkling of thin hydrophobic multilayers fabricated on flexible shrink-wrap substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3085-3089. [PMID: 23649745 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An approach to the design of flexible superhydrophobic surfaces based on thermally induced wrinkling of thin, hydrophobic polymer multilayers on heat-shrinkable polymer films is reported. This approach exploits shrinking processes common to "heat-shrink" plastics, and can thus be used to create "shrink-to-fit" superhydrophobic coatings on complex surfaces, manipulate the dimensions and densities of patterned features, and promote heat-activated repair of full-thickness defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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