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Gonzalez Solveyra E, Perez Sirkin YA, Tagliazucchi M, Szleifer I. Orientational Pathways during Protein Translocation through Polymer-Modified Nanopores. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10427-10438. [PMID: 38556978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein translocation through nanopores holds significant promise for applications in biotechnology, biomolecular analysis, and medicine. However, the interpretation of signals generated by the translocation of the protein remains challenging. In this way, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding on how macromolecules translocate through a nanopore and to identify what are the critical parameters that govern the process. In this study, we investigate the interplay between protein charge regulation, orientation, and nanopore surface modifications using a theoretical framework that allows us to explicitly take into account the acid-base reactions of the titrable amino acids in the proteins and in the polyelectrolytes grafted to the nanopore surface. Our goal is to thoroughly characterize the translocation process of different proteins (GFP, β-lactoglobulin, lysozyme, and RNase) through nanopores modified with weak polyacids. Our calculations show that the charge regulation mechanism exerts a profound effect on the translocation process. The pH-dependent interactions between proteins and charged polymers within the nanopore lead to diverse free energy landscapes with barriers, wells, and flat regions dictating translocation efficiency. Comparison of different proteins allows us to identify the significance of protein isoelectric point, size, and morphology in the translocation behavior. Taking advantage of these insights, we propose pH-responsive nanopores that can load proteins at one pH and release them at another, offering opportunities for controlled protein delivery, separation, and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Gonzalez Solveyra
- Instituto de Nanosistemas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín-CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires B1650, Argentina
| | - Yamila A Perez Sirkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física y CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE). Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Tagliazucchi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física y CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química de los Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE). Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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2
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The application of conventional or magnetic materials to support immobilization of amylolytic enzymes for batch and continuous operation of starch hydrolysis processes. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the production of ethanol, starches are converted into reducing sugars by liquefaction and saccharification processes, which mainly use soluble amylases. These processes are considered wasteful operations as operations to recover the enzymes are not practical economically so immobilizations of amylases to perform both processes appear to be a promising way to obtain more stable and reusable enzymes, to lower costs of enzymatic conversions, and to reduce enzymes degradation/contamination. Although many reviews on enzyme immobilizations are found, they only discuss immobilizations of α-amylase immobilizations on nanoparticles, but other amylases and support types are not well informed or poorly stated. As the knowledge of the developed supports for most amylase immobilizations being used in starch hydrolysis is important, a review describing about their preparations, characteristics, and applications is herewith presented. Based on the results, two major groups were discovered in the last 20 years, which include conventional and magnetic-based supports. Furthermore, several strategies for preparation and immobilization processes, which are more advanced than the previous generation, were also revealed. Although most of the starch hydrolysis processes were conducted in batches, opportunities to develop continuous reactors are offered. However, the continuous operations are difficult to be employed by magnetic-based amylases.
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Alberti S, Piccinini E, Ramirez PG, Longo GS, Ceolín M, Azzaroni O. Mesoporous thin films on graphene FETs: nanofiltered, amplified and extended field-effect sensing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19098-19108. [PMID: 34761778 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ionic screening and the response of non-specific molecules are great challenges of biosensors based on field-effect transistors (FETs). In this work, we report the construction of graphene based transistors modified with mesoporous silica thin films (MTF-GFETs) and the unique (bio)sensing properties that arise from their synergy. The developed method allows the preparation of mesoporous thin films free of fissures, with an easily tunable thickness, and prepared on graphene-surfaces, preserving their electronic properties. The MTF-GFETs show good sensing capacity to small probes that diffuse inside the mesopores and reach the graphene semiconductor channel such as H+, OH-, dopamine and H2O2. Interestingly, MTF-GFETs display a greater electrostatic gating response in terms of amplitude and sensing range compared to bare-GFETs for charged macromolecules that infiltrate the pores. For example, for polyelectrolytes and proteins of low MW, the amplitude increases almost 100% and the sensing range extends more than one order of magnitude. Moreover, these devices show a size-excluded electrostatic gating response given by the pore size. These features are even displayed at physiological ionic strength. Finally, a developed thermodynamic model evidences that the amplification and extended field-effect properties arise from the decrease of free ions inside the MTFs due to the entropy loss of confining ions in the mesopores. Our results demonstrate that the synergistic coupling of mesoporous films with FETs leads to nanofiltered, amplified and extended field-effect sensing (NAExFES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Alberti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Esteban Piccinini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Pedro G Ramirez
- Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (IMASL), UNSL-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Gabriel S Longo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Ceolín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA) - Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, Suc. 4, CC 16, La Plata, Argentina.
