1
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Aktas Eken G, Huang Y, Prucker O, Rühe J, Ober C. Advancing Glucose Sensing Through Auto-Fluorescent Polymer Brushes: From Surface Design to Nano-Arrays. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309040. [PMID: 38334235 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Designing smart (bio)interfaces with the capability to sense and react to changes in local environments offers intriguing possibilities for new surface-based sensing devices and technologies. Polymer brushes make ideal materials to design such adaptive and responsive interfaces given their large variety of functional and structural possibilities as well as their outstanding abilities to respond to physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. Herein, a practical sensory interface for glucose detection based on auto-fluorescent polymer brushes decorated with phenylboronic acid (PBA) receptors is presented. The glucose-responsive luminescent surfaces, which are capable of translating conformational transitions triggered by pH variations and binding events into fluorescent readouts without the need for fluorescent dyes, are grown from both nanopatterned and non-patterned substrates. Two-photon laser scanning confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses reveal the relationship between the brush conformation and glucose concentration and confirm that the phenylboronic acid functionalized brushes can bind glucose over a range of physiologically relevant concentrations in a reversible manner. The combination of auto-fluorescent polymer brushes with synthetic receptors presents a promising avenue for designing innovative and robust sensing systems, which are essential for various biomedical applications, among other uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Aktas Eken
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yuming Huang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @FIT, Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Goerges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Ober
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Li CW, Merlitz H, Sommer JU. A nanofluidic system based on cylindrical polymer brushes: how to control the size of nanodroplets. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5598-5604. [PMID: 35857069 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In molecular dynamics simulations we investigate the self-organized formation of droplets from a continuous flow of incoming nanoparticles. This transformation is facilitated by a cylindrical channel that is decorated with a polymer brush in a marginally poor solvent. We analyze droplet formation and propagation by means of simple scaling arguments which are tested in the simulations. Polymer brushes in marginally poor solvents serve as a pressure feedback system, exhibit a collapse transition under the moderate pressure of the incident flow, without the need for additional external stimuli, and finally close spontaneously after droplet passage. Our results qualitatively demonstrate the control of polymer brushes over continuous fluids and droplet formation, and its effectiveness as a means of fluid control can be used to design nanofluidic rectification devices that operate reliably under moderate pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Li
- Leibniz-Institut of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Holger Merlitz
- Leibniz-Institut of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jens-Uwe Sommer
- Leibniz-Institut of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 13, Germany.
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3
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Besford QA, Uhlmann P, Fery A. Spatially Resolving Polymer Brush Conformation: Opportunities Ahead. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A. Besford
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung e.V. Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
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4
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Ding Z, Chen C, Yu Y, de Beer S. Synthetic strategies to enhance the long-term stability of polymer brush coatings. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2430-2443. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density, end-anchored macromolecules that form so-called polymer brushes are popular components of bio-inspired surface coatings. In a bio-memetic approach, they have been utilized to reduce friction, repel contamination and control...
