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Tan C, Wang S, Barboza-Ramos I, Schanze KS. A Perspective Looking Backward and Forward on the 25th Anniversary of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38584485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes are π-conjugated polymers that contain ionic charged groups such as sulfonate (R-SO3-), carboxylate (R-COO-), or ammonium (R-NR3+) combined with a π-conjugated backbone. This perspective provides a summary review of the key developments in the field, starting from the first reports of their synthesis and properties to application-focused developments. The applications include optical sensors for molecular and biomolecular targets, organic electronic applications, and specific biological applications including cellular imaging and photodynamic therapy. This perspective concludes with a discussion of where the field of conjugated polyelectrolytes is expected to lead in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Isaí Barboza-Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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2
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Hazra S, Banerjee A, Nandi AK. Organic Mixed Ion-Electron Conductivity in Polymer Hybrid Systems. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32849-32862. [PMID: 36157781 PMCID: PMC9494440 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic materials with mixed ion/electron conductivity (OMIEC) have gained significant interest among research communities all over the world. The unique ability to conduct ions and electrons in the same organic material adds to their use in next generation electrochemical, biotechnological, energy generation, energy storage, electrochromic, and sensor devices. Semiconducting conjugated polymers are well-known OMIECs due to their feasibility for both ion and electron transport in the bulk region. In this mini-review, we have shed light on conjugated polymers with ionic pendent groups, block copolymers of electronically and ionic conducting polymers, polymer electrolytes, blends of conjugated polymers with polyelectrolyte/polymer electrolytes; blends of conducting polymer with small organic molecules including conducting polymer-peptide conjugates; and blends of nonconjugated polymers as mixed conducting systems. These systems not only include the well-studied OMEIC systems, but also include some new systems where the OMEIC property has been predicted from the typical current-voltage (I-V) plots. The conduction mechanism of ions and electrons, ion-electron coupling, directionality, and dimensionality of these OMEIC materials are discussed in brief. The different properties of OMEIC materials and their applications in diverse fields like energy, electrochromic, biotechnology, sensing, and so forth are enlightened together with the perspective for future improvement of OMEIC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyajit Hazra
- Polymer
Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
- School
of Biological Science, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School
of Biological Science, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
| | - Arun K. Nandi
- Polymer
Science Unit, School of Materials Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata700 032, India
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Wang G, Liu Z, Wang X, Liu J, Chen Y, Liu B. Electrochemical Polymerization-Fabricated Several Triphenylamine-Carbazolyl-Based Polymers with Improved Short-Circuit Current and High Adsorption Stability in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15215-15225. [PMID: 31552367 PMCID: PMC6751707 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer dyes have many potential advantages, such as high molecular weight, better light capture ability, thermal stability, film-forming ability, light resistance, and electrochemical corrosion resistance. They are expected to provide opportunities for the development of high-stability dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). However, polymer DSCs (PDSCs) have poor short-circuit current and filling factor (FF) due to polymer aggregation and chain-winding effect. Therefore, the energy conversion efficiency is low. In this work, we are trying to find a way to solve this problem. Herein, three polymers, polyPAC-01, polyPAC-02, and polyPAC-03 with different π-bridge chains were prepared on a titanium dioxide electrode using an "adsorption first, then electropolymerization (EP)" process. Meanwhile, as a comparison, three oligomers, PAC-01, PAC-02, and PAC-03 with the same skeleton were synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction and fabricated on a titanium dioxide electrode with a "first polymerization, then adsorption" process. Then, the photoanode adsorbed by those polymers or oligomers were applied to DSCs. The results show that polymers prepared by the EP method obtained a higher short-circuit (J sc) increase, exceeding 30% and a FF increase of about 10%, and finally, the photo-to-electric conversion efficiency (PCE) increased exceeding 40%, compared to the oligomers. In addition, desorption experiments in a harsh environment show that the EP method-synthesized polymers (polyPAC-03 as a representative) have better solvent resistance and adsorption stability than the corresponding oligomers (PAC-03). The results show that the process of "adsorption first, then EP" may be an effective way to solve the bottlenecks of low energy conversion efficiency on PDSCs and provide a new way to develop stable and efficient DSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Yuandao Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering and Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation
Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological
Economic Zone, Hunan University of Arts
and Science, Changde 415000, PR China
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Jagadesan P, Schanze KS. Poly(phenylene ethynylene) Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Synthesized via Chain-Growth Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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Chen CH, Luo ZH, Tan K. Design, Synthesis, and Photophysical Property of Strongly Fluorescent Benzofuran-Ethynylene Copolymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Feng Chia University; Taichung 407 Taiwan
| | - Zi-Huan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Feng Chia University; Taichung 407 Taiwan
| | - Kaiting Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Feng Chia University; Taichung 407 Taiwan
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Chan K, Chung CY, Yam VW. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte‐Induced Self‐Assembly of Alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐Bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine Complexes. Chemistry 2015; 21:16434-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
| | - Clive Yik‐Sham Chung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
| | - Vivian Wing‐Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee (Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong (P. R. China)
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Pan Z, Leem G, Cekli S, Schanze KS. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte-Sensitized TiO2 Solar Cells: Effects of Chain Length and Aggregation on Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16601-16608. [PMID: 26151601 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of conjugated polyelectrolytes with different molecular weights (Mn) in each set were synthesized. All polymers feature the same conjugated backbone with alternating (1,4-phenylene) and (2,5-thienylene ethynylene) repeating units, but different linkages between the backbone and side chains, namely, oxy-methylene (-O-CH2-) (P1-O-n, where n = 7, 9, and 14) and methylene (-CH2-) (P2-C-n, n = 7, 12, and 18). They all bear carboxylic acid moieties as side chains, which bind strongly to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The two sets of polymers were used as light-harvesting materials in dye-sensitized solar cells. Despite the difference in molecular weight, polymers within each set have very similar light absorption properties. Interestingly, under the same working conditions, the overall cell efficiency of the P1-O-n series increases with a decreasing molecular weight while the efficiency of the P2-C-n series remains constant regardless of the molecular weight. Steady state photophysical measurements and dynamic light scattering investigation prove that P1-O-n polymers aggregate in solution while P2-C-n series are in the monomeric state. In P1-O-n series, a higher-molecular weight polymer results in a larger aggregate, which reduces the amount of polymers that are adsorbed onto TiO2 films and overall cell efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Seda Cekli
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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9
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Zhu X, Yang J, Schanze KS. Conjugated polyelectrolytes with guanidinium side groups. Synthesis, photophysics and pyrophosphate sensing. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:293-300. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Yang J, Wu D, Xie D, Feng F, Schanze KS. Ion-Induced Aggregation of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Studied by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16314-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408370e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Danlu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Dongping Xie
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Chen MC, Yang YL, Chen SW, Li JH, Aklilu M, Tai Y. Self-assembled monolayer immobilized gold nanoparticles for plasmonic effects in small molecule organic photovoltaic. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:511-7. [PMID: 23286370 DOI: 10.1021/am3028712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gold nanoparticle (Au NP)-induced surface plasmons on the performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) that consist of copper phthalocyanine and fullerene as the active materials. The photon absorption can be enhanced by immobilization of surfactant-stabilized Au NPs on a self-assembled monolayer-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode, and thus, the photocurrent as well as the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of these OPVs can be improved. Varying the density of the immobilized Au NPs in the devices provided no significant variation in the charge mobility but it did enhance the photocurrent. In addition, device simulation results demonstrated that the improvement in photocurrent was due to the enhancement of light absorption and the increase in charge separation, which was facilitated by the Au NPs. Overall, we attributed the improvement in PCE of OPVs to a localized surface plasmon resonance effect generated by the Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road Sec.4, Taipei-10607, Taiwan
