Electrophilic addition and cyclization reactions of allenes

Mechanistic and kinetic insights of the formation of allene and propyne from the C3H3 reaction with water

CONTEXT

Allene (H2C = C = CH2) and propyne (CH3-C≡CH) are important compounds in the combustion chemistry. They can be created from the reaction of proparyl radicals with water. In this study, therefore, a computational study into the C3H3 + H2O potential energy landscape has been carefully conducted. The computed results indicate that the reaction paths forming the products (allene: CH2CCH2 + •OH) and (propyne: HCCCH3 + •OH) prevail under the 300-2000 K temperature range, where the latter is much more predominant compared to the former. However, these two products are not easily formed under ambient conditions due to the high energy barriers. In the 300 - 2000 K temperature range, the branching ratio for the propyne + •OH product declines from 100 to 86%, whereas the allene + •OH product shows an increase, reaching 14% at 2000 K. The overall bimolecular rate constant of the title reaction can be presented by the modified Arrhenius expression of ktotal = 1.94 × 10-12 T0.14 exp[(-30.55 kcal.mol-1)/RT] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The total rate constant at the ambient conditions in this work, 2.37 × 10-34 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, was found to be over five orders of magnitude lower than the total rate constant of the C3H3 + NH3 reaction, 7.98 × 10-29 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, calculated by Hue et al. (Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 2020, 4(2), 84-91). The results in this study contribute to elucidating the mechanism of allene and propylene formation from the C3H3 + H2O reaction, and they can be used for modeling C3H3-related systems under atmospheric and combustion conditions.

METHODS

All the geometric structures of the C3H3 + H2O system were optimized by the B3LYP method in conjunction with the 6-311 +  + G(3df,2p) basis set. Single-point energies of these species were calculated at the CCSD(T)/6-311 +  + G(3df,2p) level of theory. The CCSD(T)/CBS level has also been used to compute single-point energies for the two major reaction channels (C3H3 + H2O → allene + •OH and C3H3 + H2O → propyne + •OH). Rate constants and branching ratios of the key reaction channels were calculated in the 300-2000 K temperature interval using the Chemrate software based on the transition state theory (TST) with Eckart tunneling corrections.

Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Arylsulfonylation of Allenes

The nickel/photoredox dual catalysis system is an efficient conversion platform for the difunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Herein, we disclose the first dual nickel/photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular 1,2-arylsulfonylation of allenes, which can accurately construct a C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond and a C(sp3)-S bond. The reaction exhibits excellent chemoselectivity and regioselectivity, allowing modular conformations of a diverse series of 3-sulfonylmethylbenzofuran derivatives. Control experiments showed that the bipyridine ligand is crucial for the formation of a stable σ-alkyl nickel intermediate, providing the possibility for sulfonyl radical insertion. Meanwhile, the electrophilic sulfonyl radical facilitates further oxidative addition of the σ-alkyl nickel intermediate and inhibits addition with allenes. In addition, control experiments, cyclic voltammetry tests, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory calculations afford evidence for the Ni(0)/Ni(I)/Ni(II)/Ni(III) pathway in this 1,2-arylsulfonylation.

Visible-Light-Induced Regioselective Radical-Polar Crossover 1,4-Hydrophosphinylation of 1,3-Enynes: Access to Trisubstituted Allenes Bearing a Phosphine Oxide Group

The radical 1,4-functionalizations of 1,3-enynes have emerged as a powerful strategy for the synthesis of multisubstituted allenes. However, the phosphorus-centered radical-initiated transformations remain largely elusive. Herein, visible-light photoredox catalytic regioselective radical hydrophosphinylation of 1,3-enynes with diaryl phosphine oxides as phosphinoyl radical precursors has been realized. This protocol features mild conditions, a wide substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance, producing a diverse range of phosphinoyl-substituted allenes in moderate to good yields with high atom economy. Detailed mechanistic experiments revealed a radical-polar crossover process in the reaction.

