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Murphy AC, Oldenkamp HF, Peppas NA. A highly tuneable inverse emulsion polymerization for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1707-1715. [PMID: 38334980 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01765f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric nanomaterials have seen widespread use in biomedical applications as they are highly tuneable to achieve the desired stimuli-responsiveness, targeting, biocompatibility, and degradation needed for fields such as drug delivery and biosensing. However, adjustments to composition and the introduction of new monomers often necessitate reoptimization of the polymer synthesis to achieve the target parameters. In this study, we explored the use of inverse emulsion polymerization to prepare a library of polymeric nanoparticles with variations in pH and temperature response and examined the impact of overall batch volume and the volume of the aqueous phase on nanoparticle size and composition. We were able to prepare copolymeric nanoparticles using three different nonionic and three different anionic comonomers. Varying the non-ionizable comonomers, acrylamide (AAm), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), was found to alter the mass percentage of methacrylic acid (MAA) incorporated (from 26.7 ± 3.5 to 45.8 ± 1.8 mass%), the critical swelling pH (from 5.687 ± 0.194 to 6.637 ± 0.318), and the volume swelling ratio (from 1.389 ± 0.064 to 2.148 ± 0.037). Additionally, the use of NIPAM was found to allow for temperature-responsive behavior. Varying the ionizable comonomers, MAA, itaconic acid, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPSA), was found to significantly alter the critical swelling pH and, in the case of AMPSA, remove the pH-responsive behavior entirely. Finally, we found that for the base P(AAm-co-MAA) formulation, the pH-responsive swelling behavior was independent of the scale of the reaction; however, variations in the aqueous volume relative to the volume of the continuous phase significantly affected both the nanoparticle size and the critical swelling pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Murphy
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Heidi F Oldenkamp
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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2
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Barquero A, Agirre A, Leiza JR. Asymmetric-Flow Field-Flow Fractionation of complex waterborne polymer dispersions: Effect of the concentration of water in the measurement of molar mass distributions. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1652:462363. [PMID: 34261024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric-Flow Field-Flow Fractionation is a very powerful technique for measuring the molar mass distribution of polymers with complex microstructures. The analysis of some samples such as self-crosslinkable latexes requires to directly dissolve the polymer dispersion in the eluent (THF) without drying it, and this work studies the effect of the presence of this water in those analysis. Taking a polystyrene latex as model system, it was observed that the measured molar mass and radius of gyration increased as the concentration of water in the sample increased. This was an effect of a decrease in the compatibility between the solvent mixture (THF and water) and the polymer, which formed aggregates, and could be predicted calculating the polymer-solvent interaction parameter. When the study was extended to poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate) the same general trend was observed, however, the impact of the water was less significant as the hydrophilicity of the polymer increased. Most importantly, if the samples with the highest water content were first dissolved in THF and afterwards dried using MgSO4 the measured molar mass and radius of gyration values were the same as for the reference sample (dried in the oven), providing a method to analyze samples that cannot be dried into a film and remove the negative effect of the water at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Barquero
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia, Spain.
| | - Amaia Agirre
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Leiza
- POLYMAT, Kimika Aplikatua saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa hiribidea, 72, 20018 Donostia, Spain
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3
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Das D, Alhusaini QFM, Kaur K, Raoufi M, Schönherr H. Enzyme-Responsive Biopolymeric Nanogel Fibers by Extrusion: Engineering of High-Surface-Area Hydrogels and Application in Bacterial Enzyme Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12928-12940. [PMID: 33709691 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of covalently cross-linked high-surface-area biopolymeric nanogel fibers by nanopore extrusion is reported for the first time. The biopolymer pullulan was functionalized with tert-butyl acetoacetate via a transesterification reaction to synthesize the water-soluble ketone-rich precursor pullulan acetoacetate (PUAA). PUAA and carbonic dihydrazide (CDH) as cross-linker were extruded through anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous membranes, which possessed an average pore diameter of 61 ± 2 nm. By changing the concentration of PUAA, the flow rate, and extrusion time, the step polymerization cross-linking reaction was controlled so that the polymer can be extruded gradually during cross-linking through the membrane, avoiding the formation of macroscopic bulk hydrogels and rupture of the AAO membrane. Fibers with diameters on the order of 250 nm were obtained. This approach was also expanded to functionalized PUAA derivatives together with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucuronide MUGlcU in (PUAA-MUGlcU), which exhibited a mean equilibrium swelling ratio of 5.7 and 9.0 in Milli-Q water and in phosphate-buffered saline, respectively. β-Glucuronidase was sensitively detected via fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferone, which was liberated in the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of PUAA-MUGlcU. Compared to hydrogel slabs, the rate of the hydrolysis was >20% higher in the nanogel fibers, facilitating the rapid detection of β-glucuronidase-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli Mach1-T1). Nanopore extruded nanogel fibers are therefore considered a viable approach to enhance the functionality of hydrogels in surface-dominated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Das
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Qasim F M Alhusaini
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Kawaljit Kaur
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I, Department of Chemistry and Biology & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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Mehravar S, Ballard N, Tomovska R, Asua JM. Polyurethane/Acrylic Hybrid Waterborne Dispersions: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samane Mehravar