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4
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Sartori B, Amenitsch H, Marmiroli B. Functionalized Mesoporous Thin Films for Biotechnology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:740. [PMID: 34202530 PMCID: PMC8304103 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous materials bear great potential for biotechnological applications due to their biocompatibility and versatility. Their high surface area and pore interconnection allow the immobilization of molecules and their subsequent controlled delivery. Modifications of the mesoporous material with the addition of different chemical species, make them particularly suitable for the production of bioactive coatings. Functionalized thin films of mesoporous silica and titania can be used as scaffolds with properties as diverse as promotion of cell growth, inhibition of biofilms formation, or development of sensors based on immobilized enzymes. The possibility to pattern them increase their appeal as they can be incorporated into devices and can be tailored both with respect to architecture and functionalization. In fact, selective surface manipulation is the ground for the fabrication of advanced micro devices that combine standard micro/nanofluids with functional materials. In this review, we will present the advantages of the functionalization of silica and titania mesoporous materials deposited in thin film. Different functional groups used to modify their properties will be summarized, as well as functionalization methods and some examples of applications of modified materials, thus giving an overview of the essential role of functionalization to improve the performance of such innovative materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benedetta Marmiroli
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (B.S.); (H.A.)
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Ishizaki Y, Yamamoto S, Miyashita T, Mitsuishi M. pH-Responsive Ultrathin Nanoporous SiO 2 Films for Selective Ion Permeation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5627-5634. [PMID: 33900779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin nanoporous (NP) films are an emerging field for selective and effective ion/molecular separation and electrochemical sensing applications. We describe selective ion permeation in surface-functionalized ultrathin NP SiO2 films (NP SiO2-NH2). The ultrathin NP SiO2 films with ca. 8 nm thickness were prepared from silsesquioxane-containing blend polymer Langmuir-Blodgett films (nanosheets) using the photo-oxidation method. The porous SiO2 surface was modified with a pH-responsive amine-containing silane coupling agent. Selective ion permeation was demonstrated under acidic pH conditions (pH ≤ 6) using two equally sized redox probes: negative (Fe(CN)63-/4-) and positive (Ru(NH3)62+/3+) ions. The current density for Fe(CN)63-/4- decreased as the pH value increased to pH = 6, whereas it increased for Ru(NH3)62+/3+. Control measurements revealed that the probes can penetrate the pores of nonfunctionalized SiO2 films irrespective of pH values, indicating that both the size and the surface charge response contributed to selective ion permeation. Results obtained from this study pave the way for new applications in molecular separation and sensing applications based on ultrathin nanoporous films (<10 nm) and tailored surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tokuji Miyashita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Bhavaniramya S, Vanajothi R, Vishnupriya S, Premkumar K, Al-Aboody MS, Vijayakumar R, Baskaran D. Enzyme Immobilization on Nanomaterials for Biosensor and Biocatalyst in Food and Biomedical Industry. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2661-2676. [PMID: 31309885 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190712181403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes exhibit a great catalytic activity for several physiological processes. Utilization of immobilized enzymes has a great potential in several food industries due to their excellent functional properties, simple processing and cost effectiveness during the past decades. Though they have several applications, they still exhibit some challenges. To overcome the challenges, nanoparticles with their unique physicochemical properties act as very attractive carriers for enzyme immobilization. The enzyme immobilization method is not only widely used in the food industry but is also a component methodology in the pharmaceutical industry. Compared to the free enzymes, immobilized forms are more robust and resistant to environmental changes. In this method, the mobility of enzymes is artificially restricted to changing their structure and properties. Due to their sensitive nature, the classical immobilization methods are still limited as a result of the reduction of enzyme activity. In order to improve the enzyme activity and their properties, nanomaterials are used as a carrier for enzyme immobilization. Recently, much attention has been directed towards the research on the potentiality of the immobilized enzymes in the food industry. Hence, the present review emphasizes the different types of immobilization methods that is presently used in the food industry and other applications. Various types of nanomaterials such as nanofibers, nanoflowers and magnetic nanoparticles are significantly used as a support material in the immobilization methods. However, several numbers of immobilized enzymes are used in the food industries to improve the processing methods which not only reduce the production cost but also the effluents from the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaresan Bhavaniramya
