1
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Zhang X, Wang X, Zhu L, Yu Y, Yang H, Zhang S, Hu Y, Huang S. Evolution of catalyst design for controlled synthesis of chiral single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6222-6238. [PMID: 38829610 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01227e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) possess superb properties originating from their unique chiral structures. However, accurately controlling the structure of SWCNTs remains challenging due to the structural similarities of their chiral structures, which hinders their widespread application in various fields, particularly in electronics. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to preparing single chiral SWCNTs by adopting three constructive strategies, including growth condition control for structurally unstable liquid catalysts, employing stable solid catalyst design, and pre-synthesis of carbon seeds with a well-defined shape. This review comprehensively discusses the state-of-the-art developments in these approaches as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, insights into the key challenges and future directions are provided for acquiring chirally pure SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Linxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Hongfeng Yang
- Beijing Auxin Chemical Technology Limited, Beijing 100040, P. R. China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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2
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Hedman D, McLean B, Bichara C, Maruyama S, Larsson JA, Ding F. Dynamics of growing carbon nanotube interfaces probed by machine learning-enabled molecular simulations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4076. [PMID: 38744824 PMCID: PMC11094095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hollow cylinders of carbon, hold great promise for advanced technologies, provided their structure remains uniform throughout their length. Their growth takes place at high temperatures across a tube-catalyst interface. Structural defects formed during growth alter CNT properties. These defects are believed to form and heal at the tube-catalyst interface but an understanding of these mechanisms at the atomic-level is lacking. Here we present DeepCNT-22, a machine learning force field (MLFF) to drive molecular dynamics simulations through which we unveil the mechanisms of CNT formation, from nucleation to growth including defect formation and healing. We find the tube-catalyst interface to be highly dynamic, with large fluctuations in the chiral structure of the CNT-edge. This does not support continuous spiral growth as a general mechanism, instead, at these growth conditions, the growing tube edge exhibits significant configurational entropy. We demonstrate that defects form stochastically at the tube-catalyst interface, but under low growth rates and high temperatures, these heal before becoming incorporated in the tube wall, allowing CNTs to grow defect-free to seemingly unlimited lengths. These insights, not readily available through experiments, demonstrate the remarkable power of MLFF-driven simulations and fill long-standing gaps in our understanding of CNT growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hedman
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ben McLean
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - J Andreas Larsson
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 971 87, Sweden.
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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3
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Yu A, Long W, Zhu L, Zhao Y, Peng P, Li FF. Transformation of postsynthesized F-MOF to Fe/N/F-tridoped carbon nanotubes as oxygen reduction catalysts for high power density Zn-air batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Ding LP, McLean B, Xu Z, Kong X, Hedman D, Qiu L, Page AJ, Ding F. Why Carbon Nanotubes Grow. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5606-5613. [PMID: 35297632 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite three decades of intense research efforts, the most fundamental question "why do carbon nanotubes grow?" remains unanswered. In fact, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) should not grow since the encapsulation of a catalyst with graphitic carbon is energetically more favorable than CNT growth in every aspect. Here, we answer this question using a theoretical model based on extensive first-principles and molecular dynamics calculations. We reveal a historically overlooked yet fundamental aspect of the CNT-catalyst interface, viz., that the interfacial energy of the CNT-catalyst edge is contact angle-dependent. The contact angle increases via graphitic cap lift-off, drastically decreasing the interfacial formation energy by up to 6-9 eV/nm, overcoming van der Waals cap-catalyst adhesion, and driving CNT growth. Mapping this remarkable and simple interplay allows us to understand, for the first time, why CNTs grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Optoelectronic Science & Technology, School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Ben McLean
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Hedman
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Alister J Page
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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5
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Campos-Cruz JR, Rangel-Vázquez NA, Zavala-Arce RE, Márquez-Brazon E. Polyurethane/single wall carbon nanotube/polymethylmethacrylate nanocomposite: PM3 semi-empirical method, Monte Carlo applied. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20220050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Zhang S, He C, Wang Y, Wang T, Du R, Qian J, Li P, Zhang J. Confined Fe Catalysts for High-Density SWNT Arrays Growth: a New Territory for Catalyst-Substrate Interaction Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103433. [PMID: 34558176 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been devoted to searching for efficient catalytic systems to produce ultra-high density single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) arrays, which lay the foundation for future electronic devices. However, one major obstacle for realizing high-density surface-aligned SWNT arrays is the poor stability of metal nanoparticles in chemical vapor deposition catalytic processes. Recently, Trojan catalyst has been reported to yield unprecedented high-density SWNT arrays with 130 SWNTs per µm on the a-plane (11-20) of the sapphire substrate. Herein, a concept of catalyst confinement effect is put forward to revealing the secret of remarkable growth efficiency of SWNT arrays by Trojan catalyst. Combined experimental and theoretical studies indicate that confinement of catalyst nanoparticles on discrete a-plane strips plays a key role in stabilizing the small nanoparticles. The highly dispersive and active states of catalysts are maintained, which promote the growth of super-dense SWNT arrays. By rationally designing the substrate reconstruction process, large areas of dense SWNT arrays (130 SWNTs per µm) covering the entire substrate are obtained. This approach may provide novel ideas for the synthesis of various high-density 1D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chao He
- School of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Taibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Ran Du
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, School of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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7
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Fukuhara S, Shibuta Y. Free energy surface of initial cap formation in carbon nanotube growth. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6191-6196. [PMID: 36133938 PMCID: PMC9417703 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Initial cap formation is an important process of carbon nanotube (CNT) growth where a hexagonal carbon network is lifted off from the catalyst surface. In this study, free energy surface (FES) of initial cap formation in the CNT growth is investigated by metadynamics simulation. A two-dimensional collective variable (CV) space is newly developed to examine the complicated formation process of the cap structure, which consists of the formation of a hexagonal carbon network and lift-off of the network from the catalyst surface. States before and after the lift-off of the carbon network are clearly distinguished in the two-dimensional FES. Therefore, free energy difference before and after the lift-off can be directly derived from the two-dimensional FES. It was revealed that the cap structure is stable at a high temperature due to the entropy effect, while the carbon network covering the catalyst surface is energetically stable. The new insight in this study is achieved owing to metadynamics simulation in conjunction with a newly developed two-dimensional CV space since it is impossible to explore FES for such complicated processes in the framework of conventional molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Fukuhara
