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Chen YC, Dong PH, Hsu YK. Defective Indium Tin Oxide Forms an Ohmic Back Contact to an n-Type Cu 2O Photoanode to Accelerate Charge-Transfer Kinetics for Enhanced Low-Bias Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38375-38383. [PMID: 34357762 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In significant contrast to the tremendous research efforts mostly geared to addressing the severe hole accumulation at the back contact of a p-type Cu2O photocathode with a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, sluggish electron transfer from an n-type Cu2O photoanode to a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrate has been largely overlooked. To tackle this issue that has been reported to largely limit the photoelectrochemical performance of n-type Cu2O photoanodes at a low bias, the present contribution puts forward a strategy to introduce oxygen vacancies into the ITO substrate via an unprecedented yet facile electrochemical approach. Such defect engineering turns out to decrease the work function of the ITO substrate, which in turn approaches the conduction band extremum of n-Cu2O to highly efficiently extract the photoexcited electrons therein. Moreover, the dendritic growth of n-Cu2O is, in the meantime, interfered by the oxygen vacancy manifested as pinholes distributed over the ITO substrate, which is thereby crystallized into several small grains with augmented surface roughness that is in favor of the injection of the photoexcited hole into the electrolyte. Such facile interfacial charge-transfer kinetics leads to a significant cathodic shift amounting to 200 mV of the onset potential to 0 VAg/AgCl, whereat the n-Cu2O photoanode deposited on the defective ITO substrate delivers the maximum photocurrent density reaching 2 mA cm-2 and, more significantly, its applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) reaches 1.1%, which is among the highest performance reported to date for a variety of state-of-the-art metal oxide-based photoanodes in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 3, Yinlian Road, Lingang, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin-Han Dong
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Hoye RLZ, Lee LC, Kurchin RC, Huq TN, Zhang KHL, Sponseller M, Nienhaus L, Brandt RE, Jean J, Polizzotti JA, Kursumović A, Bawendi MG, Bulović V, Stevanović V, Buonassisi T, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Strongly Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance and Defect Physics of Air-Stable Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1702176. [PMID: 28715091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth-based compounds have recently gained increasing attention as potentially nontoxic and defect-tolerant solar absorbers. However, many of the new materials recently investigated show limited photovoltaic performance. Herein, one such compound is explored in detail through theory and experiment: bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). BiOI thin films are grown by chemical vapor transport and found to maintain the same tetragonal phase in ambient air for at least 197 d. The computations suggest BiOI to be tolerant to antisite and vacancy defects. All-inorganic solar cells (ITO|NiOx |BiOI|ZnO|Al) with negligible hysteresis and up to 80% external quantum efficiency under select monochromatic excitation are demonstrated. The short-circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies under AM 1.5G illumination are nearly double those of previously reported BiOI solar cells, as well as other bismuth halide and chalcohalide photovoltaics recently explored by many groups. Through a detailed loss analysis using optical characterization, photoemission spectroscopy, and device modeling, direction for future improvements in efficiency is provided. This work demonstrates that BiOI, previously considered to be a poor photocatalyst, is promising for photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Z Hoye
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lana C Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Rachel C Kurchin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tahmida N Huq
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Kelvin H L Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | | | - Lea Nienhaus
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Riley E Brandt
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joel Jean
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Ahmed Kursumović
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vladan Stevanović
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Tonio Buonassisi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
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Musselman KP, Muñoz-Rojas D, Hoye RLZ, Sun H, Sahonta SL, Croft E, Böhm ML, Ducati C, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Rapid open-air deposition of uniform, nanoscale, functional coatings on nanorod arrays. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:110-117. [PMID: 32260672 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coating of high-aspect-ratio nanostructures has previously been achieved using batch processes poorly suited for high-throughput manufacturing. It is demonstrated that uniform, nanoscale coatings can be rapidly deposited on zinc oxide nanorod arrays in open-air using an atmospheric pressure spatial deposition system. The morphology of the metal oxide coatings is examined and good electrical contact with the underlying nanorods is observed. The functionality of the coatings is demonstrated in colloidal quantum dot and hybrid solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Musselman
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Scott JF, Schilling A, Rowley SE, Gregg JM. Some current problems in perovskite nano-ferroelectrics and multiferroics: kinetically-limited systems of finite lateral size. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:036001. [PMID: 27877812 PMCID: PMC5099849 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/036001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe some unsolved problems of current interest; these involve quantum critical points in ferroelectrics and problems which are not amenable to the usual density functional theory, nor to classical Landau free energy approaches (they are kinetically limited), nor even to the Landau-Kittel relationship for domain size (they do not satisfy the assumption of infinite lateral diameter) because they are dominated by finite aperiodic boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Scott