Dithiophosphinylation of Allenyl Acetates: Access to 1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane-Type Bidentate Ligands

1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethanes (DPPEs) are versatile and immensely important ligands in transition metal catalysts. Here we report the dithiophosphinylation of readily available allenyl acetates to give DPPEs in high yields and regioselectivity. This protocol features a broad substrate scope and mild conditions, avoiding the use of transition metals and air-sensitive sources of phosphorus. Mechanism studies indicate that the reaction was accomplished via an SN2'-type addition-elimination followed by a 1,4-addition step.

Pd-catalyzed divergent regioselective annulation of phosphinyl allenes accessing polyarylfurans and 2H-chromenes

A novel and efficient regioselective annulation of phosphinyl allenes with 2-bromophenol or 1-bromo-2-naphthol is achieved by palladium catalysis. The divergent pathway delivers structurally diverse polyarylfurans and 2H-chromene skeletons via two different Heck-type annulations. This protocol represents regioselectivity-tunable transformation of allenes into functionalized O-containing heterocycles with excellent group compatibility.

Challenging Task of Ni-Catalyzed Highly Regio-/Enantioselective Semihydrogenation of Racemic Tetrasubstituted Allenes via a Kinetic Resolution Process

The first earth-abundant transition metal Ni-catalyzed highly regio- and enantioselective semihydrogenation of racemic tetrasubstituted allenes via a kinetic resolution process as a challenging task was well established. This protocol furnishes expedient access to a diversity of structurally important enantioenriched tetrasubstituted allenes and chiral allylic molecules with high regio-, enantio-, and Z/E-selectivity. Remarkably, this semihydrogenation proceeded with one carbon-carbon double bond of allenes, which was regioselective complementary to the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric version. Deuterium labeling experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to reveal the reasonable reaction mechanism and explain the regio-/stereoselectivity.

Pd-Catalyzed Enantioselective Creation of All-Carbon Quaternary Center with 2,3-Allenylic Carbonates

Enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers has been achieved via the palladium-catalyzed highly enantioselective allenylation of oxindoles with 2,3-allenylic carbonates to afford a variety of optically active allene products, which contain oxindole units with different functional groups, in high ee. The corresponding synthetic applications have also been demonstrated.

Three-Component Synthesis of Multiple Functionalized Allenes via Copper/Photoredox Dual Catalyzed 1,4-Alkylcyanation of 1,3-Enynes

Efficient access to multiple functionalized allenes via a three component 1,4-alkylcyanation of enynes with cyclic alcohol derivatives in the presence of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) under copper/photoredox dual catalysis has been developed. Both easily transformable aldehyde and cyano groups were introduced to tetra-substituted allenes through light-induced C-C bond cleavage of cyclic butanol and pentanol derivatives. The reactions proceeded smoothly under mild conditions with broad functional groups tolerance.

Utilizing Allenic Acids and Heterocyclic Diazo Compounds in the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Spirocyclic Butenolides and β-Methylidene 2-Furanones

Herein, we report a novel approach for the assembly of spirocyclic Δα,β-butenolides and β-methylidene 2-furanones via Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion of heterocyclic diazo compounds into allenic acids followed by base-promoted cyclization. Utilizing various diazo heterocycles, including α-diazo homophthalimides, 3-diazo tetramic acids, and diazo oxindoles, diverse spirocyclic scaffolds were produced. The research revealed that the allenic acid substitution pattern is decisive for the product type, enabling extraordinary target compound switching between two types of spirocyclic 2-furanones with exo- and endocyclic C═C bonds.

A highly diastereoselective (5+1) annulation of allenoates and pyrazolones catalyzed by CH3OK

The first (5+1) annulation of allenoates and pyrazolones catalyzed by CH3OK has been reported. A series of spiro-pyrazolone derivatives were obtained as single diastereomers in high yields (≤95%) under mild conditions. The synthetic utility was demonstrated by a scale-up reaction and various transformations of the products. The proposed mechanism suggests that the allenoate works as a 1,5-biselectrophilic 5C synthon for the first time and controlled experiments disclose that K+ plays an important role in the diastereoselectivity-determining step through an eight-membered ring transition state. Also, this 1,5-biselectrophilic allenoate will be able to act as a 5C synthon for (5+n) annulation.