- College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Chennai-600052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramar Vanajothi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraju Vishnupriya
- College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Chennai-600052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Trichy-620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad S Al-Aboody
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmar Baskaran
- College of Food and Dairy Technology, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University, Chennai-600052, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sharifi M, Karim AY, Mustafa Qadir Nanakali N, Salihi A, Aziz FM, Hong J, Khan RH, Saboury AA, Hasan A, Abou-Zied OK, Falahati M. Strategies of enzyme immobilization on nanomatrix supports and their intracellular delivery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2746-2762. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1643787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Department of Nanotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdulkarim Yasin Karim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Research Center, Knowledge University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nadir Mustafa Qadir Nanakali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Cihan University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Falah Mohammad Aziz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Jun Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, China
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Inistitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Biothermodynamics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Osama K. Abou-Zied
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science,Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Department of Nanotechnology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Boubeta FM, Soler-Illia GJAA, Tagliazucchi M. Electrostatically Driven Protein Adsorption: Charge Patches versus Charge Regulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15727-15738. [PMID: 30451508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of electrostatically driven adsorption of proteins on charged surfaces are studied with a new theoretical framework. The acid-base behavior, charge distribution, and electrostatic contributions to the thermodynamic properties of the proteins are modeled in the presence of a charged surface. The method is validated against experimental titration curves and apparent p Kas. The theory predicts that electrostatic interactions favor the adsorption of proteins at their isoelectric points on charged surfaces despite the fact that the protein has no net charge in solution. Two known mechanisms explain adsorption under these conditions: (i) charge regulation (the charge of the protein changes due to the presence of the surface) and (ii) charge patches (the protein orients to place charged amino acids near opposite surface charges). This work shows that both mechanisms contribute to adsorption at low ionic strengths, whereas only the charge-patch mechanism operates at high ionic strength. Interestingly, the contribution of charge regulation is insensitive to protein orientation under all conditions, which validates the use of constant-charge simulations to determine the most stable orientation of adsorbed proteins. The present study also shows that the charged surface can induce large shifts in the apparent p Kas of individual amino acids in adsorbed proteins. Our conclusions are valid for all proteins studied in this work (lysozyme, α-amylase, ribonuclease A, and β-lactoglobulin), as well as for proteins that are not isoelectric but have instead a net charge in solution of the same sign as the surface charge, i.e. the problem of protein adsorption on the "wrong side" of the isoelectric point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G J A A Soler-Illia
- Instituto de Nanosistemas , Universidad Nacional de General San Martín , Avenida 25 de Mayo y Francia , 1650 San Martín , Argentina
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9
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Ding C, Yan Z, Ren J, Qu X. Autonomous and Continuous Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Surface for Antibacterial Application through Enzymatic Self-Propagating Reactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:14883-14888. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 P.R. China
| | - Zhengqing Yan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun, Jilin 130022 P.R. China