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Radmila Tomovska
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
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Gabriel VA, Dubé MA. Bulk Free‐Radical Co‐ and Terpolymerization of
n
‐Butyl Acrylate/2‐Ethylhexyl Acrylate/Methyl Methacrylate. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vida A. Gabriel
- V. A. Gabriel, Prof. M. A. DubéDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of OttawaOttawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- V. A. Gabriel, Prof. M. A. DubéDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of OttawaOttawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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Zhong JX, Clegg JR, Ander EW, Peppas NA. Tunable poly(methacrylic acid-co-acrylamide) nanoparticles through inverse emulsion polymerization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1677-1686. [PMID: 29453807 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally responsive biomaterials have played key roles in the design of biosensors and drug delivery vehicles. Their physical response to external stimuli, such as temperature or pH, can transduce a signal or trigger the release of a drug. In this work, we designed a robust, highly tunable, pH-responsive nanoscale hydrogel system. We present the design and characterization of poly(methacrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogel nanoparticles, crosslinked with methylenebisacrylamide, through inverse emulsion polymerization. The effects of polymerization parameters (i.e., identities and concentrations of monomer and surfactant) and polymer composition (i.e., weight fraction of ionic and crosslinking monomers) on the nanoparticles' bulk and environmentally responsive properties were determined. We generated uniform, spherical nanoparticles which, through modulation of crosslinking, exhibit a volume swelling of 1.77-4.07, relative to the collapsed state in an acidic environment. We believe our system has potential as a base platform for the targeted, injectable delivery of hydrophilic therapeutics. With equal importance, however, we hope that our systematic analysis of the individual impacts of polymerization and purification conditions on nanoparticle composition, morphology, and performance can be used to expedite the development of alternate hydrophilic nanomaterials for a range of biomedical applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1677-1686, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin X Zhong
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - John R Clegg
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Eric W Ander
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.,Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Mehravar E, Gross MA, Agirre A, Reck B, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Importance of film morphology on the performance of thermo-responsive waterborne pressure sensitive adhesives. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Meng L, Soucek MD, Li Z, Miyoshi T. Investigation of a non-isocyanate urethane functional monomer in latexes by emulsion polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Gradient polymer networks formed by photopolymerization with self-floating polysiloxane-containing nanogel. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Mehravar S, Ballard N, Agirre A, Tomovska R, Asua JM. Relating polymer microstructure to adhesive performance in blends of hybrid polyurethane/acrylic latexes. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Meng L, Wang X, Ocepek M, Soucek MD. A new class of non-isocyanate urethane methacrylates for the urethane latexes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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13
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Paulis M, Asua JM. Knowledge-Based Production of Waterborne Hybrid Polymer Materials. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Paulis
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72; 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72; 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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Martínez-Rugerio G, Alegría Á, Daniloska V, Tomovska R, Paulis M, Colmenero J. Dielectric relaxations of Acrylic-Polyurethane hybrid materials. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Asua JM. Challenges and Opportunities in Continuous Production of Emulsion Polymers: a Review. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Asua
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Avda Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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Chen C, Li M, Gao Y, Nie J, Sun F. A study of nanogels with different polysiloxane chain lengths for photopolymerization stress reduction and modification of polymer network properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysiloxane-based nanogels with different chain lengths can not only reduce polymerization stress, but also improve the flexibility, thermostability and hydrophobic properties of photopolymerization materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
| | - Minglei Li
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
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Daniloska V, Keddie JL, Asua JM, Tomovska R. MoS₂ nanoplatelet fillers for enhancement of the properties of waterborne pressure-sensitive adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22640-22648. [PMID: 25408517 DOI: 10.1021/am506726f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) composed of polyurethane (PU)/(meth)acrylates reinforced with MoS2 nanoplatelets were prepared by blending aqueous dispersions. MoS2 crystals were exfoliated by sonication in water in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, molecular weight of 10,000 g mol(-1)) to prepare an aqueous dispersion. Waterborne colloidal polymer particles (latex) were synthesized by miniemulsion photopolymerization in a continuous tubular reactor. The adhesive and mechanical properties from the resulting nanocomposite films were determined as the MoS2 fraction was increased. A superior balance of viscoelastic properties was achieved with 0.25 wt % loading of the MoS2 nanoplatelets, leading to a tack adhesion energy that was three times greater than that for the original PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Daniloska
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa , Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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Daniloska V, Carretero P, Tomovska R, Asua JM. High performance pressure sensitive adhesives by miniemulsion photopolymerization in a continuous tubular reactor. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mechanistic investigation of the simultaneous addition and free-radical polymerization in batch miniemulsion droplets: Monte Carlo simulation versus experimental data in polyurethane/acrylic systems. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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