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12
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Duan C, Zhang K, Zhong C, Huang F, Cao Y. Recent advances in water/alcohol-soluble π-conjugated materials: new materials and growing applications in solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9071-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chhatre S, Agarkar S, Dhas V, Nagane S, Thakare V, Ogale S, Wadgaonkar P. Carboxyl-modified conjugated polymer sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cells: significant efficiency enhancement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35643k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Sambur JB, Averill CM, Bradley C, Schuttlefield J, Lee SH, Reynolds JR, Schanze KS, Parkinson BA. Interfacial morphology and photoelectrochemistry of conjugated polyelectrolytes adsorbed on single crystal TiO2. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11906-11916. [PMID: 21851121 DOI: 10.1021/la201837v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale morphology and photoactivity of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) deposited from different solvents onto single crystal TiO(2) were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photocurrent spectroscopy. CPE surface coverages on TiO(2) could be incremenentally increased by adsorbing the CPEs from static solutions. The solvents used for polymer adsorption influenced the surface morpohology of the CPEs on the TiO(2) surface. Photocurrent spectroscopy measurements in aqueous electrolytes, using iodide as a hole scavenger, revealed that the magnitude of the sensitized photocurrents was related to the surface coverages and the degree of aggregation of the CPEs as determined by AFM imaging. Absorbed photon-to-current efficiencies approaching 50% were measured for CPE layers as thick as 4 nm on TiO(2). These results suggest that precise control of CPE morphology at the TiO(2) interface can be achieved through optimization of the deposition conditions to improve the power conversion efficiencies of polymer-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Sambur
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Krüger RA, Gordon TJ, Baumgartner T, Sutherland TC. End-group functionalization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) as an efficient route to photosensitize nanocrystalline TiO2 films for photovoltaic applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2031-2041. [PMID: 21563756 DOI: 10.1021/am200262w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have seen increased popularity over recent years and each technology has experienced tremendous improvements in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), reaching 8 and 12%, respectively. The two technologies have been on independent improvement pathways, and this work establishes a link between them by using the archetypical hole conductor (poly-3-hexylthiophene, P3HT) in BHJs as a sensitizer on TiO(2) for DSSC applications. Three polymers were synthesized and examined as potential TiO(2) sensitizers in DSSCs under AM1.5 solar radiation. Using Grignard metathesis, regioregular P3HT was synthesized then functionalized with either one or two cyanoacrylic acid linker moieties to bind to the TiO(2) surface. End-group modification resulted in minimal changes to the optical and electronic properties as compared to pristine P3HT. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments at anodic potentials of adsorbed sensitizer quantified the amount of alkylthiophene adsorbed on the TiO(2), whereas under reductive sweeps, cyanoacrylic acid end-group binding was determined. CVs of each polymer indicated that loading was drastically different as compared to pristine P3HT with the lowest loading on TiO(2) and monofunctionalized P3HT exhibited the highest loading. The DSSCs showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 0.1%, 0.2 and 2.2% for the polymer-sensitized TiO(2) of the unfunctionalized, monofunctionalized and difunctionalized polymers, respectively. DSSCs were then subjected to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the dark and under monochromatic light radiation. The large variance in performance for the functionalized-P3HT sensitizers is attributed to differences in the adsorption modes of sensitizer on the TiO(2) surface, which in the difunctionalized case limits electrolyte recombination and favors forward charge transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Krüger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Bricaud Q, Fabre RM, Brookins RN, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. Energy transfer between conjugated polyelectrolytes in layer-by-layer assembled films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5021-5028. [PMID: 21446678 DOI: 10.1021/la105113k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two emissive conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) in layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled films as a means of examining their organization and architecture. The two CPEs are a carboxylic acid functionalized polyfluorene (PFl-CO(2)) and thienylene linked poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE-Th-CO(2)). The PFl-CO(2) presents a maximum emission at 418 nm, while the PPE-Th-CO(2) has an absorption λ(max) centered at 431 nm, in sufficient proximity