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5
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Chun B, Chun MS. Electrostatic Potential Analysis in Polyelectrolyte Brush-Grafted Microchannels Filled with Polyelectrolyte Dispersion. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121475. [PMID: 34945324 PMCID: PMC8706125 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the model framework that includes almost all relevant parameters of interest has been developed to quantify the electrostatic potential and charge density occurring in microchannels grafted with polyelectrolyte brushes and simultaneously filled with polyelectrolyte dispersion. The brush layer is described by the Alexander-de Gennes model incorporated with the monomer distribution function accompanying the quadratic decay. Each ion concentration due to mobile charges in the bulk and fixed charges in the brush layer can be determined by multi-species ion balance. We solved 2-dimensional Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations adopted for simulating electric field with ion transport in the soft channel, by considering anionic polyelectrolyte of polyacrylic acid (PAA). Remarkable results were obtained regarding the brush height, ionization, electrostatic potential, and charge density profiles with conditions of brush, dispersion, and solution pH. The Donnan potential in the brush channel shows several times higher than the surface potential in the bare channel, whereas it becomes lower with increasing PAA concentration. Our framework is fruitful to provide comparative information regarding electrostatic interaction properties, serving as an important bridge between modeling and experiments, and is possible to couple with governing equations for flow field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjin Chun
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, Advanced Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Chun
- Complex Fluids Laboratory, Advanced Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Biomedical Engineering Department, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
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6
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Gong X, Yang P, Rohm K, Zhong Y, Zhao B, Manas-Zloczower I, Baskaran H, Feke DL. Porous hollow fibers with controllable structures templated from high internal phase emulsions. J Appl Polym Sci 2021; 138:50739. [PMID: 37786770 PMCID: PMC10544832 DOI: 10.1002/app.50739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A technique to fabricate hollow fibers with porous walls via templating from high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) has been demonstrated. This technique provides an environmentally friendly process alternative to conventional methods for hollow-fiber productions that typically use organic solvents. HIPEs containing acrylate monomers were extruded into an aqueous curing bath. Osmotic pressure effects, manipulated through differences in salt concentration between the curing bath and the aqueous phase within the HIPE were used to control the hollow structures of polyHIPE fibers. The technique was used to produce porous fibers (with millimeter-scale diameters and micronscale pores) having a hollow core (with a diameter of 50%-75% of the fiber diameter). Two potential applications of the hollow fibers were demonstrated. In vitro drug release studies using these hollow fibers show a controlled release profile that is consistent with the microstructure of the porous fiber wall. In addition, the presence of pores in the walls of polyHIPE fibers also enable size-selective loading and separation of functional materials from an external suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peipei Yang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kristen Rohm
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Boran Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Donald L. Feke
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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8
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Cook A, Decuzzi P. Harnessing Endogenous Stimuli for Responsive Materials in Theranostics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2068-2098. [PMID: 33555171 PMCID: PMC7905878 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials that respond to endogenous stimuli are being leveraged to enhance spatiotemporal control in a range of biomedical applications from drug delivery to diagnostic tools. The design of materials that undergo morphological or chemical changes in response to specific biological cues or pathologies will be an important area of research for improving efficacies of existing therapies and imaging agents, while also being promising for developing personalized theranostic systems. Internal stimuli-responsive systems can be engineered across length scales from nanometers to macroscopic and can respond to endogenous signals such as enzymes, pH, glucose, ATP, hypoxia, redox signals, and nucleic acids by incorporating synthetic bio-inspired moieties or natural building blocks. This Review will summarize response mechanisms and fabrication strategies used in internal stimuli-responsive materials with a focus on drug delivery and imaging for a broad range of pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, vascular disorders, inflammation, and microbial infections. We will also discuss observed challenges, future research directions, and clinical translation aspects of these responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
B. Cook
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology
for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology
for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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9
