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Bao L, Xu T, Guo K, Huang W, Lu X. Supramolecular Engineering of Crystalline Fullerene Micro-/Nano-Architectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200189. [PMID: 35213750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes are a molecular form of carbon allotrope and bear certain solubility, which allow the supramolecular assembly of fullerene molecules-also together with other complementary compound classes-via solution-based wet processes. By well-programmed organizing these building blocks and precisely modulating over the assembly process, supramolecularly assembled fullerene micro-/nano-architectures (FMNAs) are obtained. These FMNAs exhibit remarkably enhanced functions as well as tunable morphologies and dimensions at different size scales, leading to their applications in diverse fields. In this review, both traditional and newly developed assembly strategies are reviewed, with an emphasis on the morphological evolution mechanism of FMNAs. The discussion is then focused on how to precisely regulate the dimensions and morphologies to generate functional FMNAs through solvent engineering, co-crystallization, surfactant incorporation, or post-fabrication treatment. In addition to C60 -based FMNAs, this review particularly focuses on recently fabricated FMNAs comprising higher fullerenes (e.g., C70 ) and metallofullerenes. Meanwhile, an overview of the property modulation is presented and multidisciplinary applications of FMNAs in various fields are summarized, including sensors, optoelectronics, biomedicines, and energy. At the end, the prospects for future research, application opportunities, and challenges associated with FMNAs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipiao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Kun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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2
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Nakayama Y, Tsuruta R, Koganezawa T. 'Molecular Beam Epitaxy' on Organic Semiconductor Single Crystals: Characterization of Well-Defined Molecular Interfaces by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction Techniques. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7119. [PMID: 36295203 PMCID: PMC9605552 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth, often termed "epitaxy", is one of the most essential techniques underpinning semiconductor electronics, because crystallinities of the materials seriously dominate operation efficiencies of the electronic devices such as power gain/consumption, response speed, heat loss, and so on. In contrast to already well-established epitaxial growth methodologies for inorganic (covalent or ionic) semiconductors, studies on inter-molecular (van der Waals) epitaxy for organic semiconductors is still in the initial stage. In the present review paper, we briefly summarize recent works on the epitaxial inter-molecular junctions built on organic semiconductor single-crystal surfaces, particularly on single crystals of pentacene and rubrene. Experimental methodologies applicable for the determination of crystal structures of such organic single-crystal-based molecular junctions are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nakayama
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Division of Colloid and Interface Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
- Research Group for Advanced Energy Conversion, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tsuruta
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Industrial Application Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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3
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Wang Z, Tang M. The cytotoxicity of core-shell or non-shell structure quantum dots and reflection on environmental friendly: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110593. [PMID: 33352186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are widely applicated into bioindustry and research owing to its superior properties such as broad excitation spectra, narrow bandwidth emission spectra and high resistance to photo-bleaching. However, the toxicity of quantum dots should not be underestimated and aroused widespread concern. The surface properties and size of quantum dots are critical relevant properties on toxicity. Then, the core/shell structure becomes one common way to affect the activity of quantum dots such as enhance biocompatibility and stability. Except those toxicity it induced, the problem it brought into the environment such as the degradation of quantum dot similarly becomes a hot issue. This review initially took a brief scan of current research on the cytotoxicity of QDs and the mechanism behind that over the past five years. Mainly discussion concentrated on the diversity of structure on quantum dots whether played a key role on the cytotoxicty of quantum dots. It also discussed the role of different shells with metal or nonmetal cores and the influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Silvestri F, Prieto MJ, Babuji A, Tănase LC, de Souza Caldas L, Solomeshch O, Schmidt T, Ocal C, Barrena E. Impact of Nanomorphology on Surface Doping of Organic Semiconductors: The Pentacene-C 60F 48 Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:25444-25452. [PMID: 32388975 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Establishing the rather complex correlation between the structure and the