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Cariani P, Baker JM. Time Is of the Essence: Neural Codes, Synchronies, Oscillations, Architectures. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:898829. [PMID: 35814343 PMCID: PMC9262106 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.898829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Time is of the essence in how neural codes, synchronies, and oscillations might function in encoding, representation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval of information in brains. This Hypothesis and Theory article examines observed and possible relations between codes, synchronies, oscillations, and types of neural networks they require. Toward reverse-engineering informational functions in brains, prospective, alternative neural architectures incorporating principles from radio modulation and demodulation, active reverberant circuits, distributed content-addressable memory, signal-signal time-domain correlation and convolution operations, spike-correlation-based holography, and self-organizing, autoencoding anticipatory systems are outlined. Synchronies and oscillations are thought to subserve many possible functions: sensation, perception, action, cognition, motivation, affect, memory, attention, anticipation, and imagination. These include direct involvement in coding attributes of events and objects through phase-locking as well as characteristic patterns of spike latency and oscillatory response. They are thought to be involved in segmentation and binding, working memory, attention, gating and routing of signals, temporal reset mechanisms, inter-regional coordination, time discretization, time-warping transformations, and support for temporal wave-interference based operations. A high level, partial taxonomy of neural codes consists of channel, temporal pattern, and spike latency codes. The functional roles of synchronies and oscillations in candidate neural codes, including oscillatory phase-offset codes, are outlined. Various forms of multiplexing neural signals are considered: time-division, frequency-division, code-division, oscillatory-phase, synchronized channels, oscillatory hierarchies, polychronous ensembles. An expandable, annotative neural spike train framework for encoding low- and high-level attributes of events and objects is proposed. Coding schemes require appropriate neural architectures for their interpretation. Time-delay, oscillatory, wave-interference, synfire chain, polychronous, and neural timing networks are discussed. Some novel concepts for formulating an alternative, more time-centric theory of brain function are discussed. As in radio communication systems, brains can be regarded as networks of dynamic, adaptive transceivers that broadcast and selectively receive multiplexed temporally-patterned pulse signals. These signals enable complex signal interactions that select, reinforce, and bind common subpatterns and create emergent lower dimensional signals that propagate through spreading activation interference networks. If memory traces share the same kind of temporal pattern forms as do active neuronal representations, then distributed, holograph-like content-addressable memories are made possible via temporal pattern resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cariani
- Hearing Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Díez-Pascual AM. Surface Engineering of Nanomaterials with Polymers, Biomolecules, and Small Ligands for Nanomedicine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3251. [PMID: 35591584 PMCID: PMC9104878 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a speedily growing area of medical research that is focused on developing nanomaterials for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties have recently attracted a lot of attention since they offer a lot of potential in biomedical research. Novel generations of engineered nanostructures, also known as designed and functionalized nanomaterials, have opened up new possibilities in the applications of biomedical approaches such as biological imaging, biomolecular sensing, medical devices, drug delivery, and therapy. Polymers, natural biomolecules, or synthetic ligands can interact physically or chemically with nanomaterials to functionalize them for targeted uses. This paper reviews current research in nanotechnology, with a focus on nanomaterial functionalization for medical applications. Firstly, a brief overview of the different types of nanomaterials and the strategies for their surface functionalization is offered. Secondly, different types of functionalized nanomaterials are reviewed. Then, their potential cytotoxicity and cost-effectiveness are discussed. Finally, their use in diverse fields is examined in detail, including cancer treatment, tissue engineering, drug/gene delivery, and medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Abstract
The modification of implant devices with biocompatible coatings has become necessary as a consequence of premature loosening of prosthesis. This is caused mainly by chronic inflammation or allergies that are triggered by implant wear, production of abrasion particles, and/or release of metallic ions from the implantable device surface. Specific to the implant tissue destination, it could require coatings with specific features in order to provide optimal osseointegration. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) became a well-known physical vapor deposition technology that has been successfully applied to a large variety of biocompatible inorganic coatings for biomedical prosthetic applications. Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a PLD-derived technology used for depositions of thin organic material coatings. In an attempt to surpass solvent related difficulties, when different solvents are used for blending various organic materials, combinatorial MAPLE was proposed to grow thin hybrid coatings, assembled in a gradient of composition. We review herein the evolution of the laser technological process and capabilities of growing thin bio-coatings with emphasis on blended or multilayered biomimetic combinations. These can be used either as implant surfaces with enhanced bioactivity for accelerating orthopedic integration and tissue regeneration or combinatorial bio-platforms for cancer research.