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10
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Mesoporous metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors detect intra-porous fluid changes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Du L, Huang M, Feng JX. Immobilization of α-amylase on eggshell membrane and Ag-nanoparticle-decorated eggshell membrane for the biotransformation of starch. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Meiying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Technology; Guangxi University; Nanning, Guangxi P. R. China
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12
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Ghazaryan L, Kley EB, Tünnermann A, Szeghalmi A. Nanoporous SiO2 thin films made by atomic layer deposition and atomic etching. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:255603. [PMID: 27176497 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/25/255603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new route to prepare nanoporous SiO2 films by mixing atomic-layer-deposited alumina and silica in an Å-scale is presented. The selective removal of Al2O3 from the composites using wet chemical etching with phosphoric acid resulted in nanoporous thin SiO2 layers. A diffusion-controlled dissolution mechanism is identified whereby an interesting reorganization of the residual SiO2 is observed. The atomic scale oxide mixing is decisive in attaining and tailoring the film porosity. The porosity and the refractive index of nanoporous silica films were tailored from 9% to 69% and from 1.40 to 1.13, respectively. The nanoporous silica was successfully employed as antireflection coatings and as diffusion membranes to encapsulate nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Ghazaryan
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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13
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Akhond M, Pashangeh K, Karbalaei-Heidari HR, Absalan G. Efficient Immobilization of Porcine Pancreatic α-Amylase on Amino-Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles: Characterization and Stability Evaluation of the Immobilized Enzyme. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:954-968. [PMID: 27240662 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the modified magnetic nanoparticles for covalent immobilization of porcine pancreatic α-amylase has been investigated. The synthesis and immobilization processes were simple and fast. The co-precipitation method was used for synthesis of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) which were subsequently coated with silica through sol-gel reaction. The amino-functionalized NPs were prepared by treating silica-coated NPs with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane followed by covalent immobilization of α-amylase by glutaraldehyde. The optimum enzyme concentration and incubation time for immobilization reaction were 150 mg and 4 h, respectively. Upon this immobilization, the α-amylase retained more than 50 % of its initial specific activity. The optimum pH for maximal catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was 6.5 at 45 °C. The kinetic studies on the immobilized enzyme and its free counterpart revealed an acceptable change of Km and Vmax. The Km values were found as 4 and 2.5 mM for free and immobilized enzymes, respectively. The Vmax values for the free and immobilized enzymes were calculated as 1.75 and 1.03 μmol mg-1 min-1, in order, when starch was used as the substrate. A quick separation of immobilized amylase from reaction mixture was achieved when a magnetically active support was applied. In comparison to the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme was thermally stable and was reusable for 9 cycles while retaining 68 % of its initial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akhond
- Professor Massoumi Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Kh Pashangeh
- Professor Massoumi Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | | | - G Absalan
- Professor Massoumi Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
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Existence of hydroxylated MWCNTs demotes the catalysis effect of amylases against starch degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:250-61. [PMID: 26812109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Jiang M, Li S, Shi X, Gao T, Liu Z, Zhou G. Controllable morphology transition from vesicular to worm-like to vesicular multilamellar mesoporous silica induced by β-cyclodextrin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13259f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological changes of mesoporous silica from vesicular to worm-like to vesicular multilamellar were induced by adding appropriate amounts of β-CD to mixed CTAB/DDAB surfactant aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Shichao Li
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals in Universities of Shandong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Qilu University of Technology