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan +81-3-5841-7118
| | - Yasushi Shibuta
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan +81-3-5841-7118
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8
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Wang Y, Xiao J, Zhang T, Ouyang L, Yuan S. Single-Step Preparation of Ultrasmall Iron Oxide-Embedded Carbon Nanotubes on Carbon Cloth with Excellent Superhydrophilicity and Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45670-45678. [PMID: 34538050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposites consisting of carbon materials and metal oxides are generally preferred as anodes in electrochemical energy storage. However, their low capacitance limits the achieved energy density of supercapacitors (SCs) in aqueous electrolytes. Herein, we propose a rapid combustion strategy to construct a novel electrode architecture-ultrasmall Fe2O3 anchoring on carbon nanotubes (FeO-CNT)-as a superhydrophilic and flexible anode for SCs. In 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte, such an FeO-CNT-20 anode presents a high capacitance of 483.4 mF cm-2 (326 F g-1) at 1 mA cm-2. The aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor devices (ASCs) assembled by FeO-CNT-20 and MnO2 present a maximum operating potential of 2.0 V with a high areal energy density of 0.11 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 0.5 mW cm-2. The flexible solid-state ASCs display an energy density of 0.99 mWh cm-3 at 14.3 mW cm-3. The rapidly prepared FeO-CNT not only offers an attractive electrode for SCs but also would open up exciting new avenues to the rational design and large-scale preparation of Fe2O3-based nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Low-carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianfei Xiao
- Low-carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska 68182-0178, United States
| | - Like Ouyang
- Low-carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shaojun Yuan
- Low-carbon Technology & Chemical Reaction Engineering Lab, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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9
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Li R, Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li J. Graphitic Encapsulation and Electronic Shielding of Metal Nanoparticles to Achieve Metal-Carbon Interfacial Superlubricity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3397-3407. [PMID: 33410669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Presently, approaches to achieve superlubricity for diamond-like carbon (DLC) films rely heavily on the film deposition techniques and parameters, such as other nonmetallic element incorporation and structure optimization. In this work, we report a new feasible pathway to achieve superlubricity for DLC films, which is not dependent on the film preparation parameters but rather on the external effects, i.e., sliding interfacial addition of metal nanoparticles (Cu and Ni). The approach controls the structures of wear products by the introduction of metal nanoparticles and the subsequent effect of metal catalysts, to in situ form graphene-coated particles without impacting the overall performances of the films. Through detailed experimental investigations combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations, graphitic encapsulation and electronic shielding of metal nanoparticles are responsible for the dramatic changes at the frictional interface leading to metal-carbon interfacial superlubricity. We expect that the approach will enrich the understanding of the lubrication mechanism of DLC films and promote the DLC films' superlubricity toward applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiangong Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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10
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Ruan Z, Ran J, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang X, Shi J, Zhu L, Zhao S, Lin J. Controllable preparation of magnetic carbon nanocomposites by pyrolysis of organometallic precursors, similar molecular structure but very different morphology, composition and properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05699e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic compounds were synthesized for solid-state pyrolysis to research the structure–property relationship between the precursors and the as-generated magnetic carbon nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Jingwen Ran
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Xichao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Jie Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei 230009
- China
| | - Lihong Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Shengfang Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Junqi Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
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11
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He M, Zhang S, Zhang J. Horizontal Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Controlled Synthesis, Characterizations, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12592-12684. [PMID: 33064453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) emerge as a promising material to advance carbon nanoelectronics. However, synthesizing or assembling pure metallic/semiconducting SWNTs required for interconnects/integrated circuits, respectively, by a conventional chemical vapor deposition method or by an assembly technique remains challenging. Recent studies have shown significant scientific breakthroughs in controlled SWNT synthesis/assembly and applications in scaled field effect transistors, which are a critical component in functional nanodevices, thereby rendering the horizontal SWNT array an important candidate for innovating nanotechnology. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the controlled synthesis, surface assembly, characterization techniques, and potential applications of horizontally aligned SWNT arrays. This review begins with the discussion of synthesis of horizontally aligned SWNTs with regulated direction, density, structure, and theoretical models applied to understand the growth results. Several traditional procedures applied for assembling SWNTs on target surface are also briefly discussed. It then discusses the techniques adopted to characterize SWNTs, ranging from electron/probe microscopy to various optical spectroscopy methods. Prototype applications based on the horizontally aligned SWNTs, such as interconnects, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, and even computers, are subsequently described. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and a brief outlook of the future development in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Nishimura Y, Nakai H. Hierarchical parallelization of divide‐and‐conquer density functional tight‐binding molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1759-1772. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nishimura
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University Tokyo Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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13