charge transfer in organic-organic heterostructures is of utmost importance for organic electronics and requires spatially resolved structural, chemical, and electronic details. Insight into this issue is provided here by combining atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoemission electron microscopy, and low-energy electron microscopy for investigating a case study. We select the interface formed by pentacene (PEN), benchmark among the donor organic semiconductors, and a p-type dopant from the family of fluorinated fullerenes. As for Buckminsterfullerene (C60), the growth of its fluorinated derivative C60F48 is influenced by the thickness and crystallinity of the PEN buffer layer, but the behavior is markedly different. We provide a microscopic description of the C60F48/PEN interface formation and analyze the consequences in the electronic properties of the final heterostructure. For just one single layer of PEN, a laterally complete but noncompact C60F48/PEN interface is created, importantly affecting the surface work function. Nonetheless, from the very beginning of the second layer formation, the presence of epitaxial and nonepitaxial PEN domains dramatically influences the growth dynamics and extremely well packed two-dimensional C60F48 islands develop. Insightful elemental maps of the C60F48/PEN surface spatially resolve the nonuniform distribution of the dopant molecules, which leads to a heterogeneous work function landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Silvestri
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio J Prieto
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adara Babuji
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liviu C Tănase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas de Souza Caldas
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Solomeshch
- Electrical Engineering Department, Nanoelectronic Center, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Ocal
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Huttner A, Breuer T, Witte G. Controlling Interface Morphology and Layer Crystallinity in Organic Heterostructures: Microscopic View on C 60 Island Formation on Pentacene Buffer Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:35177-35184. [PMID: 31455082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the crystallinity of organic thin films is an important aspect in the improvement of organic electronic devices. However, because of high molecular mass, structural anisotropy, and weak intermolecular van der Waals bonding, crystalline ordering is not easily accomplished. While film preparation at elevated substrate temperature often improves the crystalline quality, this approach cannot be applied to temperature-sensitive materials such as plastic foils used as substrates for flexible electronics. Here, we examine in detail a low-temperature approach to improve film crystallinity by using ultrathin pentacene (PEN) buffer layers that allow crystalline growth of buckminsterfullerene (C60) thin films while without such buffer layers, only amorphous fullerene films are formed upon room-temperature deposition on various support substrates. Remarkably, this effect depends critically on the thickness of the PEN buffer and requires a thickness of at least two monolayers to induce crystalline growth, whereas a buffer layer consisting of a monolayer of PEN again yields amorphous C60 films. Combining crystallographic investigations by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy measurements, we determine distinct nucleation sites on buffer layers of different thickness, which are correlated to the amorphous, respectively crystalline C60 islands. Our microscopic analysis reveals distinct differences for the nucleation and diffusivity of fullerenes on the PEN monolayer and on thicker buffer layers, which are attributed to the molecular arrangement in the PEN monolayer. Finally, we show that the crystalline C60 films are exclusively (111)-oriented and the fullerene islands are even heteroepitaxially aligned on the PEN buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huttner
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Tobias Breuer
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps-Universität Marburg , 35032 Marburg , Germany
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6
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New type of doping effect via metallization of surface reduction in SnO 2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8129. [PMID: 31148583 PMCID: PMC6544616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of conventional doping methods requires consideration of not only the energy connection with the base material but also the limits of the type and doping range of the dopant. The scope of the physico-chemical change must be determined from the properties of the base material, and when this limit is exceeded, a large energy barrier must be formed between the base material and the dopant as in a heterojunction. Thus, starting from a different viewpoint, we introduce a so-called metallization of surface reduction method, which easily overcomes the disadvantages of existing methods while having the effect of doping the base material. Such new synthetic techniques enable sequential energy arrangements–gradients from the surface to the centre of the material–so that free energy transfer effects can be obtained as per the energies in the semiconducting band, eliminating the energy discontinuity of the heterojunction.