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Sima LE, Chiritoiu G, Negut I, Grumezescu V, Orobeti S, Munteanu CVA, Sima F, Axente E. Functionalized Graphene Oxide Thin Films for Anti-tumor Drug Delivery to Melanoma Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:184. [PMID: 32266211 PMCID: PMC7104690 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Graphene discovery, their associated derivate nanomaterials, Graphene Oxide (GO) and reduced-GO were in the forefront of continuous developments in bio-nano-technology due to unique physical-chemical properties. Although GO nano-colloids (GON) were proposed as drug release matrix for targeting cancer cells, there is still a concern regarding its cytotoxicity issues. In this study, we report on the fabrication of functional GON bio-coatings by Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) to be used as drug carriers for targeting melanoma cells. We first performed a thorough in vitro cytotoxicity assay for comparison between GON and protein functionalized GON coatings. As functionalization protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was non-covalently conjugated to GO surface. Safe concentration windows were identified in cytotoxicity tests by live/dead staining and MTS assays for five different human melanoma cell lines as well as for non-transformed melanocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. Hybrid GON-BSA nano-scaled thin coatings incorporating Dabrafenib (DAB) and Trichostatin A (TSA) inhibitors for cells bearing BRAFV600E pathway activating mutation were assembled on solid substrates by MAPLE technique. We further demonstrated the successful immobilization for each drug-containing GON-BSA assembling systems by evaluating cellular BRAF activity inhibition and histone deacetylases activity blocking, respectively. DAB activity was proven by the decreased ERK phosphorylation in primary melanoma cells (SKmel28 BRAFV600E cell line), while TSA effect was evidenced by acetylated histones accumulation in cell's nuclei (SKmel23 BRAF WT cell line). In addition, melanoma cells exposed to GON-BSA coatings with compositional gradient of inhibitors evidenced a dose-dependent effect on target activity. Such functional bio-platforms could present high potential for cell-biomaterial interface engineering to be applied in personalized cancer therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia E Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Chiritoiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Negut
- Photonic Investigations Laboratory, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Photonic Investigations Laboratory, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Stefana Orobeti
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.,Photonic Investigations Laboratory, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Felix Sima
- Photonic Investigations Laboratory, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
| | - Emanuel Axente
- Photonic Investigations Laboratory, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Romania
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Kumar S, Nehra M, Kedia D, Dilbaghi N, Tankeshwar K, Kim KH. Nanotechnology-based biomaterials for orthopaedic applications: Recent advances and future prospects. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Neacsu IA, Arsenie LV, Trusca R, Ardelean IL, Mihailescu N, Mihailescu IN, Ristoscu C, Bleotu C, Ficai A, Andronescu E. Biomimetic Collagen/Zn 2+-Substituted Calcium Phosphate Composite Coatings on Titanium Substrates as Prospective Bioactive Layer for Implants: A Comparative Study Spin Coating vs. MAPLE. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9050692. [PMID: 31058851 PMCID: PMC6566990 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of biomimetic materials for implants and prostheses is a hot topic in nanobiotechnology strategies. Today the major approach of orthopaedic implants in hard tissue engineering is represented by titanium implants. A comparative study of hybrid thin coatings deposition was performed by spin coating and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) onto titanium substrates. The Collagen-calcium phosphate (Coll-CaPs) combination was selected as the best option to mimic natural bone tissue. To accelerate the mineralization process, Zn2+ ions were inserted by substitution in CaPs. A superior thin film homogeneity was assessed by MAPLE, as shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. A decrease of P-O and amide absorbance bands was observed as a consequence of different Zn2+ amounts. A variety of structural modifications of the apatite layer are then generated, which influenced the confinement process towards the collagen template. The in-vitro Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) assay demonstrated the ability of Coll/Zn2+-CaPs coatings to stimulate the mineralization process as a result of synergic effects in the collagen-Zn2+ substituted apatite. For both deposition methods, the formation of droplets associated to the growth of CaPs particulates inside the collagen matrix was visualized. This supports the prospective behavior of MAPLE biomimetic coatings to induce mineralization, as an essential step of fast implant integration with vivid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ionela Andreea Neacsu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Laura Vasilica Arsenie
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Roxana Trusca
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ioana Lavinia Ardelean
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Natalia Mihailescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomiştilor Street No. 409, 077125 Măgurele, Romania.
| | - Ion Nicolae Mihailescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomiştilor Street No. 409, 077125 Măgurele, Romania.
| | - Carmen Ristoscu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomiştilor Street No. 409, 077125 Măgurele, Romania.