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Yang F, Wang M, Zhang D, Yang J, Zheng M, Li Y. Chirality Pure Carbon Nanotubes: Growth, Sorting, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2693-2758. [PMID: 32039585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been attracting tremendous attention owing to their structure (chirality) dependent outstanding properties, which endow them with great potential in a wide range of applications. The preparation of chirality-pure SWCNTs is not only a great scientific challenge but also a crucial requirement for many high-end applications. As such, research activities in this area over the last two decades have been very extensive. In this review, we summarize recent achievements and accumulated knowledge thus far and discuss future developments and remaining challenges from three aspects: controlled growth, postsynthesis sorting, and characterization techniques. In the growth part, we focus on the mechanism of chirality-controlled growth and catalyst design. In the sorting part, we organize and analyze existing literature based on sorting targets rather than methods. Since chirality assignment and quantification is essential in the study of selective preparation, we also include in the last part a comprehensive description and discussion of characterization techniques for SWCNTs. It is our view that even though progress made in this area is impressive, more efforts are still needed to develop both methodologies for preparing ultrapure (e.g., >99.99%) SWCNTs in large quantity and nondestructive fast characterization techniques with high spatial resolution for various nanotube samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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14
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Lin D, Zhang S, Liu W, Yu Y, Zhang J. Carburization of Fe/Ni Catalyst for Efficient Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902240. [PMID: 31264772 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scale-up production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high quality and purity is in pursuit, since the subsequent post purification treatment of residual metal or amorphous carbon is complicated and restricts further applications. Here, a compatible method to efficiently synthesize pure SWNTs on various supporters by using the precarburized Fe/Ni catalysts is reported. The preparation of catalysts is achieved by gas phase deposition together with CO gas at proper temperature, and the carburization of metal particles occurring simultaneously contributes to the size limitation of catalysts. By using micro-quartz sand as a recyclable supporter, high-quality SWNTs with a yield of 50 mg h-1 are prepared with 60% metal precursor utilization, 81% carbon source utilization, and only 0.12% (m/m) metal residues. Taking advantage of carburized Fe/Ni catalysts and appropriate supports makes it possible to balance the quantity, purity, and quality among SWNTs growth. Furthermore, this method provides a straightforward pathway to strongly combine SWNTs and diverse composite materials for further potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewu Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Weiming Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Wang X, Ding F. How a Solid Catalyst Determines the Chirality of the Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Grown on It. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:735-741. [PMID: 30702891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a chirality selectivity up to 90% has been successfully achieved using solid catalysts ( Yang , F. Nature , 2014 , 510 , 522 ; Zhang , S. ; Nature , 2017 , 543 , 234 , etc.), the underlying mechanism that governs the chirality selection is far from clear. Here we propose a mechanism to understand how a solid catalyst particle determines the structure of the SWCNT grown on it. The mechanism has to satisfy three criteria: (i) thermodynamic selection of SWCNTs that possess a structural symmetry the same as that of the catalyst surface; (ii) kinetic elimination of the achiral SWCNTs with extremely low growth rates; (iii) rough control over the catalyst particle size leads to SWCNTs with only one or a few dominant chiralities. Besides the deep understanding on the mechanisms of experimentally synthesized (12, 6) and (8, 4) SWCNTs, the preference growth of other SWCNTs of the (2 n, n) family, such as the (10, 5) or (6, 3) SWCNTs, by using catalyst surface with a 5- or 3-fold symmetry is predicted. Such a simple three-criteria mechanism deepens our understanding of the selective growth of SWCNTs and provides a guideline for catalyst design for controlled SWCNT synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
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16
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Habib MR, Liang T, Yu X, Pi X, Liu Y, Xu M. A review of theoretical study of graphene chemical vapor deposition synthesis on metals: nucleation, growth, and the role of hydrogen and oxygen. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:036501. [PMID: 29355108 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa9bbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted intense research interest due to its extraordinary properties and great application potential. Various methods have been proposed for the synthesis of graphene, among which chemical vapor deposition has drawn a great deal of attention for synthesizing large-area and high-quality graphene. Theoretical understanding of the synthesis mechanism is crucial for optimizing the experimental design for desired graphene production. In this review, we discuss the three fundamental steps of graphene synthesis in details, i.e. (1) decomposition of carbon feedstocks and formation of various active carbon species, (2) nucleation, and (3) attachment and extension. We provide a complete scenario of graphene synthesis on metal surfaces at atomistic level by means of density functional theory, molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC) and their combination and interface with other simulation methods such as quantum mechanical molecular dynamics, density functional tight binding molecular dynamics, and combination of MD and MC. We also address the latest investigation of the influences of the hydrogen and oxygen on the synthesis and the quality of the synthesized graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rezwan Habib
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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17
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Xu Z, Qiu L, Ding F. The kinetics of chirality assignment in catalytic single-walled carbon nanotube growth and the routes towards selective growth. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3056-3061. [PMID: 29732090 PMCID: PMC5916013 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04714b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on its specific structure, or so-called chirality, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) can be either a conductor or a semiconductor. This feature ensures great potential for building ∼1 nm sized electronics if chirality-selected SWCNTs could be achieved. However, due to the limited understanding of the growth mechanism of SWCNTs, reliable methods for chirality-selected SWCNTs are still pending. Here we present a theoretical model on the chirality assignment and control of SWCNTs during the catalytic growth. This study reveals that the chirality of a SWCNT is determined by the kinetic incorporation of pentagons, especially the last (6th) one, during the nucleation stage. Our analysis showed that the chirality of a SWCNT is randomly assigned on a liquid or liquid-like catalyst surface, and two routes of synthesizing chirality-selected SWCNTs, which are verified by recent experimental achievements, are demonstrated. They are (i) by using high melting point crystalline catalysts, such as Ta, W, Re, Os, or their alloys, and (ii) by frequently changing the chirality of SWCNTs during their growth. This study paves the way for achieving chirality-selective SWCNT growth for high performance SWCNT based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong S.A.R. , China.,School of Materials Science & Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Lu Qiu
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919 , Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919 , Korea . .,Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong S.A.R. , China
| | - Feng Ding
- Centre for Multidimensional Carbon Materials , Institute for Basic Science , Ulsan 44919 , Korea.,School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919 , Korea . .,Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong S.A.R. , China
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18