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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16
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17
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Bosio VE, Islan GA, Martínez YN, Durán N, Castro GR. Nanodevices for the immobilization of therapeutic enzymes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:447-64. [PMID: 25641329 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.990414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes are one of the most promising applications of this century in the field of pharmaceutics. Biocatalyst properties can be improved by enzyme immobilization on nano-objects, thereby increasing stability and reusability and also enhancing the targeting to specific tissues and cells. Therapeutic biocatalyst-nanodevice complexes will provide new tools for the diagnosis and treatment of old and newly emerging pathologies. Among the advantages of this approach are the wide span and diverse range of possible materials and biocatalysts that promise to make the matrix-enzyme combination a unique modality for therapeutic delivery. This review focuses on the most significant techniques and nanomaterials used for enzyme immobilization such as metallic superparamagnetic, silica, and polymeric and single-enzyme nanoparticles. Finally, a review of the application of these nanodevices to different pathologies and modes of administration is presented. In short, since therapeutic enzymes constitute a highly promising alternative for treating a variety of pathologies more effectively, this review is aimed at providing the comprehensive summary needed to understand and improve this burgeoning area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria E Bosio
- a Nanobiomaterials Laboratory , Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Germán A Islan
- a Nanobiomaterials Laboratory , Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Yanina N Martínez
- a Nanobiomaterials Laboratory , Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
| | - Nelson Durán
- b Center of Natural and Human Science, Universidade Federal do ABC , Santo André , SP , Brazil , and.,c Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry, Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- a Nanobiomaterials Laboratory , Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata , Argentina
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Chloride Activated Halophilic α-Amylase from Marinobacter sp. EMB8: Production Optimization and Nanoimmobilization for Efficient Starch Hydrolysis. Enzyme Res 2015; 2015:859485. [PMID: 25667773 PMCID: PMC4312637 DOI: 10.1155/2015/859485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophiles have been perceived as potential source of novel enzymes in recent years. The interest emanates from their ability to catalyze efficiently under high salt and organic solvents. Present work encompasses production optimization and nanoimmobilization of an α-amylase from moderately halophilic Marinobacter sp. EMB8. Media ingredients and culture conditions were optimized by “one-at-a-time approach.” Starch was found to be the best carbon source at 5% (w/v) concentration. Glucose acted as catabolic repressor for amylase production. Salt proved critical for amylase production and maximum production was attained at 5% (w/v) NaCl. Optimization of various culture parameters resulted in 48.0 IU/mL amylase production, a 12-fold increase over that of unoptimized condition (4.0 IU/mL). α-Amylase was immobilized on 3-aminopropyl functionalized silica nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Optimization of various parameters resulted in 96% immobilization efficiency. Starch hydrolyzing efficiency of immobilized enzyme was comparatively better. Immobilized α-amylase retained 75% of its activity after 5th cycle of repeated use.
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Bellino MG, Soler-Illia GJAA. Nano-designed enzyme-functionalized hierarchical metal-oxide mesoporous thin films: en route to versatile biofuel cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2834-2743. [PMID: 24643955 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A versatile bioelectronic system is presented, based on Ag nanoparticle assemblies embedded into hierarchically mesoporous titania thin films on which electroactive enzymes are simply immobilized by a fast adsorption process. This strategy enables straightforward, cost effective, high-performance, thin-film enzymatic fuel cell technology with foreseeable applications in self-powered microfluidic and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín G Bellino
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Gral. Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650KNA, Argentina