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Horst RJ, Brió Pérez M, Cohen R, Cirelli M, Dueñas Robles PS, Elshof MG, Andreski A, Hempenius MA, Benes NE, Damen C, de Beer S. Swelling of Poly(methyl acrylate) Brushes in Acetone Vapor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12053-12060. [PMID: 32997502 PMCID: PMC7558288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sensor platforms can benefit from the incorporation of polymer brushes since brushes can concentrate the analyte near the sensor surface. Brushes that absorb acetone vapor are of particular interest since acetone is an important marker for biological processes. We present a simple procedure to synthesize acetone-responsive poly(methyl acrylate) brushes. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we show that these brushes respond within seconds and swell by more than 30% when exposed to acetone vapor. Moreover, quartz crystal microbalance measurements demonstrate that the brushes can be exploited to increase the acetone detection sensitivity of sensors by more than a factor 6. Surprisingly, we find that the swelling ratio of the brushes in acetone vapor is independent of the grafting density and the degree of polymerization of the polymers in the brush. This is qualitatively different from swelling of the same brushes in liquid environments, where the swelling ratio decreases for increasing grafting densities. Yet, it indicates that the brushes are robust and reproducible candidates for implementation in vapor sensor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens J. Horst
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Brió Pérez
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, Saxion University of Applied
Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Paloma S. Dueñas Robles
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Elshof
- Membrane
Science and Technology Cluster, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandar Andreski
- Department
of Nanotechnology, Saxion University of
Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane
Science and Technology Cluster, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cas Damen
- Department
of Nanotechnology, Saxion University of
Applied Sciences, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials
Science and Technology of Polymers, University
of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Dehghani B, Salami Hosseini M, Salami-Kalajahi M. Neutral pH monosaccharide receptor based on boronic acid decorated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate): Spectral Methods for determination of glucose-binding and ionization constants. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Brió
Pérez M, Cirelli M, de Beer S. Degrafting of Polymer Brushes by Exposure to Humid Air. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2020; 2:3039-3043. [PMID: 34124685 PMCID: PMC8192051 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that polymer brushes can degraft in aqueous liquids. Here we show that brushes can deteriorate in humid air too. We observe that the detachment rate of the brushes increases with increasing relative humidity and hydrophilicity of the brushes. We relate this to the increase in water absorption as these parameters are increased. Our results imply that protective measures that are at present being developed for applications of brushes in liquids will also be key in enabling the long-term storage and utilization of hydrophilic brushes in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brió
Pérez
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Yan W, Dadashi-Silab S, Matyjaszewski K, Spencer ND, Benetti EM. Surface-Initiated Photoinduced ATRP: Mechanism, Oxygen Tolerance, and Temporal Control during the Synthesis of Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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13
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Ryu JH, Lee GJ, Shih YRV, Kim TI, Varghese S. Phenylboronic Acid-polymers for Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6797-6816. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181008144436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Phenylboronic acid-polymers (PBA-polymers) have attracted tremendous
attention as potential stimuli-responsive materials with applications in drug-delivery
depots, scaffolds for tissue engineering, HIV barriers, and biomolecule-detecting/sensing platforms.
The unique aspect of PBA-polymers is their interactions with diols, which result in reversible,
covalent bond formation. This very nature of reversible bonding between boronic
acids and diols has been fundamental to their applications in the biomedical area.
Methods:
We have searched peer-reviewed articles including reviews from Scopus, PubMed,
and Google Scholar with a focus on the 1) chemistry of PBA, 2) synthesis of PBA-polymers,
and 3) their biomedical applications.
Results:
We have summarized approximately 179 papers in this review. Most of the applications
described in this review are focused on the unique ability of PBA molecules to interact
with diol molecules and the dynamic nature of the resulting boronate esters. The strong sensitivity
of boronate ester groups towards the surrounding pH also makes these molecules
stimuli-responsive. In addition, we also discuss how the re-arrangement of the dynamic boronate
ester bonds renders PBA-based materials with other unique features such as self-healing
and shear thinning.
Conclusion:
The presence of PBA in the polymer chain can render it with diverse functions/
relativities without changing their intrinsic properties. In this review, we discuss the development
of PBA polymers with diverse functions and their biomedical applications with a
specific focus on the dynamic nature of boronate ester groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27703, United States
| | - Gyeong Jin Lee
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yu-Ru V. Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27703, United States
| | - Tae-il Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27703, United States
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14