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McLean B, Eveleens CA, Mitchell I, Webber GB, Page AJ. Catalytic CVD synthesis of boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials - synergies between experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26466-26494. [PMID: 28849841 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03835f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon and boron nitride nanomaterials - hexagonal boron nitride, graphene, boron nitride nanotubes and carbon nanotubes - remain at the forefront of advanced materials research. Catalytic chemical vapour deposition has become an invaluable technique for reliably and cost-effectively synthesising these materials. In this review, we will emphasise how a synergy between experimental and theoretical methods has enhanced the understanding and optimisation of this synthetic technique. This review examines recent advances in the application of CVD to synthesising boron nitride and carbon nanomaterials and highlights where, in many cases, molecular simulations and quantum chemistry have provided key insights complementary to experimental investigation. This synergy is particularly prominent in the field of carbon nanotube and graphene CVD synthesis, and we propose here it will be the key to future advances in optimisation of CVD synthesis of boron nitride nanomaterials, boron nitride - carbon composite materials, and other nanomaterials generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben McLean
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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19
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Artyukhov VI, Liu M, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. A jellium model of a catalyst particle in carbon nanotube growth. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:244701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4986949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilii I. Artyukhov
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Evgeni S. Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Boris I. Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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20
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Modeling the Growth of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:55. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Han L, Krstić P. A path for synthesis of boron-nitride nanostructures in volume of arc plasma. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:07LT01. [PMID: 28044998 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We find a possible channel for direct nanosynthesis of boron-nitride (BN) nanostructures, including growth of BN nanotubes from a mixture of BN diatomic molecules by quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations. No catalyst or boron nanoparticle is needed for this synthesis, however the conditions for the synthesis of each of the nanostructures, such as temperature and flux of the BN feedstock are identified and are compatible with the conditions in an electric arc at high pressure. We also find that BN nanostructures can be synthetized by feeding a boron nanoparticle by BN diatomic molecules, however if hydrogen rich molecules like NH3 or HBNH are used as a feedstock, two-dimensional nanoflake stable structures are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtao Han
- Institute for Advanced Computational Science and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5250, United States
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22
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Eveleens CA, Page AJ. Effect of ammonia on chemical vapour deposition and carbon nanotube nucleation mechanisms. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1727-1737. [PMID: 28091668 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr08222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth of carbon nanotubes is currently the most viable method for commercial-scale nanotube production. However, controlling the 'chirality', or helicity, of carbon nanotubes during CVD growth remains a challenge. Recent studies have shown that adding chemical 'etchants', such as ammonia and water, to the feedstock gas can alter the diameter and chirality of nanotubes produced with CVD. To date, this strategy for chirality control remains sub-optimal, since we have a poor understanding of how these etchants change the CVD and nucleation mechanisms. Here, we show how ammonia alters the mechanism of methane CVD and single-walled carbon nanotube nucleation on iron catalysts, using quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations reveal that ammonia is selectively activated by the catalyst, and this enables ammonia to play a dual role during methane CVD. Following activation, ammonia nitrogen removes carbon from the catalyst surface exclusively via the production of hydrogen (iso)cyanide, thus impeding the growth of extended carbon chains. Simultaneously, ammonia hydrogen passivates carbon dangling bonds, which impedes nanotube nucleation and promotes defect healing. Combined, these effects lead to slower, more controllable nucleation and growth kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clothilde A Eveleens
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
| | - Alister J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308 NSW, Australia.
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23
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Zhang R, Zhang Y, Wei F. Horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays: growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:3661-3715. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the growth mechanism, controlled synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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24
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Das R, Shahnavaz Z, Ali ME, Islam MM, Abd Hamid SB. Can We Optimize Arc Discharge and Laser Ablation for Well-Controlled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis? NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:510. [PMID: 27864819 PMCID: PMC5116021 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although many methods have been documented for carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis, still, we notice many arguments, criticisms, and appeals for its optimization and process control. Industrial grade CNT production is urgent such that invention of novel methods and engineering principles for large-scale synthesis are needed. Here, we comprehensively review arc discharge (AD) and laser ablation (LA) methods with highlighted features for CNT production. We also display the growth mechanisms of CNT with reasonable grassroots knowledge to make the synthesis more efficient. We postulate the latest developments in engineering carbon feedstock, catalysts, and temperature cum other minor reaction parameters to optimize the CNT yield with desired diameter and chirality. The rate limiting steps of AD and LA are highlighted because of their direct role in tuning the growth process. Future roadmap towards the exploration of CNT synthesis methods is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zohreh Shahnavaz
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md. Eaqub Ali
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Moinul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, 4331 Hathazari, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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25
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Barnard JS, Paukner C, Koziol KK. The role of carbon precursor on carbon nanotube chirality in floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17262-17270. [PMID: 27714047 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03895f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of different carbon precursors (methane, ethanol and toluene) on the type, diameter and chiral angle distributions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown with the floating catalyst technique in a horizontal gas-flow reactor. Using electron diffraction to study their atomic structures, we found that ethanol and toluene precursors gave high single-wall CNT yields (92% and 89% respectively), with narrow diameter distributions: 1.1 nm to 1.7 nm (ethanol); 1.3 nm to 2.1 nm (toluene), with a propensity for armchair-type chiral angles. In contrast, methane-grown CNTs gave high double-wall CNT yields (75%) with broader diameter populations: 1.2 to 4.6 nm (inner CNT) and 2.2 to 5.3 nm (outer CNT) with a more uniform spread of chiral angles, but weakly peaked around 15 to 20 degrees. These observations agree with known growth models. However, double-wall CNTs grown with toluene showed an unusually narrow interlayer spacing of 0.286 ± 0.003 nm with suggestions of large, 20° to 25°, differences between inner and outer CNT chiral angles. Methane gave a large interlayer spacing (0.385 ± 0.002 nm) with suggestions of small 5° to 10° inter-tube chirality correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Barnard