Regio- and Stereoselective Iodoamination of Ferrocene-Containing Allenylphosphonates: Synthesis of Multifunctional Tetrasubstituted Allylic Amines and Allylic Azides

A general and practical methodology for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of multifunctional tetrasubstituted allylic amines and azides based on iodoamination of ferrocene-containing allenylphosphonates with anilines and sodium azide is described. A tetrasubstituted olefin moiety, as well as an iodine atom, a phosphonate, and a ferrocene group, are installed to the allylic amine motif simultaneously in moderate to good yields.

Mild Stereoselective Synthesis of Densely Substituted [3]Dendralenes via Ru-Catalyzed Intermolecular Dimerization of 1,1-Disubstituted Allenes

Described here is a mild and stereoselective protocol for the synthesis of [3]dendralenes via the intermolecular dimerization of allenes. With the proper choice of a ruthenium catalyst, a range of unactivated 1,1-disubstituted allenes, without prefunctionalization in the allylic position, reacted efficiently to provide rapid access to densely substituted [3]dendralenes. An intermolecular C-C bond and three different types of C═C double bonds (di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted) embedded in an acyclic structure were constructed with good to high E/Z stereocontrol. This is in contrast to the known catalytic protocols that focus on allenes with prefunctionalization at the allylic position and/or monosubstituted allenes, which would proceed by a different mechanism or require less stereocontrol. The silyl-substituted dendralene products are precursors of other useful dendralene molecules. Density functional theory (DFT) studies and control experiments supported a mechanism involving oxidative cyclometalation, β-H elimination (the rate-determining step), and reductive elimination.

Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed regioselective cyclization of aromatic amides with allenes

A new Cp*Rh(III)-catalyzed regioselective cyclization reaction of aromatic amides with allenes is reported. The use of allenyl derivatives bearing a directing-group assistant as a reaction promoter was the key to the success of this protocol. In this catalytic system, N-(pivaloyloxy)benzamide substrates react with allenes via Rh-σ-alkenyl intermediates, while N-(pivaloyloxy) indol substrates react via Rh-π-allyl intermediates. These reactions were characterized by mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, and high functional-group compatibility to yield several high-value isoquinolinone and pyrimido[1,6-a]indol-1(2H)-one skeleton-containing compounds. The synthetic applications and primary mechanisms were also investigated.

Regioselective Hydro(deutero)silylation of 1,3-Enynes Enabled by Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis

In the presence of visible light irradiation, organophoto/nickel dual catalysts, and the mild base K2HPO4, 1,3-enynes react with silanecarboxylic acids to give the corresponding α-silylallenes with high selectivity. In this uniquely decarboxylative hydrosilylation of 1,3-enynes, a silyl radical process is involved and diverse electron-rich and -poor substrates proceed smoothly in moderate to excellent yields. This transformation is particularly synthetically worthwhile when using MeOD as the solvent, which furnishes new access to α-silyldeuteroallenes.

Visible-Light-Mediated Dual Functionalization of Allenes: Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Vinylsulfone Azides

A gentle and effective method for the photocatalytic dual functionalization of allenes with high regio- and stereoselectivity using a nonmetallic catalyst is described. Inexpensive and easily available sulfinates and TMSN3 were employed as sulfone and azido sources, respectively. The method is characterized by satisfactory substrate compatibility and tolerance toward functional groups. The straightforward initial mechanistic experiments suggested that the reaction could follow a radical pathway. The synthesis of vinylsulfone azide derivatives presented here offers a promising scaffold for the future development of vinyl sulfone-based drugs and functional bioorthogonal reagents.

Electroreductive Carboxylation of Propargylic Acetates with CO2: Access to Tetrasubstituted 2,3-Allenoates

An electroreductive carboxylation of propargylic alcohols with CO2 and then workup with TMSCHN2 to construct tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenoates is developed. This method allows the incorporation of an external ester group into the resulting allene system through electroreduction, carboxylation, and deacetoxylation cascades. Mechanistically, electricity on/off experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis support the preferential generation of the CO2 radical anion or the 3-aryl propargylic acetate radical anion based on the electron nature of the aryl rings.

