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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Ailiesei GL, Göen Colak D, Popescu I, Cianga I. Thiophene α-Chain-End-Functionalized Oligo(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) as Precursor Amphiphilic Macromonomer for Grafted Conjugated Oligomers/Polymers and as a Multifunctional Material with Relevant Properties for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7495. [PMID: 35886844 PMCID: PMC9317439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the combination of π-conjugated polymers with biocompatible synthetic counterparts leads to the development of bio-relevant functional materials, this paper reports a new oligo(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (OMeOx)-containing thiophene macromonomer, denoted Th-OMeOx. It can be used as a reactive precursor for synthesis of a polymerizable 2,2'-3-OMeOx-substituted bithiophene by Suzuki coupling. Also a grafted polythiophene amphiphile with OMeOx side chains was synthesized by its self-acid-assisted polymerization (SAAP) in bulk. The results showed that Th-OMeOx is not only a reactive intermediate but also a versatile functional material in itself. This is due to the presence of 2-bromo-substituted thiophene and ω-hydroxyl functional end-groups, and due to the multiple functionalities encoded in its structure (photosensitivity, water self-dispersibility, self-assembling capacity). Thus, analysis of its behavior in solvents of different selectivities revealed that Th-OMeOx forms self-assembled structures (micelles or vesicles) by "direct dissolution".Unexpectedly, by exciting the Th-OMeOx micelles formed in water with λabs of the OMeOx repeating units, the intensity of fluorescence emission varied in a concentration-dependent manner.These self-assembled structures showed excitation-dependent luminescence as well. Attributed to the clusteroluminescence phenomenon due to the aggregation and through space interactions of electron-rich groups in non-conjugated, non-aromatic OMeOx, this behavior certifies that polypeptides mimic the character of Th-OMeOx as a non-conventional intrinsic luminescent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Luminita Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- NMR Spectroscopy Department, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Demet Göen Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Irina Popescu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ioan Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
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Özen B, Fadaei Tirani F, Schenk K, Lin KH, Scopelliti R, Corminboeuf C, Frauenrath H. Structure-Property Relationships in Bithiophenes with Hydrogen-Bonded Substituents. Chemistry 2021; 27:3348-3360. [PMID: 32894599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of crystal engineering to control the supramolecular arrangement of π-conjugated molecules in the solid-state is of considerable interest for the development of novel organic electronic materials. In this study, we investigated the effect of combining of two types of supramolecular interaction with different geometric requirements, amide hydrogen bonding and π-interactions, on the π-overlap between calamitic π-conjugated cores. To this end, we prepared two series of bithiophene diesters and diamides with methylene, ethylene, or propylene spacers between the bithiophene core and the functional groups in their terminal substituents. The hydrogen-bonded bithiophene diamides showed significantly denser packing of the bithiophene cores than the diesters and other known α,ω-disubstituted bithiophenes. The bithiophene packing density reach a maximum in the bithiophene diamide with an ethylene spacer, which had the smallest longitudinal bithiophene displacement and infinite 1D arrays of electronically conjugated, parallel, and almost linear N-H⋅⋅⋅O=C hydrogen bonds. The synergistic hydrogen bonding and π-interactions were attributed to the favorable conformation mechanics of the ethylene spacer and resulted in H-type spectroscopic aggregates in solid-state absorption spectroscopy. These results demonstrate that the optoelectronic properties of π-conjugated materials in the solid-state may be tailored systematically by side-chain engineering, and hence that this approach has significant potential for the design of organic and polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Özen
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 037, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani
- BCH 2111, Batochime UNIL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Schenk
- Institute of Physics, PH L1 500, Station 3, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- BCH 5312, Batochime UNIL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- BCH 2111, Batochime UNIL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- BCH 5312, Batochime UNIL, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Avenue Forel 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Materials, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Materials, EPFL-STI-IMX-LMOM, MXG 037, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Dumele O, Chen J, Passarelli JV, Stupp SI. Supramolecular Energy Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907247. [PMID: 32162428 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly is a bioinspired strategy to craft materials for renewable and clean energy technologies. In plants, the alignment and assembly of the light-harvesting protein machinery in the green leaf optimize the ability to efficiently convert