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S. Nicolau' Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Anton Ficai
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei Street No. 54, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No.1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei Street No. 54, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
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Mitran V, Dinca V, Ion R, Cojocaru VD, Neacsu P, Dinu CZ, Rusen L, Brajnicov S, Bonciu A, Dinescu M, Raducanu D, Dan I, Cimpean A. Graphene nanoplatelets-sericin surface-modified Gum alloy for improved biological response. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18492-18501. [PMID: 35541109 PMCID: PMC9080546 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01784k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study a “Gum Metal” titanium-based alloy, Ti-31.7Nb-6.21Zr-1.4Fe-0.16O, was synthesized by melting and characterized in order to evaluate its potential for biomedical applications. The results showed that the newly developed alloy presents a very high strength, high plasticity and a low Young's modulus relative to titanium alloys currently used in medicine. For further bone implant applications, the newly synthesized alloy was surface modified with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), sericin (SS) and graphene nanoplatelets/sericine (GNP–SS) composite films via Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The characterization of each specimen was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA) measurements, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The materials' surface analyses suggested the successful coating of GNP, SS and GNP–SS onto the alloy surface. Additionally, the activities of pre-osteoblasts such as cell adhesion, cytoskeleton organization, cell proliferation and differentiation potentials exhibited on these substrates were investigated. Results showed that the GNP–SS-coated substrate significantly enhanced the growth and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells when compared to bare and GNP-coated alloy. Collectively, the results show that GNP–SS surface-modified Gum alloy can modulate the bioactivity of the pre-osteoblasts holding promise for improved biological response in vivo. GNP–SS functionalized Gum alloy exhibits superior bioactivity in inducing in vitro osteogenesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mitran
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Valentina Dinca
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics
- Romania
| | - Raluca Ion
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | | | - Patricia Neacsu
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- West Virginia University
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Morgantown
- USA
| | - Laurentiu Rusen
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics
- Romania
| | - Simona Brajnicov
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics
- Romania
- University of Craiova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
- 200585 Craiova
| | - Anca Bonciu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics
- Romania
- University of Bucharest
- Faculty of Physics
- Romania
| | - Maria Dinescu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics
- Romania
| | - Doina Raducanu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest
- 060042 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Ioan Dan
- SC R&D ConsultantasiServicii SRL
- 020943 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Bucharest
- Romania
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Synergistic effects of BMP-2, BMP-6 or BMP-7 with human plasma fibronectin onto hydroxyapatite coatings: A comparative study. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:481-492. [PMID: 28434979 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Design of new osteoinductive biomaterials to reproduce an optimized physiological environment capable of recruiting stem cells and instructing their fate towards the osteoblastic lineage has become a priority in orthopaedic surgery. This work aims at evaluating the bioactivity of BMP combined with human plasma fibronectin (FN/BMP) delivered in solution or coated onto titanium-hydroxyapatite (TiHA) surfaces. Herein, we focus on the comparison of in vitro osteogenic efficacy in mouse C2C12 pre-osteoblasts of three BMP members, namely: BMP-2, BMP-6 and BMP-7. In parallel, we evaluated the molecular binding strength between each BMP with FN using the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology. The affinity of BMPs for FN was found totally different and dependent on BMP type. Indeed, the combination of FN with BMP-2 on TiHA surfaces potentiates the burst of gene-mediated osteogenic induction, while it prolongs the osteogenic activity of BMP-6 and surprisingly annihilates the BMP-7 one. These results correlate with FN/BMP affinity for TiHA, since BMP-6>BMP-2>BMP-7. In addition, by analyzing the osteogenic activity in the peri-implant environment, we showed that osteoinductive paracrine effects were significantly decreased upon (FN/BMP-6), as opposed to (FN/BMP-2) coatings. Altogether, our results support the use of FN/BMP-6 to develop a biomimetic microenvironment capable to induce osteogenic activity under physiological conditions, with minimum paracrine signalization. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The originality of our paper relies on the first direct comparison of the in vitro osteogenic potential of three osteogenic BMPs (BMP-2, -6 and -7) combined with native human plasma fibronectin delivered in solution or coated by laser transfer onto titanium hydroxyapatite surfaces. We confirm that BMP association with fibronectin enhances the osteogenic activity of BMP-2, -6 and -7, but with essential discrepancies, depending on the BMP member, and in agreement with the affinity of BMPs for fibronectin. Moreover, we bring elements to explain the origin of the BMP-2 medical life-threatening side-effects by analyzing in vitro paracrine effects. Finally, this work supports the alternative use of FN/BMP-6 to induce osteogenic activity under physiological conditions, with minimum side effects.
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Wang Y, Jiang Z, Yu K, Feng Y, Xi Y, Lai K, Huang T, Wang H, Yang G. Improved osseointegrating functionality of cell sheets on anatase TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheets (BMSC sheets) have been reported as a powerful tool for bioengineering applications in accelerating osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Ke Yu
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Yuting Feng
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Kaichen Lai
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Tingben Huang
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Guoli Yang
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
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Lee JH, Jang HL, Lee KM, Baek HR, Jin K, Noh JH. Cold-spray coating of hydroxyapatite on a three-dimensional polyetheretherketone implant and its biocompatibility evaluated byin vitroandin vivominipig model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:647-657. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine; Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center; Seoul 156-707 Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul National University; Seoul 110-799 Korea
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine; Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center; Seoul 156-707 Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Baek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine; Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center; Seoul 156-707 Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul National University; Seoul 110-799 Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Jun Hong Noh
- Division of Advanced Materials; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); Daejeon 305-600 Korea
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