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Zhang M, Wang Q, Xu Y, Guo L, Lai Z, Li Z. Graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots as analytical probe for viewing sialic acid on the surface of cells and tissues. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1095:204-211. [PMID: 31864624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of sialic acids (SAs) on cells and tissues is closely related to various pathophysiological states. Here we applied phenylboronic acid (PBA) functionalized graphitic carbon nitride fluorescent quantum dots (PCQDs) with sizes from 3 to 5 nm in efficient and selective labeling SAs on the surface of living cells and tissues. With abundant PBA in their structure, the water soluble PCQDs showed the relative SA level on the cell surface via selectively and efficiently staining different cell lines in 30 min and revealed that M1 macrophages may express more SAs on their surfaces compared with M0 and M2. The distinct demarcation of cancerous and para-noncancerous areas on cancer tissue sections was showed by PCQDs staining. PCQDs with their high selectivity, stable photoluminescence, low cost, and nontoxicity can be an ideal SA fluorescent probe for living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yupin Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhizhen Lai
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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15
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Yan W, Ramakrishna SN, Romio M, Benetti EM. Bioinert and Lubricious Surfaces by Macromolecular Design. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13521-13535. [PMID: 31532689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The modification of a variety of biomaterials and medical devices often encompasses the generation of biopassive and lubricious layers on their exposed surfaces. This is valid when the synthetic supports are required to integrate within physiological media without altering their interfacial composition and when the minimization of shear stress prevents or reduces damage to the surrounding environment. In many of these cases, hydrophilic polymer brushes assembled from surface-interacting polymer adsorbates or directly grown by surface-initiated polymerizations (SIP) are chosen. Although growing efforts by polymer chemists have been focusing on varying the composition of polymer brushes in order to attain increasingly bioinert and lubricious surfaces, the precise modulation of polymer architecture has simultaneously enabled us to substantially broaden the tuning potential for the above-mentioned properties. This feature article concentrates on reviewing this latter strategy, comparatively analyzing how polymer brush parameters such as molecular weight and grafting density, the application of block copolymers, the introduction of branching and cross-links, or the variation of polymer topology beyond the simple, linear chains determine highly technologically relevant properties, such as biopassivity and lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Shivaprakash N Ramakrishna
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Matteo Romio
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
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16
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Yan W, Fantin M, Ramakrishna S, Spencer ND, Matyjaszewski K, Benetti EM. Growing Polymer Brushes from a Variety of Substrates under Ambient Conditions by Cu 0-Mediated Surface-Initiated ATRP. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27470-27477. [PMID: 31276375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cu0-mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (Cu0 SI-ATRP) is a highly versatile, oxygen-tolerant, and extremely controlled polymer-grafting technique that enables the modification of flat inorganic surfaces, as well as porous organic and polymeric supports of different compositions. Exploiting the intimate contact between a copper plate, acting as a source of catalyst and reducing agent, and an initiator-bearing support, Cu0 SI-ATRP enables the rapid growth of biopassive, lubricious brushes from large flat surfaces, as well as from various organic supports, including cellulose fibers and elastomers, using microliter volumes of reaction mixtures, and without the need for deoxygenation of reaction mixtures or an inert atmosphere. Thanks to a detailed analysis of its mechanism and the parameters governing the polymerization process, polymer brush growth by Cu0 SI-ATRP can be precisely modulated and adapted to be applied to morphologically and chemically different substrates, setting up the basis for translating SI-ATRP methods from academic studies into technologically relevant surface-modification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , Zurich CH-8093 , Switzerland
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Shivaprakash Ramakrishna
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , Zurich CH-8093 , Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , Zurich CH-8093 , Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 , Zurich CH-8093 , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , St. Gallen CH-9014 , Switzerland
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17
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Wang B, Chou K, Queenan BN, Pennathur S, Bazan GC. Molecular Design of a New Diboronic Acid for the Electrohydrodynamic Monitoring of Glucose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Center for Polymers and Organic SolidsDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Kuang‐Hua Chou
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Bridget N. Queenan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Quantitative BiologyHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic SolidsDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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18