Tandem Isomerization/α,β-Site-Selective and Enantioselective Addition Reactions of N-(3-Butynoyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazole Induced by Chiral π-Cu(II) Catalysts

Allenes are important building blocks, and derivatization of products via cycloadditions of allenes could become a powerful strategy for constructing carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings. However, the development of catalytic site-selective and enantioselective cycloaddition reactions of allenes still presents significant challenges. Here, we report chiral π-Cu(II)-complex-catalyzed isomerization of N-(3-butynoyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole to generate N-allenoylpyrazole in situ and subsequent α,β-site-selective and enantioselective [3 + 2], [4 + 2], or [2 + 2] cycloaddition or conjugate addition reactions. The asymmetric environment created by the intramolecular π-Cu(II) interactions provides the corresponding adducts in moderate to high yield with excellent enantioselectivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful method for chiral-Lewis-acid-catalyzed tandem isomerization/α,β-site-selective and enantioselective cycloaddition or conjugate addition reactions of latent non-γ-substituted allenoyl derivative.

Heterogeneous Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling for Sustainable Synthesis of Chiral Allenes: Application to the Synthesis of Allenic Natural Products

Classical Crabbé type SN 2' substitutions of propargylic substrates has served as one of the standard methods for the synthesis of allenes. However, the stereospecific version of this transformation often requires either stoichiometric amounts of organocopper reagents or special functional groups on the substrates, and the chirality transfer efficiency is also capricious. Herein, we report a sustainable methodology for the synthesis of diverse 1,3-di and tri-substituted allenes by using a simple and cheap cellulose supported heterogeneous nanocopper catalyst (MCC-Amp-Cu(I/II)). This approach represents the first example of heterogeneous catalysis for the synthesis of chiral allenes. High yields and excellent enantiospecificity (up to 97 % yield, 99 % ee) were achieved for a wide range of di- and tri-substituted allenes bearing various functional groups. It is worth noting that the applied heterogeneous catalyst could be recycled at least 5 times without any reduced reactivity. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of the developed protocol, we have applied it to the total synthesis of several chiral allenic natural products.

Diastereoselective Synthesis of Allenes through Phosphine-Catalyzed Cascade Isomerization/Annulation

Phosphine-catalyzed cascade isomerization/annulation has been developed to realize a diastereoselective synthesis of allenes installed on the hexahydropentalene skeleton, which contains five chiral centers (and one axial chirality). This reaction tolerated a broad range of allenoates and enynes. The allene products were transformed to various halogen-substituted fused-ring compounds.

Organometallic Allene [(μ-C)(Fe(CO)4 )2 ]: Bridging Carbon Showing Transformation from Classical Electron-Sharing Bonding to Double σ-Donor and Double π-Acceptor Ligation

Allenes (R2 C=C=CR2 ) have been traditionally perceived to feature localized orthogonal π-bonds between the carbon centres. We have carried out quantum-mechanical studies of the organometallic allenes envisioned by the isolobal replacement of the terminal CH2 groups by the d8 Fe(CO)4 fragment. Our studies have identified two organometallic allenes viz. D2d symmetric [(μ-C)(Fe(CO)4 )2 ] (2) and D3 symmetric [(μ-C)(Fe(CO)4 )2 ] (3) with trigonal bipyramidal coordination at the Fe atoms. Compound 2 features the bridging carbon atom in an equatorial position with respect to the ligands on the TM centre, while 3 features the central carbon atom in an axial position. The bis-pseudoallylic anionic delocalisation proposed in the C2-C1-C3 spine of organic allene is retained in the organometallic allene 2, and is transformed to a typical three-centre bis-allylic anionic delocalisation in the organometallic allene 3. The topological analysis of electron density also indicates a bis-allylic anionic type delocalisation in the organometallic allenes. The quantitative bonding analysis using the EDA-NOCV method suggests a transition from classical electron-sharing bonding between the central carbon atom and the terminal groups in 1 to donor-acceptor bonding in 3. Meanwhile, both electron-sharing and donor-acceptor bonding models are found to be probable heuristic bonding representations in the organometallic allene 2.