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Kato K, Nakamura H, Yamauchi Y, Nakanishi K, Tomita M. Preparation of mesoporous silica thin films by photocalcination method and their adsorption abilities for various proteins. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 40:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deshapriya IK, Kim CS, Novak MJ, Kumar CV. Biofunctionalization of α-zirconium phosphate nanosheets: toward rational control of enzyme loading, affinities, activities and structure retention. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:9643-9653. [PMID: 24853777 DOI: 10.1021/am502070w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the properties of enzymes bound to solid surfaces in a rational manner is a grand challenge. Here we show that preadsorption of cationized bovine serum albumin (cBSA) to α-Zr(IV) phosphate (α-ZrP) nanosheets promotes enzyme binding in a predictable manner, and surprisingly, the enzyme binding is linearly proportional to the number of residues present in the enzyme or its volume, providing a powerful, new predictable tool. The cBSA loaded α-ZrP (denoted as bZrP) was tested for the binding of pepsin, glucose oxidase (GOX), tyrosinase, catalase, myoglobin and laccase where the number of residues increased from the lowest value of ∼153 to the highest value of 2024. Loading depended linearly on the number of residues, rather than enzyme charge or its isoelectric point. No such correlation was seen for the binding of these enzymes to α-ZrP nanosheets without the preadsorption of cBSA, under similar conditions of pH and buffer. Enzyme binding to bZrP was supported by centrifugation studies, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. All the bound enzymes retained their secondary structure and the extent of structure retention depended directly on the amount of cBSA preadsorbed on α-ZrP, prior to enzyme loading. Except for tyrosinase, all enzyme/bZrP biocatalysts retained their enzymatic activities nearly 90-100%, and biofunctionalization enhanced the loading, improved structure retention and supported higher enzymatic activities. This approach of using a chemically modified protein to serve as a glue, with a predictable affinity/loading of the enzymes, could be useful to rationally control enzyme binding for applications in advanced biocatalysis and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inoka K Deshapriya
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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23
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Pineda-Vásquez TG, Casas-Botero AE, Ramírez-Carmona ME, Torres-Taborda MM, Soares CHL, Hotza D. Biogeneration of Silica Nanoparticles from Rice Husk Ash Using Fusarium oxysporum in Two Different Growth Media. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404318w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana G. Pineda-Vásquez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University (UPB), Circular
1 #70-01, Medellin, Colombia
- Department
of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana E. Casas-Botero
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University (UPB), Circular
1 #70-01, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Margarita E. Ramírez-Carmona
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University (UPB), Circular
1 #70-01, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Mabel M. Torres-Taborda
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Bolivarian University (UPB), Circular
1 #70-01, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos H. L. Soares
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Dachamir Hotza
- Department
of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
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Frančič N, Bellino MG, Soler-Illia GJAA, Lobnik A. Mesoporous titania thin films as efficient enzyme carriers for paraoxon determination/detoxification: effects of enzyme binding and pore hierarchy on the biocatalyst activity and reusability. Analyst 2014; 139:3127-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00152d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Immobilization of α-amylase on gum acacia stabilized magnetite nanoparticles, an easily recoverable and reusable support. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Fluorescent hybrid assembled with Rhodamine B entrapped in hierarchical vesicular mesoporous silica. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Temoçin Z. Immobilization ofα-amylase on reactive modified fiber and its application for continuous starch hydrolysis in a packed bed bioreactor. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zülfikar Temoçin
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Kırıkkale University; Yahşihan Kırıkkale Turkey
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28
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Franssen MCR, Steunenberg P, Scott EL, Zuilhof H, Sanders JPM. Immobilised enzymes in biorenewables production. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6491-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Innocenzi P, Malfatti L. Mesoporous thin films: properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4198-216. [PMID: 23396534 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35377j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Plinio Innocenzi
- Laboratorio di Scienza dei Materiali e Nanotecnologie (LMNT), D.A.D.U., CR-INSTM, Università di Sassari, Palazzo Pou Salid, Piazza Duomo 6, 07041 Alghero (SS), Italy.