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7
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Döring RC, Rosemann NW, Huttner A, Breuer T, Witte G, Chatterjee S. Charge-transfer processes and carrier dynamics at the pentacene-C 60 interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:134001. [PMID: 30645985 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aafea7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterostructures of pentacene (PEN) and buckminsterfullerene (C60) are frequently attracting scientific interest as a well-defined small-molecule model system for the study of internal interfaces between two organic semiconductors. They are prototypical representatives forming a donor-acceptor combination for studies of fundamental optoelectronic processes in organic photovoltaics. Despite their importance in exciton dissociation, the energetics of their interfacial charge-transfer (CT) states and their microscopic excitation dynamics are not yet clarified and still being discussed. Here, we present steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on stacked heterostructures composed of these two materials. All experiments are performed in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions as CT states are expected at energies below the fundamental electronic transitions of the respective bulk materials. A characteristic, interface-specific emission at around 1.13-1.17 eV is found, which we attribute to an interfacial CT state. Its excitation energy dependence reveals the intricate relaxation dynamics of excitons formed in both constituent materials. Moreover, the analysis of the dynamics of the C60 excitons shows that the lifetime of this state is reduced in the presence of an interface with PEN. This quenching is attributed to a long-range interaction, i.e. the relaxation of excitations into the interfacial CT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Döring
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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8
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Breuer T, Geiger T, Bettinger HF, Witte G. Diels-Alder adduct formation at solid interfaces between fullerenes and acenes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:034003. [PMID: 30524049 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf01b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding organic-organic interfaces is rather challenging due to their large complexity regarding morphology, molecular orientation at the interface, interdiffusion, and energetics. One additional important but often neglected aspect are chemical reactions occuring at such interfaces. For solid interfaces between pentacene and Buckminster-Fullerene (C60) recently very efficient Diels-Alder (D-A) adduct formation has been reported. Considering the importance of pentacene/C60 as prototypical donor-acceptor combination to study fundamental processes in organic photovoltaics, understanding this effect is essential. In this work, we provide detailed NEXAFS-based investigations with respect to the temperature-dependence and reaction zone depth of this effect. Moreover, we widely vary the interface morphology and observe that the D-A adduct formation is most efficient for bulk heterojunctions of pentacene and C60. By also investigating further material combinations such as PEN/C60-PCBM and interfaces between C60 and functionalized acenes, we observe trends for the occurrence of the D-A adduct formation correlated with the different chemical properties of the involved compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Breuer
- Department of Physics, Molekulare Festkörperphysik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Rinn A, Breuer T, Wiegand J, Beck M, Hübner J, Döring RC, Oestreich M, Heimbrodt W, Witte G, Chatterjee S. Interfacial Molecular Packing Determines Exciton Dynamics in Molecular Heterostructures: The Case of Pentacene-Perfluoropentacene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42020-42028. [PMID: 29135216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The great majority of electronic and optoelectronic devices depend on interfaces between p-type and n-type semiconductors. Finding matching donor-acceptor systems in molecular semiconductors remains a challenging endeavor because structurally compatible molecules may not necessarily be suitable with respect to their optical and electronic properties, and the large exciton binding energy in these materials may favor bound electron-hole pairs rather than free carriers or charge transfer at an interface. Regardless, interfacial charge-transfer exciton states are commonly considered as an intermediate step to achieve exciton dissociation. The formation efficiency and decay dynamics of such states will strongly depend on the molecular makeup of the interface, especially the relative alignment of donor and acceptor molecules. Structurally well-defined pentacene-perfluoropentacene heterostructures of different molecular orientations are virtually ideal model systems to study the interrelation between molecular packing motifs at the interface and their electronic properties. Comparing the emission dynamics of the heterosystems and the corresponding unitary films enables accurate assignment of every observable emission signal in the heterosystems. These heterosystems feature two characteristic interface-specific luminescence channels at around 1.4 and 1.5 eV that are not observed in the unitary samples. Their emission strength strongly depends on the molecular alignment of the respective donor and acceptor molecules, emphasizing the importance of structural control for device construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Rinn
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Breuer
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Wiegand
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Beck
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Hübner
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robin C Döring
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Oestreich
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfram Heimbrodt
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sangam Chatterjee
- Faculty of Physics & Materials Sciences Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Lorch C, Novák J, Banerjee R, Weimer S, Dieterle J, Frank C, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Carla F, Schreiber F. Influence of C60 co-deposition on the growth kinetics of diindenoperylene–From rapid roughening to layer-by-layer growth in blended organic films. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:052807. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lorch
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. Novák
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - R. Banerjee
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - S. Weimer
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. Dieterle
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - C. Frank
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A. Hinderhofer
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A. Gerlach
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - F. Carla
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Schreiber