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - C Paukner
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - K K Koziol
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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26
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Jiao M, Song W, Qian HJ, Wang Y, Wu Z, Irle S, Morokuma K. QM/MD studies on graphene growth from small islands on the Ni(111) surface. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3067-3074. [PMID: 26785739 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07680c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations of graphene growth from small island precursors in different carbon nucleation densities on the Ni(111) surface at high temperatures have been conducted. The results indicate that small islands are not static, i.e. lateral diffusion and vertical fluctuation are frequently observed. In the case of low carbon nucleation density, carbon atoms or small carbon patches diffuse and attach to the edge of the nuclei to expand the size of the growing carbon network. The growth of graphene precursors is accompanied by the corresponding changes in the bonding of nickel atoms with the precipitation of subsurface carbon atoms. This is because the carbon-carbon interaction is stronger than the nickel-carbon interaction. In the case of high carbon nucleation densities, the dominant ripening mechanism depends on different growth stages. In the initial stage, the coalescence of carbon islands takes place via the Smoluchowski ripening mechanism. In the later stage the Smoluchowski ripening process is damped owing to the higher diffusion barrier of larger clusters and the restriction of movement by self-assembled nickel step edges. The cross-linking mechanism eventually takes over by the coalescence of extended polyyne chains between graphene islands. In either case, the Ostwald ripening process is not found in our molecular dynamics simulations due to the stability of carbon-carbon bonds within the islands. These investigations should be instructive to the control of graphene growth in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menggai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- Physics and Electronic Engineering Department, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Zhijian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Stephan Irle
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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27
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Page AJ, Saha S, Li HB, Irle S, Morokuma K. Quantum Chemical Simulation of Carbon Nanotube Nucleation on Al2O3 Catalysts via CH4 Chemical Vapor Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9281-8. [PMID: 26148208 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We present quantum chemical simulations demonstrating how single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) form, or "nucleate", on the surface of Al2O3 nanoparticles during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using CH4. SWCNT nucleation proceeds via the formation of extended polyyne chains that only interact with the catalyst surface at one or both ends. Consequently, SWCNT nucleation is not a surface-mediated process. We demonstrate that this unusual nucleation sequence is due to two factors. First, the π interaction between graphitic carbon and Al2O3 is extremely weak, such that graphitic carbon is expected to desorb at typical CVD temperatures. Second, hydrogen present at the catalyst surface actively passivates dangling carbon bonds, preventing a surface-mediated nucleation mechanism. The simulations reveal hydrogen's reactive chemical pathways during SWCNT nucleation and that the manner in which SWCNTs form on Al2O3 is fundamentally different from that observed using "traditional" transition metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alister J Page
- †Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Supriya Saha
- †Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Hai-Bei Li
- §School of Ocean, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Stephan Irle
- ∥Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- ‡Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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28
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Santos EJG, Nørskov JK, Harutyunyan AR, Abild-Pedersen F. Toward Controlled Growth of Helicity-Specific Carbon Nanotubes. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2232-2237. [PMID: 26266596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the nucleation of carbon nanotubes as well as their helicity, remain elusive. Here, using van der Waals dispersion force calculations implemented within density functional theory, we study the cap formation, believed to be responsible for the chirality of surface-catalyzed carbon nanotubes. We find the energetics associated with growth along different facets to be independent of the surface orientation and that the growth across an edge along the axis of the metal particle leads to a perfect honeycomb lattice in a curved geometry. The formation of defects in the graphene matrix, which bend the carbon plane, requires that two or more graphene embryos with significantly different growth axis merge. Such scenario is only possible at the front- or back-end of the metal particle where growth symmetry is broken. The graphene embryos reconstruct their hexagonal structure into pentagons, heptagons, and octagons counterpart to accommodate the tube curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton J G Santos
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, Room 129, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ‡SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- ∥School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
- ⊥School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, David Keir Building, Belfast BT9 5AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- †Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Shriram Center, Room 129, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- ‡SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Avetik R Harutyunyan
- §Honda Research Institute USA, Inc., 1381 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- ‡SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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29
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Xu Z, Yan T, Ding F. Atomistic simulation of the growth of defect-free carbon nanotubes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4704-4711. [PMID: 28717482 PMCID: PMC5500845 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00938c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomistic simulation of defect-free single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth is essential for the insightful understanding of the SWCNT's growth mechanism. Despite the extensive effort paid in the past two decades, the goal has not been completely achieved, due to the huge timescale discrepancy between atomistic simulation and the experimental synthesis of SWCNTs, as well as the lack of an accurate classical potential energy surface for large scale simulation. Here, we report atomistic simulations of defect-free SWCNT growth by using a new generation of carbon-metal potential and a hybrid method, in which a basin-hopping strategy is applied to facilitate the defect healing during the simulation. The simulations reveal a narrow diameter distribution and an even chiral angle distribution of the growth of SWCNTs from liquid catalyst, which is in agreement with most known experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , The People's Republic of China .
| | - Tianying Yan
- Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , The People's Republic of China .
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing , Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , The People's Republic of China .