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Wang B, Chou KH, Queenan BN, Pennathur S, Bazan GC. Molecular Design of a New Diboronic Acid for the Electrohydrodynamic Monitoring of Glucose. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10612-10615. [PMID: 31168957 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new dicationic diboronic acid structure, DBA2+, was designed to exhibit good affinity (Kd ≈1 mm) and selectivity toward glucose. Binding of DBA2+ to glucose changes the pKa of DBA2+ from 9.4 to 6.3, enabling opportunities for detection of glucose at physiological pH. Proton release from DBA2+ is firmly related to glucose concentrations within the physiologically relevant range (0-30 mm), as verified by conductimetric monitoring. Negligible interference from other sugars (for example, maltose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, and galactose) was observed. These results demonstrate the potential of DBA2+ for selective, quantitative glucose sensing. The nonenzymatic strategy based on electrohydrodynamic effects may enable the development of stable, accurate, and continuous glucose monitoring platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kuang-Hua Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Bridget N Queenan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Quantitative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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19
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Yan W, Fantin M, Spencer ND, Matyjaszewski K, Benetti EM. Translating Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization into Technology: The Mechanism of Cu 0-Mediated SI-ATRP under Environmental Conditions. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:865-870. [PMID: 35619512 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional features of Cu0-mediated surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (Cu0 SI-ATRP), and its potential for implementation in technologically relevant surface functionalizations are demonstrated thanks to a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism. Cu0 SI-ATRP enables the synthesis of multifunctional polymer brushes with a remarkable degree of control, over extremely large areas and without the need for inert atmosphere or deoxygenation of monomer solutions. When a polymerization mixture is placed between a flat copper plate and an ATRP-initiator-functionalized substrate, the vertical distance between these two overlaying surfaces determines the tolerance of the grafting process toward the oxygen, while the composition of the polymerization solution emerges as the critical parameter regulating polymer-grafting kinetics. At very small distances between the copper plate and the initiating surfaces, the oxygen dissolved in the solution is rapidly consumed via oxidation of the metallic substrate. In the presence of ligand, copper species diffuse to the surface-immobilized initiators and trigger a rapid growth of polymer brushes. Concurrently, the presence and concentration of added CuII regulates the generation of CuI-based activators through comproportionation with Cu0. Hence, under oxygen-tolerant conditions, the extent of comproportionation, together with the solvent-dependent rate constant of activation (kact) of ATRP are the main determinants of the growth rate of polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yan
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Laboratory of Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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20
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Zhou J, Ma Z, Hong X, Wu HM, Ma SY, Li Y, Chen DJ, Yu HY, Huang XJ. Top-Down Strategy of Implantable Biosensor Using Adaptable, Porous Hollow Fibrous Membrane. ACS Sens 2019; 4:931-937. [PMID: 30950605 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of an outer membrane is crucial for an implantable biosensor to enhance the long-term stability and accuracy of sensors. Herein, an adaptable, controllable, porous outer membrane for an implantable biosensor was fabricated using a "top-down" method, allowing maximum retention of enzyme activity and fine control over membrane microstructure. Polysulfone hollow fibrous membranes with different pore sizes and porosities were used as a base membrane. Chitosan (CH) and sodium alginate (SA) were self-assembled on the inner surface of PSfHM to construct a biocompatible and conductive interface between PSfHM and the electrode. In vitro and in vivo experiments were used to evaluate the performance of implantable glucose biosensors with PSfHM and CH/SA modified PSfHM (PSfHM-CH/SA). The glucose biosensor with PSfHM-CH/SA exhibited a more stable output current than bare sensors and a quick response time (<50 s). The glucose biosensor with PSfHM-CH/SA linear sensing range was between 0 and 22 mM ( R2 = 0.9905), and relative sensitivity remained at >87% within 7 days and >76% within 15 days. Furthermore, response currents recorded by implanted sensors closely followed the blood glucose trend from the tail vein blood during in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiao Hong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui-Min Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shu-Yan Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Da-Jing Chen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hai-Yin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Wang C, Wang J, Zeng L, Qiao Z, Liu X, Liu H, Zhang J, Ding J. Fabrication of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers with Diverse Morphologies. Molecules 2019; 24:E834. [PMID: 30813599 PMCID: PMC6429487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber structures with nanoscale diameters offer many fascinating features, such as excellent mechanical properties and high specific surface areas, making them attractive for many applications. Among a variety of technologies for preparing nanofibers, electrospinning is rapidly evolving into a simple process, which is capable of forming diverse morphologies due to its flexibility, functionality, and simplicity. In such review, more emphasis is put on the construction of polymer nanofiber structures and their potential applications. Other issues of electrospinning device, mechanism, and prospects, are also discussed. Specifically, by carefully regulating the operating condition, modifying needle device, optimizing properties of the polymer solutions, some unique structures of core⁻shell, side-by-side, multilayer, hollow interior, and high porosity can be obtained. Taken together, these well-organized polymer nanofibers can be of great interest in biomedicine, nutrition, bioengineering, pharmaceutics, and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 200-702, Korea.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - Liangdan Zeng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Ziwen Qiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