- Cavendish Laboratory, Dept. Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- Depts. of Chemistry and Physics, St. Andrews University, St. Andrews, UK
| | | | - S E Rowley
- Cavendish Laboratory, Dept. Physics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
- CBPF, Rua Dr Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-180, Brazil
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Hoye RLZ, Muñoz-Rojas D, Musselman KP, Vaynzof Y, MacManus-Driscoll JL. Synthesis and modeling of uniform complex metal oxides by close-proximity atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10684-10694. [PMID: 25939729 DOI: 10.1021/am5073589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A close-proximity atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (AP-CVD) reactor is developed for synthesizing high quality multicomponent metal oxides for electronics. This combines the advantages of a mechanically controllable substrate-manifold spacing and vertical gas flows. As a result, our AP-CVD reactor can rapidly grow uniform crystalline films on a variety of substrate types at low temperatures without requiring plasma enhancements or low pressures. To demonstrate this, we take the zinc magnesium oxide (Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O) system as an example. By introducing the precursor gases vertically and uniformly to the substrate across the gas manifold, we show that films can be produced with only 3% variation in thickness over a 375 mm(2) deposition area. These thicknesses are significantly more uniform than for films from previous AP-CVD reactors. Our films are also compact, pinhole-free, and have a thickness that is linearly controllable by the number of oscillations of the substrate beneath the gas manifold. Using photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction measurements, we show that for Mg contents below 46 at. %, single phase Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O was produced. To further optimize the growth conditions, we developed a model relating the composition of a ternary oxide with the bubbling rates through the metal precursors. We fitted this model to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measured compositions with an error of Δx = 0.0005. This model showed that the incorporation of Mg into ZnO can be maximized by using the maximum bubbling rate through the Mg precursor for each bubbling rate ratio. When applied to poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) hybrid solar cells, our films yielded an open-circuit voltage increase of over 100% by controlling the Mg content. Such films were deposited in short times (under 2 min over 4 cm(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Z Hoye
- †Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - David Muñoz-Rojas
- †Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- ‡LMGP, University Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kevin P Musselman
- †Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
- §Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Yana Vaynzof
- §Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Judith L MacManus-Driscoll
- †Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
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Ge J, Chu J, Yan Y, Jiang J, Yang P. Co-electroplated Kesterite Bifacial Thin-Film Solar Cells: A Study of Sulfurization Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10414-10428. [PMID: 25871647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Earth-abundant material, kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), demonstrates the tremendous potential to serve as the absorber layer for the bifacial thin-film solar cell. The exploration of appropriate sulfurization conditions including annealing temperature is significant to gain insight into the growth mechanism based on the substrates using transparent conductive oxides (TCO) and improve device performance. The kesterite solar absorbers were fabricated on ITO substrates by sulfurizing co-electroplated Cu-Zn-Sn-S precursors in argon diluted H2S atmosphere at different temperatures (475-550 °C) for 30 min. Experimental proof, including cross-section scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR transmission spectrum, and Raman and far-infrared spectroscopy, is presented for the crystallization of CZTS on an ITO substrate and the interfacial reaction between the ITO back contact and CZTS absorber. The complete conversion of precursor into CZTS requires at least 500 °C sulfurization temperature. The aggressive interfacial reaction leading to the out-diffusion of In into CZTS to a considerable extent, formation of tin sulfides, and electrically conductive degradation of ITO back contact occurs at the sulfurization temperatures higher than 500 °C. The bifacial devices obtained by 520 °C sulfurization exhibit the best conversion efficiencies and open circuit voltages. However, the presence of non-ohmic back contact (secondary diode), the short minority lifetime, and the high interfacial recombination rates negatively limit the open circuit voltage, fill factor, and efficiency, evidenced by illumination/temperature-dependent J-V, frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage (C-V-f), time-resolved PL (TRPL), and bias-dependent external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ge
- †Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
- ‡Shanghai Center for Photovoltaics (SCPV), Shanghai 200081, P. R. China
- §Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Junhao Chu
- †Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
- ‡Shanghai Center for Photovoltaics (SCPV), Shanghai 200081, P. R. China
| | - Yanfa Yan
- §Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jinchun Jiang
- ‡Shanghai Center for Photovoltaics (SCPV), Shanghai 200081, P. R. China
| | - Pingxiong Yang
- †Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Information Science Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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