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30
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Page AJ, Ding F, Irle S, Morokuma K. Insights into carbon nanotube and graphene formation mechanisms from molecular simulations: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2015; 78:036501. [PMID: 25746411 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/78/3/036501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene over the last two decades has heralded a new era in physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. During this time, intense efforts have been made towards understanding the atomic-scale mechanisms by which these remarkable nanostructures grow. Molecular simulations have made significant contributions in this regard; indeed, they are responsible for many of the key discoveries and advancements towards this goal. Here we review molecular simulations of CNT and graphene growth, and in doing so we highlight the many invaluable insights gained from molecular simulations into these complex nanoscale self-assembly processes. This review highlights an often-overlooked aspect of CNT and graphene formation-that the two processes, although seldom discussed in the same terms, are in fact remarkably similar. Both can be viewed as a 0D → 1D → 2D transformation, which converts carbon atoms (0D) to polyyne chains (1D) to a complete sp(2)-carbon network (2D). The difference in the final structure (CNT or graphene) is determined only by the curvature of the catalyst and the strength of the carbon-metal interaction. We conclude our review by summarizing the present shortcomings of CNT/graphene growth simulations, and future challenges to this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
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31
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NISHIMURA Y, KAIHO T, NAKAI H. Recent Advances in Divide-and-Conquer Density-Functional Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics Simulations (DC-DFTB-MD). JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CHEMISTRY-JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.2477/jccj.2015-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi NISHIMURA
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, JAPAN
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JAPAN
| | - Takeaki KAIHO
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JAPAN
| | - Hiromi NAKAI
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JAPAN
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, JAPAN
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, JAPAN
- ESICB Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku-Katsura, Nishigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 615-8520, JAPAN
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Gomez-Ballesteros JL, Balbuena PB. Structure and dynamics of metallic and carburized catalytic Ni nanoparticles: effects on growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15056-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carburized Ni nanoparticle/carbon caps show electron accumulation (green) at the metal/rim interface and depletion (blue) on the rim C–C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Perla B. Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Texas A & M University
- College Station
- USA
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33
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Lebedeva IV, Chamberlain TW, Popov AM, Knizhnik AA, Zoberbier T, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. The atomistic mechanism of carbon nanotube cutting catalyzed by nickel under an electron beam. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14877-14890. [PMID: 25363681 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cutting of single-walled carbon nanotubes by an 80 keV electron beam catalyzed by nickel clusters is imaged in situ using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations within the CompuTEM approach provide insight into the mechanism of this process and demonstrate that the combination of irradiation and the nickel catalyst is crucial for the cutting process to take place. The atomistic mechanism of cutting is revealed by a detailed analysis of irradiation-induced reactions of bond reorganization and atom ejection in the vicinity of the nickel cluster, showing a highly complex interplay of different chemical transformations catalysed by the metal cluster. One of the most prevalent pathways includes three consecutive stages: formation of polyyne carbon chains from the carbon nanotube, dissociation of the carbon chains into single and pairs of adatoms adsorbed on the nickel cluster, and ejection of these adatoms leading to the cutting of the nanotube. Significant variations in the atom ejection rate are discovered depending on the process stage and nanotube diameter. The revealed mechanism and kinetic characteristics of the cutting process provide fundamental knowledge for the development of new methodologies for control and manipulation of carbon structures at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lebedeva
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, San Sebastian E-20018, Spain.
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34
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Artyukhov VI, Penev ES, Yakobson BI. Why nanotubes grow chiral. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4892. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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35
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Chen Y, Zhang J. Chemical vapor deposition growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes with controlled structures for nanodevice applications. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2273-81. [PMID: 24926610 DOI: 10.1021/ar400314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), a promising substitute to engineer prospective nanoelectronics, have attracted much attention because of their superb structures and physical properties. The unique properties of SWNTs rely sensitively on their specific chiral structures, including the diameters, chiral angles, and handedness. Furthermore, high-performance and integrated circuits essentially require SWNT samples with well-aligned arrays, of single conductive type and of pure chirality. Although much effort has been devoted to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of SWNTs, their structure control, growth mechanism, and structural characterizations are still the primary obstacles for the fabrication and application of SWNT-based nanodevices. In this Account, we focus on our established CVD growth methodology to fulfill the requirements of nanodevice applications. A rational strategy was successfully exploited to construct complex architectures, selectively enrich semiconducting (s) or metallic (m) SWNTs, and control chirality. First, well-aligned and highly dense SWNT arrays are beneficial for nanodevice integration. For the directed growth mode, anisotropic interactions between the SWNTs and the crystallographic structure of substrate are crucial for their growth orientation. Just as crystals possess various symmetries, SWNTs with controlled geometries have the corresponding turning angles. Their complex architectures come from the synergetic effect of lattice and gas flow directed modes. Especially, the aligned orientations of SWNTs on graphite are chirality-selective, and their chiral angles, handedness, and (n,m) index have been conveniently and accurately determined. Second, UV irradiation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) washing-off methods have been explored to selectively remove m-SWNTs, leaving only s-SWNT arrays on the surface. Moreover, the UV-assisted technique takes the advantages of low cost and high efficiency and it directly produces a high ratio of s-SWNT arrays. We also designed a smart scotch tape to sort out the s-SWNTs and m-SWNTs from the as-grown mixture with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane and triethoxyphenylsilane as glues, respectively. This is analogous to the mechanical exfoliation of a graphene sheet. Third, the obtained SWNT intramolecular junctions obtained by temperature-mediated CVD indicate that temperature can seriously affect the SWNT's chirality during its growth. Importantly, the cloning method can validate the chirality-controlled growth of SWNTs, and the cloning efficiency is significantly improved on a quartz surface. Well-aligned SWNT arrays with a high density and controlled structures are highly desirable for carbon nanoelectronics. We hope that the advanced methodology used here will promote their controlled preparation and provide insights into the growth mechanism of SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Wang Y, Page AJ, Li HB, Qian HJ, Jiao MG, Wu ZJ, Morokuma K, Irle S. Step-edge self-assembly during graphene nucleation on a nickel surface: QM/MD simulations. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:140-144. [PMID: 24202187 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations of graphene nucleation on the Ni(111) surface show that graphene creates its own step-edge as it forms. This "step-edge self-assembly" is driven by the formation of thermodynamically favorable Ni-C σ-bonds at the graphene edge. This dynamic aspect of the Ni(111) catalyst is in contrast to the commonly accepted view that graphene nucleates on a pre-existing, static catalyst step-edge. Simulations also show that, simply by manipulating the subsurface carbon density, preferential formation of single-layer graphene instead of multi-layer graphene can be achieved on nickel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