Nickel-catalysed asymmetric hydromonofluoromethylation of 1,3-enynes for enantioselective construction of monofluoromethyl-tethered chiral allenes

An unprecedented nickel-catalysed enantioselective hydromonofluoromethylation of 1,3-enynes is developed, allowing the diverse access to monofluoromethyl-tethered axially chiral allenes, including the challenging deuterated monofluoromethyl (CD2F)-tethered ones that are otherwise inaccessible. It represents the first asymmetric 1,4-hydrofunctionalization of 1,3-enynes using low-cost asymmetric nickel catalysis, thus opening a new avenue for the activation of 1,3-enynes in reaction development. The utility is further verified by its broad substrate scope, good functionality tolerance, mild conditions, and diversified product elaborations toward other valuable fluorinated structures. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations provide insights into the reaction mechanism and the origin of the enantioselectivity.

Palladium-catalyzed stereoselective construction of chiral allenes bearing nonadjacent axial and two central chirality

It is challenging to enantioselectively construct molecules bearing multiple nonadjacent stereocenters, in contrast to those bearing a single stereocenter or adjacent stereocenters. Herein, we report an enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of substituted chiral allenes with nonadjacent axial and two central chiral centers through a combination of retro-oxa-Michael addition and palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allenylic alkylation. This methodology exhibits good functional-group compatibility, and the corresponding allenylic alkylated compounds, including flavonoid frameworks, are obtained with good yields and diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities (all >95% ee). Furthermore, the scalability of the current synthetic protocol was proven by performing a gram-scale reaction.

Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective and Regiodivergent Allylation of Ketones with Allenylsilanes

We report herein a regiodivergent and enantioselective allyl addition to ketones with allenylsilanes through copper catalysis. With the combination of CuOAc, a Josiphos-type bidentate phosphine ligand and PhSiH3 , allyl addition to a variety of ketones furnishes branched products in excellent enantioselectivities. The regioselectivity is completely reversed by employing the P-stereogenic ligand BenzP*, affording the linear products with excellent enantioselectivities and good Z-selectivities. The linear Z-product could be converted to E-product via a catalytic geometric isomerization of the Z-alkene group. The silyl group in the products could provide a handle for downstream elaboration.

Visible-Light Photoredox Catalyzed Regioselective 1,4-Hydroalkylation of 1,3-Enyne

Described herein is a visible-light photoredox-catalyzed regioselective 1,4-hydroalkylation of 1,3-enynes. Various of di- and tri-substituent allenes were really accessible under the present reaction conditions. The visible-light photoredox activation of the carbon nucleophile to generate its radical species, allowing the addition with un-activated enynes. The synthetic utility for the present protocol was demonstrated by a large-scale reaction, as well as the derivatization of the allene product.

A Pd-catalyzed highly selective three-component protocol for trisubstituted allenes

Herein we report the first example of a Pd-catalyzed highly selective three-component reaction of alkynyl-1,4-diol dicarbonates, organoboronic acids, and malonate anions for the efficient synthesis of trisubstituted 2,3-allenyl malonates not readily available by the known protocols. The reaction demonstrates an excellent regio- and chemo-selectivity for both the oxidative addition referring to the two C-O bonds and the subsequent coupling with the nucleophile with a remarkable functional group compatibility. A series of control experiments confirm a unique mechanism involving β-O elimination forming alka-1,2,3-triene and the subsequent insertion of its terminal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond into the Ar-Pd bond.