| | - He Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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22
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Speyer K, Pastorino C. Pressure responsive gating in nanochannels coated by semiflexible polymer brushes. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:937-946. [PMID: 30644495 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study by coarse-grained molecular-dynamics simulations the liquid flow in a slit channel with the inner walls coated by semiflexible polymer brushes. The distance between walls is close enough such that polymers grafted to opposing walls interact among each other and form bundles across the channel in poor solvent conditions. The solvent is simulated explicitly, including particles that fill the interior of the channel. The system is studied in equilibrium and under flow, by applying a constant body force on each particle of the system. A non-linear relation between external force and flow rate is observed, for a particular set of parameters. This non-linear response is linked to a morphological change of the polymer brushes. For large enough forces, the bundle structures formed across the channel break as the chains lean in the direction of the flow, and clear the middle of the channel. This morphological alteration of the polymer configurations translates in a sudden increase in the flow rate, acting as a pressure-responsive gate. The relation between flow and external force is investigated for various parameters, such as grafting density, quality of the solvent and polymer bending rigidity. We observe a non-monotonic dependence of the flow as a function of the polymer rigidity, and find an optimum value for the persistence length. We also find that the force threshold at which the morphological changes happen in the polymer brush, depends linearly on the grafting density. These findings can lead to new flow control techniques in micro and nano-fluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Speyer
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, CNEA, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, 1650 Pcia. de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Boyaciyan D, Braun L, Löhmann O, Silvi L, Schneck E, von Klitzing R. Gold nanoparticle distribution in polyelectrolyte brushes loaded at different pH conditions. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163322. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5035554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dikran Boyaciyan
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Larissa Braun
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Oliver Löhmann
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Luca Silvi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
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24
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De Smet L, Vancoillie G, Minshall P, Lava K, Steyaert I, Schoolaert E, Van De Walle E, Dubruel P, De Clerck K, Hoogenboom R. Plasma dye coating as straightforward and widely applicable procedure for dye immobilization on polymeric materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1123. [PMID: 29549360 PMCID: PMC5856759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we introduce a novel concept for the fabrication of colored materials with significantly reduced dye leaching through covalent immobilization of the desired dye using plasma-generated surface radicals. This plasma dye coating (PDC) procedure immobilizes a pre-adsorbed layer of a dye functionalized with a radical sensitive group on the surface through radical addition caused by a short plasma treatment. The non-specific nature of the plasma-generated surface radicals allows for a wide variety of dyes including azobenzenes and sulfonphthaleins, functionalized with radical sensitive groups to avoid significant dye degradation, to be combined with various materials including PP, PE, PA6, cellulose, and PTFE. The wide applicability, low consumption of dye, relatively short procedure time, and the possibility of continuous PDC using an atmospheric plasma reactor make this procedure economically interesting for various applications ranging from simple coloring of a material to the fabrication of chromic sensor fabrics as demonstrated by preparing a range of halochromic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot De Smet
- Supramolecular Chemistry group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gertjan Vancoillie
- Supramolecular Chemistry group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Minshall
- Supramolecular Chemistry group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Supramolecular Chemistry group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iline Steyaert
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ella Schoolaert
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elke Van De Walle
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4Bis, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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U-Shaped and Surface Functionalized Polymer Optical Fiber Probe for Glucose Detection. SENSORS 2017; 18:s18010034. [PMID: 29295579 PMCID: PMC5795775 DOI: 10.3390/s18010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work we show an optical fiber evanescent wave absorption probe for glucose detection in different physiological media. High selectivity is achieved by functionalizing the surface of an only-core poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer optical fiber with phenilboronic groups, and enhanced sensitivity by using a U-shaped geometry. Employing a supercontinuum light source and a high-resolution spectrometer, absorption measurements are performed in the broadband visible light spectrum. Experimental results suggest the feasibility of such a fiber probe as a low-cost and selective glucose detector.