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30
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Zhou Z, Hartmann M. Recent Progress in Biocatalysis with Enzymes Immobilized on Mesoporous Hosts. Top Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-012-9905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Balkus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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Brunsen A, Calvo A, Williams FJ, Soler-Illia GJAA, Azzaroni O. Manipulation of molecular transport into mesoporous silica thin films by the infiltration of polyelectrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4328-4333. [PMID: 21425821 DOI: 10.1021/la200501h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The design of hybrid mesoporous materials incorporating polymeric assemblies as versatile functional units has become a very fertile research area offering major opportunities for controlling molecular transport through interfaces. However, the creation of such functional materials depends critically on our ability to assemble polymeric units in a predictable manner within mesopores with dimensions comparable to the size of the macromolecular blocks themselves. In this work, we describe for the first time the manipulation of the molecular transport properties of mesoporous silica thin films by the direct infiltration of polyelectrolytes into the inner environment of the 3D porous framework. The hybrid architectures were built up through the infiltration-electrostatic assembly of polyallylamine (PAH) on the mesopore silica walls, and the resulting systems were studied by a combination of experimental techniques including ellipso-porosimetry, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, among others. Our results show that the infiltration-assembly of PAH alters the intrinsic cation-permselective properties of mesoporous silica films, rendering them ion-permeable mesochannels and enabling the unrestricted diffusion of cationic and anionic species through the hybrid interfacial architecture. Contrary to what happens during the electrostatic assembly of PAH on planar silica films (quantitative charge reversal), the surface charge of the mesoporous walls is completely neutralized upon assembling the cationic PAH layer (i.e., no charge reversal occurs). We consider this work to have profound implications not only on the molecular design of multifunctional mesoporous thin films but also on understanding the predominant role of nanoconfinement effects in dictating the functional properties of polymer-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brunsen
- Gerencia de Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Argentina
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Drisko GL, Wang X, Caruso RA. Strong silica monoliths with large mesopores prepared using agarose gel templates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2124-2127. [PMID: 21284397 DOI: 10.1021/la104738p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica pellets with controllable shape and pore size were prepared using agarose gel templates. Robust (compressive strength of 3.3-25.1 MPa), crack-free silica monoliths have been produced with large mesopores (14-23 nm), high surface areas (410-540 m(2) g(-1)), and large pore volumes (1.1-1.2 cm(3) g(-1)). The synthesis was achieved by infusing preformed agarose gels with tetraethyl orthosilicate and the nonpolar condensation catalyst tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride. The infiltrated gels were transferred to water to initiate hydrolysis and condensation of the silica precursor. Fluoride catalyzed the gelation of silica in a matter of minutes; hence, the oxide maintained the shape of the agarose pellet. The mesopore size could be modified by altering the weight percent of agarose gel used. The method employed here is simple and reproducible. As these materials have such large mesopore dimensions, they could be used as hard templates or could be specifically functionalized for use in environmental remediation, as environmentally responsive materials, biocatalysts, or catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna L Drisko
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
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Yantasee W, Rutledge RD, Chouyyok W, Sukwarotwat V, Orr G, Warner CL, Warner MG, Fryxell GE, Wiacek RJ, Timchalk C, Addleman RS. Functionalized nanoporous silica for the removal of heavy metals from biological systems: adsorption and application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2749-58. [PMID: 20939537 PMCID: PMC3429124 DOI: 10.1021/am100616b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized nanoporous silica, often referred to as self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports (SAMMS), has previously demonstrated the ability to serve as very effective heavy metal sorbents in a range of aquatic and environmental systems, suggesting that they may be advantageously utilized for biomedical applications such as chelation therapy. Herein we evaluate surface chemistries for heavy metal capture from biological fluids, various facets of the materials' biocompatibility, and the suitability of these materials as potential therapeutics. Of the materials tested, thiol-functionalized SAMMS proved most capable of removing selected heavy metals from biological solutions (i.e., blood, urine, etc.) Consequentially, thiol-functionalized SAMMS was further analyzed to assess the material's performance under a number of different biologically relevant conditions (i.e., variable pH and ionic strength) to gauge any potentially negative effects resulting from interaction with the sorbent, such as cellular toxicity or the removal of essential minerals. Additionally, cellular uptake studies demonstrated no cell membrane permeation by the silica-based materials generally highlighting their ability to remain cellularly inert and thus nontoxic. The results show that organic ligand functionalized nanoporous silica could be a valuable material for a range of detoxification therapies and potentially other biomedical applications.
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Bellino MG, Tropper I, Duran H, Regazzoni AE, Soler-Illia GJAA. Polymerase-functionalized hierarchical mesoporous titania thin films: towards a nanoreactor platform for DNA amplification. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1221-1225. [PMID: 20461724 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín G Bellino
- Gerencia Química, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica Av. Gral. Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650KNA, Argentina.
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