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Large MJ, Posar JA, Mozer AJ, Nattestad A, Alnaghy S, Carolan M, Sellin PJ, Davies J, Pastuovic Z, Lerch MLF, Guatelli S, Rosenfeld A, Griffith MJ, Petasecca M. Flexible Polymer X-ray Detectors with Non-fullerene Acceptors for Enhanced Stability: Toward Printable Tissue Equivalent Devices for Medical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57703-57712. [PMID: 34806354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the development of novel materials and devices capable of ionizing radiation detection for medical applications. Organic semiconductors are promising candidates to meet the demands of modern detectors, such as low manufacturing costs, mechanical flexibility, and a response to radiation equivalent to human tissue. However, organic semiconductors have typically been employed in applications that convert low energy photons into high current densities, for example, solar cells and LEDs, and thus existing design rules must be re-explored for ionizing radiation detection where high energy photons are converted into typically much lower current densities. In this work, we report the optoelectronic and X-ray dosimetric response of a tissue equivalent organic photodetector fabricated with solution-based inks prepared from polymer donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with either a non-fullerene acceptor (5Z,5'Z)-5,5'-((7,7'-(4,4,9,9-tetraoctyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-7,4-diyl))bis(methanylylidene))bis(3-ethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) (o-IDTBR) or a fullerene acceptor, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Indirect detection of X-rays was achieved via coupling of organic photodiodes with a plastic scintillator. Both detectors displayed an excellent response linearity with dose, with sensitivities to 6 MV photons of 263.4 ± 0.6 and 114.2 ± 0.7 pC/cGy recorded for P3HT:PCBM and P3HT:o-IDTBR detectors, respectively. Both detectors also exhibited a fast temporal response, able to resolve individual 3.6 μs pulses from the linear accelerator. Energy dependence measurements highlighted that the photodetectors were highly tissue equivalent, though an under-response in devices compared to water by up to a factor of 2.3 was found for photon energies of 30-200 keV due to the response of the plastic scintillator. The P3HT:o-IDTBR device exhibited a higher stability to radiation, showing just an 18.4% reduction in performance when exposed to radiation doses of up to 10 kGy. The reported devices provide a successful demonstration of stable, printable, flexible, and tissue-equivalent radiation detectors with energy dependence similar to other scintillator-based detectors used in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Large
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Jessie A Posar
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Attila J Mozer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Andrew Nattestad
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Intelligent Polymer Research Institute (IPRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Saree Alnaghy
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Martin Carolan
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Paul J Sellin
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Zeljko Pastuovic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Michael L F Lerch
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Susanna Guatelli
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Anatoly Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Matthew J Griffith
- School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marco Petasecca
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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Griffith MJ, Holmes NP, Elkington DC, Cottam S, Stamenkovic J, Kilcoyne ALD, Andersen TR. Manipulating nanoscale structure to control functionality in printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:092002. [PMID: 31726444 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab57d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Printed electronics is simultaneously one of the most intensely studied emerging research areas in science and technology and one of the fastest growing commercial markets in the world today. For the past decade the potential for organic electronic (OE) materials to revolutionize this printed electronics space has been widely promoted. Such conviction in the potential of these carbon-based semiconducting materials arises from their ability to be dissolved in solution, and thus the exciting possibility of simply printing a range of multifunctional devices onto flexible substrates at high speeds for very low cost using standard roll-to-roll printing techniques. However, the transition from promising laboratory innovations to large scale prototypes requires precise control of nanoscale material and device structure across large areas during printing fabrication. Maintaining this nanoscale material control during printing presents a significant new challenge that demands the coupling of OE materials and devices with clever nanoscience fabrication approaches that are adapted to the limited thermodynamic levers available. In this review we present an update on the strategies and capabilities that are required in order to manipulate the nanoscale structure of large area printed organic photovoltaic (OPV), transistor and bioelectronics devices in order to control their device functionality. This discussion covers a range of efforts to manipulate the electroactive ink materials and their nanostructured assembly into devices, and also device processing strategies to tune the nanoscale material properties and assembly routes through printing fabrication. The review finishes by highlighting progress in printed OE devices that provide a feedback loop between laboratory nanoscience innovations and their feasibility in adapting to large scale printing fabrication. The ability to control material properties on the nanoscale whilst simultaneously printing functional devices on the square metre scale is prompting innovative developments in the targeted nanoscience required for OPV, transistor and biofunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Griffith