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37
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Yang Z, Wang Q, Shan X, Yang SW, Zhu H. Theoretical investigation on carbon nucleation on nickel carbides at initial stages of single-walled carbon nanotube formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19654-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02837f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A first-principles study shows that metal carbide clusters do exist during the initial stage of single-walled carbon nanotube nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoye Shan
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shuo-Wang Yang
- Institute of High Performance Computing
- , Singapore 138632
| | - Hongjun Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Science
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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38
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Li HB, Page AJ, Hettich C, Aradi B, Köhler C, Frauenheim T, Irle S, Morokuma K. Graphene nucleation on a surface-molten copper catalyst: quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular simulations reveal how graphene grows on copper surfaces, and that defects in the graphene structure are continually removed by mobile copper atoms in the surface layer of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bei Li
- School of Ocean
- Shandong University
- Weihai 264209, China
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
| | - Alister J. Page
- Newcastle Institute for Energy and Resources
- The University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308, Australia
| | - Christian Hettich
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen, Germany
| | - Bálint Aradi
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen, Germany
| | - Christof Köhler
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science
- University of Bremen
- Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Irle
- WPI-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM) & Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto, Japan
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39
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Fei LF, Sun TY, Lu W, An XQ, Hu ZF, Yu JC, Zheng RK, Li XM, Chan HLW, Wang Y. Direct observation of carbon nanostructure growth at liquid–solid interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:826-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Niu J, Li M, Xia Z. Growth mechanisms and mechanical properties of 3D carbon nanotube–graphene junctions: molecular dynamic simulations. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mechanisms of seamlessly C–C bonded junction formation: (i) CNT growth over the holes that are smaller than 3 nm. (ii) CNT growth inside the holes that are larger than 3 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Niu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of North Texas
- Denton, USA
| | - Mingtao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of North Texas
- Denton, USA
| | - Zhenhai Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of North Texas
- Denton, USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of North Texas
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41
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Shariat M, Shokri B, Neyts E. On the low-temperature growth mechanism of single walled carbon nanotubes in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Vosel SV, Onischuk AA, Purtov PA, Nasibulin AG. Fluctuation theory of single-walled carbon nanotube formation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4830395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Haghighatpanah S, Mohsenzadeh A, Amara H, Bichara C, Bolton K. Computational studies of catalyst-free single walled carbon nanotube growth. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:054308. [PMID: 23927263 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiempirical tight binding (TB) and density functional theory (DFT) methods have been used to study the mechanism of single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth. The results are compared with similar calculations on graphene. Both TB and DFT geometry optimized structures of relevance to SWNT growth show that the minimum energy growth mechanism is via the formation of hexagons at the SWNT end. This is similar to the result for graphene where growth occurs via the formation of hexagons at the edge of the graphene flake. However, due to the SWNT curvature, defects such as pentagons are more stable in SWNTs than in graphene. Monte Carlo simulations based on the TB energies show that SWNTs close under conditions that are proper for growth of large defect-free graphene flakes, and that a particle such as a Ni cluster is required to maintain an open SWNT end under these conditions. The calculations also show that the proper combination of growth parameters such as temperature and chemical potential are required to prevent detachment of the SWNTs from the Ni cluster or encapsulation of the cluster by the feedstock carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haghighatpanah
- School of Engineering, University of Borås, SE 501-90 Borås, Sweden.
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44
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Petraglia R, Corminboeuf C. A Caveat on SCC-DFTB and Noncovalent Interactions Involving Sulfur Atoms. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3020-5. [PMID: 26583983 DOI: 10.1021/ct4003948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate modeling of noncovalent interactions involving sulfur today is ubiquitous, particularly with regard to the role played by sulfur-containing heterocycles in the field of organic electronics. The density functional tight binding (DFTB) method offers a good compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy, enabling the treatment of thousands of atoms at a fraction of the cost of density functional theory (DFT) evaluations. DFTB is an approximate quantum chemical approach that is based on the DFT total energy expression. Here, we address a critical issue inherent to the DFTB parametrization, which prevents the use of the DFTB framework for simulating noncovalent interactions involving sulfur atoms and precludes its combination with a dispersion correction. (1-5) Dramatic examples of structural patterns relevant to the field of organic electronics illustrate that DFTB delivers erroneous (i.e., qualitatively wrong) results involving spurious binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Petraglia
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Xiang R, Hou B, Einarsson E, Zhao P, Harish S, Morimoto K, Miyauchi Y, Chiashi S, Tang Z, Maruyama S. Carbon atoms in ethanol do not contribute equally to formation of single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3095-3103. [PMID: 23458323 DOI: 10.1021/nn305180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a unique experimental technique in which isotopically labeled ethanol, e.g., 12CH3-13CH2-OH, is used to trace the carbon atoms during the formation of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The proportion of 13C is determined from Raman spectra of the obtained SWNTs, yielding the respective contribution of ethanol's two different carbon atoms to SWNT formation. Surprisingly, the carbon away from the hydroxyl group is preferably incorporated into the SWNT structure, and this preference is significantly affected by growth temperature, presence of secondary catalyst metal species such as Mo, and even by the substrate material. These experiments provide solid evidence confirming that the active carbon source is not limited to products of gas-phase decomposition such as ethylene and acetylene, but ethanol itself is arriving at and reacting with the metal catalyst particles. Furthermore, even the substrate or other catalytically inactive species directly influences the formation of SWNTs, possibly by changing the local environment around the catalyst or even the reaction pathway of SWNT formation. These unexpected effects, which are inaccessible by conventional techniques, paint a clearer picture regarding the decomposition and bond breaking process of the ethanol precursor during the entire CVD process and how this might influence the quality of the obtained SWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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46