light from the sun to form chemical bonds. In artificial systems, strategies based on self-assembly using noncovalent interactions offer the possibility to mimic this functional correlation among molecules to optimize photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and energy storage. One of the long-term objectives of the field described here as supramolecular energy materials is to learn how to design soft materials containing light-harvesting assemblies and catalysts to generate fuels and useful chemicals. Supramolecular energy materials also hold great potential in the design of systems for photovoltaics in which intermolecular interactions in self-assembled structures, for example, in electron donor and acceptor phases, maximize charge transport and avoid exciton recombination. Possible pathways to integrate organic and inorganic structures by templating strategies and electrodeposition to create materials relevant to energy challenges including photoconductors and supercapacitors are also described. The final topic discussed is the synthesis of hybrid perovskites in which organic molecules are used to modify both structure and functions, which may include chemical stability, photovoltaics, and light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dumele
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - James V Passarelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Sabury S, Adams TJ, Kocherga M, Kilbey SM, Walter MG. Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of benzodithiophene-based conjugated polymers with hydrogen bonding nucleobase side chain functionality. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00972e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleobase functionalities in conjugated, alternating copolymers participate in interbase hydrogen bonding, which promotes molecular assembly and organization in thin films and enhances optical and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Sabury
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee – Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Tyler J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
| | - Margaret Kocherga
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee – Knoxville
- Knoxville
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
| | - Michael G. Walter
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Carolina – Charlotte
- Charlotte
- USA
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5
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Singh A, Gupta R, Siddiqui N, Kumar Iyer SS, Ramanathan G. Tuning Thin Film Properties by Structural Modulations in Red Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Singh
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Raghav Gupta
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
- Samtel Centre for Display TechnologiesIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Nazia Siddiqui
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - S. Sundar Kumar Iyer
- Department of Electrical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
- Samtel Centre for Display TechnologiesIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Gurunath Ramanathan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
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6
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Ouchi H, Lin X, Yagai S. Supramolecular Organization and Photovoltaic Properties of Barbiturated Oligothiophenes. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ouchi
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Xu Lin
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forest Biomass Resources, College of Materials Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650224, Yunnan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Global Prominent Research (IGPR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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7
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Ghosh T, Panicker JS, Nair VC. Self-Assembled Organic Materials for Photovoltaic Application. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E112. [PMID: 30970792 PMCID: PMC6431919 DOI: 10.3390/polym9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic cells based on bulk-heterojunction architecture have been a topic of intense research for the past two decades. Recent reports on power conversion efficiency surpassing 10% suggest these devices are a viable low-cost choice for a range of applications where conventional silicon solar cells are not suitable. Further improvements in efficiency could be achieved with the enhanced interaction between the donor and acceptor components. Effective utilization of supramolecular interactions to tailor and manipulate the communication between the components in the blend is a good strategy towards this end. Literature reports suggest that the long-term stability of organic solar cells, a major hurdle for commercial applications, can also be partially addressed by generating stable supramolecular nanostructures. In this review, we have made an attempt to summarize advances in small molecule, oligomer and polymer based systems, wherein supramolecular interactions such as hydrogen-bonding, pi-pi stacking, and dipole-dipole are explored for realizing stable and efficient bulk-heterojunction solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwistha Ghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Jayanthy S Panicker
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
| | - Vijayakumar C Nair
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110001, India.