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Zervaki GE, Tsaka V, Vatikioti A, Georgakaki I, Nikolaou V, Sharma GD, Coutsolelos AG. A triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin dyad versus a triazine di(carboxy)porphyrin triad for sensitizers in DSSCs. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:13550-64. [PMID: 26134439 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two porphyrin-chromophores, i.e. triad PorZn-(PorCOOH)(2)-(piper)2 (GZ-T1) and dyad (PorZn)(2)-NMe2 (GZ-T1), have been synthesized and their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been investigated. The optical properties together with the appropriate electronic energy levels, i.e. the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, revealed that both porphyrin assemblies can function as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The and -based DSSCs have been prepared and studied using 20 mM CDCA as coadsorbent and were found to exhibit an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.88% and 4.56%, respectively (under an illumination intensity of 100 mW cm(-2) with TiO(2) films of 12 μm). The higher PCE of the -sensitized DSSC, as revealed from the current-voltage characteristic under illumination and the incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectra of the two DSSCs, is mainly attributed to its enhanced short circuit current (J(sc)), although both the open circuit voltage (V(oc)) and the fill factor are improved too. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) demonstrated a shorter electron transport time, longer electron lifetime and higher charge recombination resistance for the DSSC sensitized with the dye as well as a larger dye loading onto the TiO(2) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Zervaki
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, P.O. Box 2208, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Zhao L, Wagner P, Barnsley JE, Clarke TM, Gordon KC, Mori S, Mozer AJ. Enhancement of dye regeneration kinetics in dichromophoric porphyrin-carbazole triphenylamine dyes influenced by more exposed radical cation orbitals. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3506-3516. [PMID: 29997843 PMCID: PMC6007200 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction kinetics of oxidized dyes absorbed on semiconductor surfaces and immersed in redox active electrolytes has been mainly modeled based on the free energy difference between the oxidation potential of the dye and the redox potential of the electrolyte. Only a few mechanisms have been demonstrated to enhance the kinetics by other means. In this work, the rate constant of the reduction of oxidized porphyrin dye is enhanced by attaching non-conjugated carbazole triphenylamine moiety using iodine/triiodide and tris(2,2'-bispyridinium)cobalt II/III electrolytes. These results are obtained using transient absorption spectroscopy by selectively probing the regeneration kinetics at the porphyrin radical cation and the carbazole triphenylamine radical cation absorption wavelengths. The enhancement in the reduction kinetics is not attributed to changes in the driving force, but to the more exposed dye cation radical orbitals of the dichromophoric dye. The results are important for the development of high efficiency photo-electrochemical devices with minimalized energy loss at electron transfer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 242981429
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 242981429
| | - Jonathan E Barnsley
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Tracey M Clarke
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 242981429
| | - Keith C Gordon
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Department of Chemistry , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Shogo Mori
- Division of Chemistry and Materials , Faculty of Textile Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Ueda , Nagano 386-8567 , Japan
| | - Attila J Mozer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 242981429
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Ooyama Y, Uenaka K, Kamimura T, Ozako S, Kanda M, Koide T, Tani F. Dye-sensitized solar cell based on an inclusion complex of a cyclic porphyrin dimer bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and fullerene C60. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic free-base porphyrin dimers linked by butadiyne or phenothiazine bearing four 4-pyridyl groups and their inclusion complexes with fullerene C60 have been applied to dye-sensitized solar cells as a new class of porphyrin dye sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Koji Uenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Takuya Kamimura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Shuwa Ozako
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527
- Japan
| | - Taro Koide
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
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Zhao L, Wagner P, van der Salm H, Gordon KC, Mori S, Mozer AJ. Enhanced Electron Lifetimes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using a Dichromophoric Porphyrin: The Utility of Intermolecular Forces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22078-83. [PMID: 26375165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron lifetimes in dye-sensitized solar cells employing a porphyrin dye, an organic dye, a 1:1 mixture of the two dyes, and a dichromophoric dye design consisting of the two dyes using a nonconjugated linker were measured, suggesting that the dispersion force of the organic dyes has a significant detrimental effect on the electron lifetime and that the dichromophoric design can be utilized to control the effect of the dispersion force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Holly van der Salm
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Shogo Mori
- Division of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University , Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Attila J Mozer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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