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Chandrakumar KRS, Readle JD, Rouleau C, Puretzky A, Geohegan DB, More K, Krishnan V, Tian M, Duscher G, Sumpter B, Irle S, Morokuma K. High-temperature transformation of Fe-decorated single-wall carbon nanohorns to nanooysters: a combined experimental and theoretical study. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1849-1857. [PMID: 23223914 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31788e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The processes by which single-wall carbon nanohorns are transformed by iron nanoparticles at high temperatures to form "nanooysters", hollow graphene capsules containing metal particles that resemble pearls in an oyster shell, are examined both experimentally and theoretically. Quantum chemical molecular dynamics (QM/MD) simulations based on the density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) method were performed to investigate their growth mechanism. The simulations suggest that the nanoparticles self-encapsulate to form single-wall nanooysters (SWNOs) by assisting the assembly of dangling carbon bonds, accompanied by migration of the metal particle inside the carbon structure. These calculations indicate that the structure of the oyster consists primarily of hexagons along with a few pentagons that are predominantly formed near the former nanohorn edges as a result of their fusion. Experimental observations of large diameter nanoparticles inside multiwall carbon shells indicate that migration and coalescence of many iron particles must occur, perhaps by the convergence of smaller SWNOs or carbon-coated Fe-nanoparticles, whereby the void space is generated by the corresponding increase in the carbon shell surface area to metal nanoparticle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R S Chandrakumar
- Fukui Institute of Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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47
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Xia J, Golder MR, Foster ME, Wong BM, Jasti R. Synthesis, characterization, and computational studies of cycloparaphenylene dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19709-15. [PMID: 23130993 DOI: 10.1021/ja307373r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two novel arene-bridged cycloparaphenylene dimers (1 and 2) were prepared using a functionalized precursor, bromo-substituted macrocycle 7. The preferred conformations of these dimeric structures were evaluated computationally in the solid state, as well as in the gas and solution phases. In the solid state, the trans configuration of 1 is preferred by 34 kcal/mol due to the denser crystal packing structure that is achieved. In contrast, in the gas phase and in solution, the cis conformation is favored by 7 kcal/mol (dimer 1) and 10 kcal/mol (dimer 2), with a cis to trans activation barrier of 20 kcal/mol. The stabilization seen in the cis conformations is attributed to the increased van der Waals interactions between the two cycloparaphenylene rings. These calculations indicate that the cis conformation is accessible in solution, which is promising for future efforts toward the synthesis of short carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via cycloparaphenylene monomers. In addition, the optoelectronic properties of these dimeric cycloparaphenylenes were characterized both experimentally and computationally for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 24 Cummington St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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48
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Page AJ, Isomoto T, Knaup JM, Irle S, Morokuma K. Effects of Molecular Dynamics Thermostats on Descriptions of Chemical Nonequilibrium. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:4019-28. [PMID: 26605569 DOI: 10.1021/ct3004639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The performance of popular molecular dynamics (MD) thermostat algorithms in constant temperature simulations of equilibrium systems is well-known. This is not the case, however, in the context of nonequilibrium chemical systems, such as chemical reactions or nanoscale self-assembly processes. In this work, we investigate the effect of popular thermostat algorithms on the "natural" (i.e., Hamiltonian) dynamics of a nonequilibrium, chemically reacting system. By comparing constant-temperature quantum mechanical MD (QM/MD) simulations of carbon vapor condensation using velocity scaling, Berendsen, Andersen, Langevin, and Nosé-Hoover chain thermostat algorithms with natural NVE simulations, we show that efficient temperature control and reliable reaction dynamics are mutually exclusive in such a system. This problem may be circumvented, however, by placing the reactive system in an inert He atmosphere, which is itself described using NVT MD. We demonstrate that both realistic temperature control and dynamics consistent with natural NVE dynamics can then be obtained simultaneously. In essence, the thermal energy created by the natural dynamics of the NVE subsystem is drained by the thermostat acting on the NVT atmosphere, without adversely affecting the dynamics of the reactive system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alister J Page
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Isomoto
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Jan M Knaup
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Masachusetts 02138, United States.,Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science - BCCMS, University of Bremen , 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-4602, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.,Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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49
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Penev ES, Artyukhov VI, Ding F, Yakobson BI. Unfolding the fullerene: nanotubes, graphene and poly-elemental varieties by simulations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4956-4976. [PMID: 22893442 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent research progress in nanostructured carbon has built upon and yet advanced far from the studies of more conventional carbon forms such as diamond, graphite, and perhaps coals. To some extent, the great attention to nano-carbons has been ignited by the discovery of the structurally least obvious, counterintuitive, small strained fullerene cages. Carbon nanotubes, discovered soon thereafter, and recently, the great interest in graphene, ignited by its extraordinary physics, are all interconnected in a blend of cross-fertilizing fields. Here we review the theoretical and computational models development in our group at Rice University, towards understanding the key structures and behaviors in the immense diversity of carbon allotropes. Our particular emphasis is on the role of certain transcending concepts (like elastic instabilities, dislocations, edges, etc.) which serve so well across the scales and for chemically various compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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50
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Li HB, Page AJ, Irle S, Morokuma K. Single-walled carbon nanotube growth from chiral carbon nanorings: prediction of chirality and diameter influence on growth rates. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15887-96. [PMID: 22928987 DOI: 10.1021/ja305769v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalyst-free, chirality-controlled growth of chiral and zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from organic precursors is demonstrated using quantum chemical simulations. Growth of (4,3), (6,5), (6,1), (10,1) and (8,0) SWCNTs was induced by ethynyl radical (C(2)H) addition to organic precursors. These simulations show a strong dependence of the SWCNT growth rate on the chiral angle, θ. The SWCNT diameter however does not influence the SWCNT growth rate under these conditions. This agreement with a previously proposed screw-dislocation-like model of transition metal-catalyzed SWCNT growth rates [Ding, F.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106, 2506] indicates that the SWCNT growth rate is an intrinsic property of the SWCNT edge itself. Conversely, we predict that the rate of SWCNT growth via Diels-Alder cycloaddition of C(2)H(2) is strongly influenced by the diameter of the SWCNT. We therefore predict the existence of a maximum growth rate for an optimum diameter/chirality combination at a given C(2)H/C(2)H(2) ratio. We also find that the ability of a SWCNT to avoid defect formation during growth is an intrinsic quality of the SWCNT edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bei Li
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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