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8
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Shinde S, Asha SK. Temperature Sensitive Emission Color Tuning and White Light Emission in Segmented OPV Polymer: Perylene Bisimide Supramolecular Complex. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Shinde
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - S. K. Asha
- Polymer
Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-Network of Institutes for Solar Energy, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
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9
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Ko E, Kim D. A Density Functional Theory Study of Side Chains Effects on the Intermolecular Interactions and Electronic Structures of Small Molecular Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Ko
- Department of Chemistry; Kyonggi University; Suwon 440-760 Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyonggi University; Suwon 440-760 Korea
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10
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Abdelsamie M, Treat ND, Zhao K, McDowell C, Burgers MA, Li R, Smilgies DM, Stingelin N, Bazan GC, Amassian A. Toward Additive-Free Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells: Roles of the Donor Crystallization Pathway and Dynamics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7285-7292. [PMID: 26418621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ease with which small-molecule donors crystallize during solution processing is directly linked to the need for solvent additives. Donor molecules that get trapped in disordered (H1) or liquid crystalline (T1) mesophases require additive processing to promote crystallization, phase separation, and efficient light harvesting. A donor material (X2) that crystallizes directly from solution yields additive-free solar cells with an efficiency of 7.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Abdelsamie
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Neil D Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kui Zhao
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Caitlin McDowell
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Mark A Burgers
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Detlef-M Smilgies
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Energy Efficient Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Center (SPERC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kim Y, Song CE, Ko EJ, Kim D, Moon SJ, Lim E. DPP-based small molecule, non-fullerene acceptors for “channel II” charge generation in OPVs and their improved performance in ternary cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three diketopyrrolopyrrole-thiophene-based small molecules were synthesized substituting electron-withdrawing cyanide group in different positions and introduced as acceptors in organic photovoltaic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Kyonggi University
- Suwon-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - C. E. Song
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Republic of Korea
| | - E.-J. Ko
- Department of Chemistry
- Kyonggi University
- Suwon-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - D. Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Kyonggi University
- Suwon-si
- Republic of Korea
| | - S.-J. Moon
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- Daejeon 305-600
- Republic of Korea
| | - E. Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- Kyonggi University
- Suwon-si
- Republic of Korea
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Molina-Ontoria A, Gallego M, Echegoyen L, Pérez EM, Martín N. Organic solar cells based on bowl-shaped small-molecules. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A supramolecular approach involving bowl-shape molecules as electron donors has been used for the preparation of small-molecule solar cells. The PCE values depend directly on the formation of the supramolecular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Luís Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at El Paso
- El Paso
- USA
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-nanociencia
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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13
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Malytskyi V, Simon JJ, Patrone L, Raimundo JM. Thiophene-based push–pull chromophores for small molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11664j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A concise review on small molecules organic solar cells based on π-conjugated thiophene scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Malytskyi
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
| | - Jean-Jacques Simon
- Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334
- Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme
- Marseille Cedex 20
| | - Lionel Patrone
- Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334
- Domaine Universitaire de St Jérôme
- Marseille Cedex 20
| | - Jean-Manuel Raimundo
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
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Lee DC, Brownell LV, Yan L, You W. Morphological effects on the small-molecule-based solution-processed organic solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:15767-15773. [PMID: 25166930 DOI: 10.1021/am5027538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a proof-of-concept study on solution-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) based on [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) and structurally compact donor molecules which have dithiophene-phenazine-dithiophene (TH-P) and dithiophene-quinoxaline-dithiophene (TH-Q) configurations with decyloxy and methyl side groups, respectively. These molecules formed one-dimensional fibers through self-assembly via weak nonbonding interactions such as π-π and van der Waals interactions even during a fast solvent removal process such as spin-casting. Photophysical and thermal properties of the new donor molecules were characterized with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical data determined experimentally were correlated well with theoretical evaluations. The fibers from the two donor molecules showed distinct morphological differences, allowing for in-depth investigations into their influence on the OSC performance. A continuous three-dimensional network of endless one-dimensional nanofibers, with a width of 300-400 nm, were formed from TH-P regardless of the presence of PC61BM, affording spontaneous nanoscale phase separation that facilitates a large donor/acceptor interfacial area. Bulk (BHJ) and planar heterojunctions (PHJ) from TH-P/PC61BM showed a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.38% and 0.30%, respectively, under optimum device conditions. Post thermal annealing led to the increased domain size and a major decrease in Jsc. Meanwhile, shorter, more rigid needles with a large thickness variation were formed from TH-Q. A continuous network of TH-Q was obtained by spin-coating only in the presence of PC61BM, and the PCE of TH-Q/PC61BM BHJ was found to be 0.36%. However, the PHJ showed poor device performance due to TH-Q's inability to form a continuous film by spin-coating. The present study suggests a basic molecular architecture to drive one-dimensional assembly and demonstrates the significance of fibrillation for small-molecule-based OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Chan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
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