for effective FRET. Several LbL films have been constructed using varied concentrations of the deposition solutions and identity of the buffer layers separating the two emissive layers, using a system of either weak polyelectrolytes, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)/poly(sodium methacrylate) (PMA), or strong polyelectrolytes, poly(diallylammonium chloride) (PDDA)/poly(styrene sulfonate) sodium (PSS). The efficiency of FRET has been monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy. Initially, the fluorescence of the PFl-CO(2) (E(g) ∼ 3.0 eV), which emits at 420 nm, is quenched by the lower band gap PPE-Th-CO(2) (E(g) ∼ 2.5 eV). For films using the PAH/PMA system as buffer bilayers and deposited from 1 mM solutions, the PFl-CO(2) fluorescence is progressively recovered as the number of intervening buffer bilayers is increased. Ellipsometry measurements indicate that energy transfer between the two emissive layers is efficient to a distance of ca. 7 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bricaud
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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Fang Z, Eshbaugh AA, Schanze KS. Low-Bandgap Donor−Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3063-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja109926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Aaron A. Eshbaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Chen Q, Cui Y, Cao J, Han BH. Water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte with pendant glycocluster: Synthesis and its interaction with heparin. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Saji VS, Zong K, Pyo M. NIR-absorbing poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid) as a polymer dye for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Jiang H, Taranekar P, Reynolds JR, Schanze KS. Conjugated polyelectrolytes: synthesis, photophysics, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4300-16. [PMID: 19444838 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organic optoelectronic polymers have evolved to the point where fine structural control of the conjugated main chain, coupled with solubilizing and property-modifying pendant substituents, provides an entirely new class of materials. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) provide a unique set of properties, including water solubility and processability, main-chain-controlled exciton and charge transport, variable band gap light absorption and fluorescence, ionic interactions, and aggregation phenomena. These characteristics allow these materials to be considered for use in applications ranging from light-emitting diodes and electrochromic color-changing displays, to photovoltaic devices and photodetectors, along with chemical and biological sensors. This Review describes the evolution of CPE structures from simple polymers to complex materials, describes numerous photophysical aspects, including amplified quenching in macromolecules and aggregates, and illustrates how the physical and electronic properties lead to useful applications in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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Chen Q, Cheng QY, Zhao YC, Han BH. Glucosamine Hydrochloride Functionalized Water-Soluble Conjugated Polyfluorene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Interactions with DNA. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:1651-5. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Corbitt TS, Ding L, Ji E, Ista LK, Ogawa K, Lopez GP, Schanze KS, Whitten DG. Light and dark biocidal activity of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:998-1005. [PMID: 19582276 DOI: 10.1039/b902646k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report a study of cationic poly(arylene ethynylene) conjugated polyelectrolytes. The objective of the study was to compare the behavior of a polymer where a thiophene has replaced a phenyl ring in poly(phenylene ethynylene) polycations (PPE) previously investigated. Properties of solution phase and physisorbed suspensions of the polymer on microspheres were investigated. The photophysical properties of the polymer are evaluated and used to understand the striking differences in biocidal activity compared to the PPE polymers previously examined. The principal findings are that the thiophene polymer has remarkable dark biocidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 but very little light-activated activity. The low light-activated biocidal activity of the thiophene polymer is attributed to a highly aggregated state of the polymer in aqueous solutions and on microspheres as a physisorbed coating. This results in low triplet yields and a very poor sensitization of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The highly effective dark biocidal activity of the thiophene-containing polymers is attributed to its high lipophilicity and the presence of accessible quaternary ammonium groups. The difference in behavior among the polymers compared provides insights into the mechanism of the dark process and indicates that aggregation of polymer can reduce light activated biocidal activity by suppressing singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Corbitt
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Jiang H, Taranekar P, Reynolds J, Schanze K. Konjugierte Polyelektrolyte: Synthese, Photophysik und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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