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26
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Liu S, Liu J, Pan J, Luo J, Niu X, Zhang T, Qiu F. Two Are Better than One: Halloysite Nanotubes-Supported Surface Imprinted Nanoparticles Using Synergy of Metal Chelating and Low pK a Boronic Acid Monomers for Highly Specific Luteolin Binding under Neutral Condition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:33191-33202. [PMID: 28885001 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-imprinted nanoparticles with double recognition (DM-MIPs) are fabricated onto halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) for highly specific separation of natural flavone luteolin (LTL) under neutral condition. Specifically, a two-step strategy via consecutive surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is employed to introduce inherent recognition of molecular imprinting and reversible covalent affinity of boronic acid ligands and immobilized Zn2+ into DM-MIPs. First, Zn2+-immobilized poly(vinyl imidazole) (PVLD) shell based on the HNTs via the first SI-ATRP is prepared to capture LTL by metal chelating. Then HNTs-supported surface imprinted nanoparticles are prepared using low pKa boronic acid monomer 4-(2-acrylamidoethylcarbamoyl)-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (AMC-FPBA) via the second SI-ATRP. Taking advantage of low apparent pKa of AMC-FPBA and large high-affinity binding site density, DM-MIPs possess a promising binding with cis-diol-containing LTL under neutral condition. In static adsorption, DM-MIPs show large LTL loading amount (83.42 mg g-1), fast capture kinetics, remarkable selectivity, and excellent recyclability at pH = 7.0. More importantly, by reducing the pH to 4.0, the loaded TLL can be simply released. As a proof of this concept, a commercially available LTL with 85% purity can be easily enriched and further purified, and the product exhibits the similar antibacterial performance with standard substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jianming Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jialu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiangheng Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fengxian Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013, China
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27
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Saleem M, Wang L, Yu H, Zain-ul-Abdin, Akram M, Ullah RS. Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers containing ferrocene–boronic acid and their micellization, redox-responsive properties and glucose sensing. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Borke T, Korpi A, Pooch F, Tenhu H, Hietala S. Poly(glyceryl glycerol): A multi-functional hydrophilic polymer for labeling with boronic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Borke
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Antti Korpi
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Fabian Pooch
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 55 Helsinki 00014 Finland
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30
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Wu JZ, Bremner DH, Li HY, Sun XZ, Zhu LM. Synthesis and evaluation of temperature- and glucose-sensitive nanoparticles based on phenylboronic acid and N-vinylcaprolactam for insulin delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 69:1026-35. [PMID: 27612799 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylamidophenylboronic acid p(NVCL-co-AAPBA) was prepared from N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA), using 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The synthesis and structure of the polymer were examined by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and (1)H-NMR. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize the nanoparticles, CD spectroscopy was used to determine if there were any changes to the conformation of the insulin, and cell and animal toxicity were also investigated. The prepared nanoparticles were found to be monodisperse submicron particles and were glucose- and temperature-sensitive. In addition, the nanoparticles have good insulin-loading characteristics, do not affect the conformation of the insulin and show low-toxicity to cells and animals. These p(NVCL-co-AAPBA) nanoparticles may have some value for insulin or other hypoglycemic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Zi Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - David H Bremner
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Kydd Building, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, Scotland, UK
| | - He-Yu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Xiao-Zhu Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Li-Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
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Abstract
In the past years the development of an artificial pancreas (AP) has made great progress and many activities are ongoing in this area of research. The major step forward made in the last years was moving the evaluation of AP systems from highly controlled experimental conditions to daily life conditions at the home of patients with diabetes; this was also the aim of the European Union-funded AP@home project. Over a time period of 5 years a series of clinical studies were performed that culminated in 2 "final studies" during which an AP system was used by patients in their home environment for 2 or 3 months without supervision by a physician, living their normal lives. Two different versions of the AP system developed within this project were evaluated. A significant improvement in glycated hemoglobin was observed during closed-loop conditions despite the fact that during the control period the patients used the best currently available therapeutic option. In addition, a "single-port AP system" was developed within the project that combines continuous glucose monitoring and insulin infusion at a single tissue site. By using such a combined device the patients not only have to carry one less device around, the number of access points through the skin is also reduced from 2 to 1. In summary, close cooperation of 12 European partners, both academic centers and industry, enabled the development and evaluation of AP systems under daily life conditions. The next step is to develop these into products in cooperation with commercial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Heinemann