- Universität Tübingen, Institut für Angewandte Physik, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Nakayama Y, Mizuno Y, Hosokai T, Koganezawa T, Tsuruta R, Hinderhofer A, Gerlach A, Broch K, Belova V, Frank H, Yamamoto M, Niederhausen J, Glowatzki H, Rabe JP, Koch N, Ishii H, Schreiber F, Ueno N. Epitaxial Growth of an Organic p-n Heterojunction: C60 on Single-Crystal Pentacene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13499-13505. [PMID: 27171402 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Designing molecular p-n heterojunction structures, i.e., electron donor-acceptor contacts, is one of the central challenges for further development of organic electronic devices. In the present study, a well-defined p-n heterojunction of two representative molecular semiconductors, pentacene and C60, formed on the single-crystal surface of pentacene is precisely investigated in terms of its growth behavior and crystallographic structure. C60 assembles into a (111)-oriented face-centered-cubic crystal structure with a specific epitaxial orientation on the (001) surface of the pentacene single crystal. The present experimental findings provide molecular scale insights into the formation mechanisms of the organic p-n heterojunction through an accurate structural analysis of the single-crystalline molecular contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Nakayama
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Mizuno
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Hosokai
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Industrial Application Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tsuruta
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Alexander Hinderhofer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Valentina Belova
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Frank
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Jens Niederhausen
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Newtonstr. 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Glowatzki
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen P Rabe
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Newtonstr. 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Newtonstr. 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, DE-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hisao Ishii
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nobuo Ueno
- Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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12
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Acevedo YM, Cantrell RA, Berard PG, Koch DL, Clancy P. Multiscale Simulation and Modeling of Multilayer Heteroepitactic Growth of C60 on Pentacene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3045-3056. [PMID: 26937559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We apply multiscale methods to describe the strained growth of multiple layers of C60 on a thin film of pentacene. We study this growth in the presence of a monolayer pentacene step to compare our simulations to recent experimental studies by Breuer and Witte of submonolayer growth in the presence of monolayer steps. The molecular-level details of this organic semiconductor interface have ramifications on the macroscale structural and electronic behavior of this system and allow us to describe several unexplained experimental observations for this system. The growth of a C60 thin film on a pentacene surface is complicated by the differing crystal habits of the two component species, leading to heteroepitactical growth. In order to probe this growth, we use three computational methods that offer different approaches to coarse-graining the system and differing degrees of computational efficiency. We present a new, efficient reaction-diffusion continuum model for 2D systems whose results compare well with mesoscale kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) results for submonolayer growth. KMC extends our ability to simulate multiple layers but requires a library of predefined rates for event transitions. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) circumvents KMC's need for predefined lattices, allowing defects and grain boundaries to provide a more realistic thin film morphology. For multilayer growth, in this particularly suitable candidate for coarse-graining, CGMD is a preferable approach to KMC. Combining the results from these three methods, we show that the lattice strain induced by heteroepitactical growth promotes 3D growth and the creation of defects in the first monolayer. The CGMD results are consistent with experimental results on the same system by Conrad et al. and by Breuer and Witte in which C60 aggregates change from a 2D structure at low temperature to 3D clusters along the pentacene step edges at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaset M Acevedo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rebecca A Cantrell
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Philip G Berard
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Donald L Koch
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Paulette Clancy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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13
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Zheng S, Xu M, Lu X. Facile Method toward Hierarchical Fullerene Architectures with Enhanced Hydrophobicity and Photoluminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20285-20291. [PMID: 26320882 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A two-step self-assembly strategy has been developed for the preparation of fullerene hierarchical architectures. Typically, the precipitation method is utilized to synthesize the initial fullerene microstructures, and subsequently a drop-drying process is employed to facilitate the fullerene microstructures to self-assemble into the final hierarchical structures. Overall, this methodology is quite simple and feasible, which can be applied to prepare fullerene hierarchical structures with different morphological features, simply by choosing proper solvent. Moreover, the as-obtained C70 hierarchical structures have many superior properties over the original C70 microrods such as superhydrophobicity and unique photoluminescence behaviors, promising their applications as waterproof optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Meilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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14
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Electronic Structures of a Well-Defined Organic Hetero-Interface: C 60 on Pentacene Single Crystal. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Mangolini F, McClimon JB, Rose F, Carpick RW. Accounting for Nanometer-Thick Adventitious Carbon Contamination in X-ray Absorption Spectra of Carbon-Based Materials. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12258-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mangolini
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - J. Brandon McClimon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Franck Rose
- HGST, a Western Digital Company, San
Jose, California 95135, United States
| | - Robert W. Carpick
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Zhang CR, Sears JS, Yang B, Aziz SG, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL. Theoretical Study of the Local and Charge-Transfer Excitations in Model Complexes of Pentacene-C60 Using Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functionals. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:2379-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500259m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Rong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Department
of Applied Physics, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P. R. China
| | - John S. Sears
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Bing Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Saadullah G. Aziz
- Department
of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veaceslav Coropceanu
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Brédas
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
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