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Neuss, Germany
| | - Carsten Benesch
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Neuss, Germany
| | - J Hans DeVries
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Zhao D, Xu JQ, Yi XQ, Zhang Q, Cheng SX, Zhuo RX, Li F. pH-Activated Targeting Drug Delivery System Based on the Selective Binding of Phenylboronic Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14845-14854. [PMID: 27229625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenylboronic acid (PBA) is a tumor-targeting molecule, but its nonspecific interaction with normal cells or other components containing cis-diol residues undoubtedly limits its potential application in tumor-targeting drug delivery. Herein, we developed fructose-coated mixed micelles via PBA-terminated polyethylene glycol monostearate (PBA-PEG-C18) and Pluronic P123 (PEG20-PPG70-PEG20) to solve this problem, as the stability of borate formed by PBA and fructose was dramatically dependent on pH. The fluorescence spectroscopic results indicated that the borate formed by PBA and fructose decomposed at a decreased pH, and better binding between PBA and sialic acid (SA) was observed at a low pH. These results implied that the fructose groups decorated on the surface of the micelles could be out-competed by SA at a low pH. In vitro uptake and cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the fructose coating on the mixed micelles improved the endocytosis and enhanced the cytotoxicity of drug-loaded mixed micelles in HepG2 cells but reduced the cytotoxicity in normal cells. These results demonstrate that a simple decorating strategy may facilitate PBA-targeted nanoparticles for tumor-specific drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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33
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Fan H, Chen P, Wang C, Wei Y. Zirconium-doped magnetic microspheres for the selective enrichment of cis-diol-containing ribonucleosides. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1448:20-31. [PMID: 27130580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-doped magnetic microspheres (Zr-Fe3O4) for the selective enrichment of cis-diol-containing biomolecules were easily synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method. Characterization of the microspheres revealed that zirconium was successfully doped into the lattice of Fe3O4 at a doping level of 4.0 at%. Zr-Fe3O4 possessed good magnetic properties and high specificity towards cis-diol molecules, as shown using 28 compounds. For ribonucleosides, the adsorbent not only has favorable anti-interferential abilities but also has a high adsorption capacity up to 159.4μmol/g. As an example of a real application, four ribonucleosides in urine were efficiently enriched and detected via magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the detection limits were determined to be between 0.005 and 0.017μg/mL, and the linearities ranged from 0.02 to 5.00μg/mL (R≥0.996) for these analytes. The accuracy of the analytical method was examined by studying the relative recoveries of the analytes in real urine samples, with recoveries varying from 77.8% to 119.6% (RSDs<10.6%, n=6). The results indicate that Zr-Fe3O4 is a suitable adsorbent for the analysis of cis-diol-containing biomolecules in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Peihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, PR China.
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34
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Vancoillie G, Hoogenboom R. Synthesis and polymerization of boronic acid containing monomers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes the most commonly used methods for the synthesis of phenylboronic acid-(co)polymers ranging from simple straightforward polymerization to complex post-polymerization modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan Vancoillie
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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35
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Chen G, Qiu J, Xu J, Fang X, Liu Y, Liu S, Wei S, Jiang R, Luan T, Zeng F, Zhu F, Ouyang G. A novel probe based on phenylboronic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes for ultrasensitive carbohydrate determination in biofluids and semi-solid biotissues. Chem Sci 2015; 7:1487-1495. [PMID: 29910906 PMCID: PMC5975936 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive SPME probe based on phenylboronic acid functionalized CNTs is applied for direct in vitro or in vivo recognition of carbohydrates in biofluids as well as semi-solid biotissues.
Carbohydrates are known to be involved in a wide range of biological and pathological processes. However, due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups, carbohydrate recognition is a particular challenge. Herein, we reported an ultrasensitive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe based on phenylboronic acid (PBA) functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for direct in vitro or in vivo recognition of carbohydrates in biofluids as well as semi-solid biotissues. The coating of the proposed probe possessed a 3D interconnected porous architecture formed by the stacking of CNTs. As a result, the binding capacity toward carbohydrates was excellent. The proposed approach was demonstrated to be much superior to most carbohydrate sensors, including higher sensitivity, wider linear range, and excellent qualitative ability in multi-carbohydrate systems. Thus, this approach opens up new avenues for the facile and efficient recognition of carbohydrates for important applications such as glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Junlang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Xu'an Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Yan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Shuqin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Songbo Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Feng Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-020-84110845
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