Synthesis of Multisubstituted Allenes by Palladium-Catalyzed Carboetherification of β,γ-Unsaturated Ketoximes with Propargylic Acetates

A highly efficient Pd-catalyzed carboetherification reaction of β,γ-unsaturated ketoximes with propargylic acetates is demonstrated. This method provides a practical protocol for accessing the incorporation of an allene moiety into 3,5-disubstituted and 3,5,5-trisubstituted isoxazolines. The salient features of this transformation include a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, an easy scale-up, versatile transformations, and applications in the late-stage modification of drugs.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allenylic alkylation: construction of multiple chiral thiochromanone derivatives

The development of a new strategy for the construction of chiral cyclic sulfide-containing multiple stereogenic centers is highly desirable. Herein, by the combination of base-promoted retro-sulfa-Michael addition and palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allenylic alkylation, the streamlined synthesis of chiral thiochromanones containing two central chiralities (including a quaternary stereogenic center) and an axial chirality (allene unit) was successfully realized with up to 98% yield, 49.0 : 1 dr and >99% ee.

Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Doyle-Kirmse Reaction of Azide-Ynamides via α-Imino Copper Carbenes

[2,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement reaction involving sulfonium ylide (Doyle-Kirmse reaction) generated from metal carbenes represents one of the powerful methods for the construction of C(sp³ )-S and C-C bonds. Although significant advances have been achieved, the asymmetric versions via the generation of sulfonium ylides from metal carbenes have been rarely reported to date, and they have so far been limited to diazo compounds as metal carbene precursors. Here, we describe a copper-catalyzed enantioselective Doyle-Kirmse reaction via azide-ynamide cyclization, leading to the practical and divergent assembly of an array of chiral [1,4]thiazino[3,2-b]indoles bearing a quaternary carbon stereocenter in generally moderate to excellent yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Importantly, this protocol represents a unique catalytic asymmetric Doyle-Kirmse reaction via a non-diazo approach and an unprecedented asymmetric [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement via α-imino metal carbenes.

Stereodivergent Synthesis of Allenes with α,β-Adjacent Central Chiralities Empowered by Synergistic Pd/Cu Catalysis

The stereodivergent synthesis of allene compounds bearing α,β-adjacent central chiralities has been realized via the Pd/Cu-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric alkylation of racemic allenylic esters. The matched reactivity of bimetallic catalytic system enables the challenging reaction of racemic aryl-substituted allenylic acetates with sterically crowded aldimine esters smoothly under mild reaction conditions. Various chiral non-natural amino acids bearing a terminal allenyl group are easily synthesized in high yields and with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20 : 1 dr, >99 % ee). Importantly, all four stereoisomers of the product can be readily accessed by switching the configurations of the two chiral metal catalysts. Furthermore, the easy interconversion between the uncommon η³ -butadienyl palladium intermediate featuring a weak C=C/Pd coordination bond and a stable Csp² -Pd bond is beneficial for the dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation process (DyKAT).

Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Tandem Radical Cyclization 1,5-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Enynes and Alkyl Bromide

A nickel-catalyzed three-component tandem radical cyclization reaction of aryl bromides with 1,3-enynes and aryl boric acids to construct γ-lactam-substituted allene derivatives has been described. This protocol provides lactam alkyl radicals through the free radical cyclization process, which can be effectively used to participate in the subsequent multicomponent coupling reaction so that 1,3-enynes could directly convert into corresponding poly-substituted allene compounds. In addition, this efficient method enjoys a broad substrate scope and provides a series of 1,5-difunctionalized allenes in a one-pot reaction.

Palladium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Aminoalkylative Amination of Unactivated Aminoenynes

An efficient strategy for preventing the β-hydride elimination of alkylpalladium species by ligation of the palladium with adjacent amino-group was developed, which enabled a novel palladium-catalyzed ring-closing aminoalkylative amination of unactivated aminoenynes. The reaction is amenable to aminals, as well as aliphatic aldehydes with secondary amines, which provides straightforward access to structurally diverse exocyclic allenic amines bearing 5 to 12-membered N-heterocycles. With chiral phosphoramidite-ligated palladium complex as the catalyst, an enantioselective variant was achieved with up to 93 % ee. Simultaneously, synthetic transformations of the chiral products were also conducted to afford structurally unique spirodiamines including one pharmaceutically active molecule via axial-to-central chirality transfer.

Organocatalytic synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes

Asymmetric organocatalysis is a growing method for the synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes, the most challenging one among allene syntheses. In this method, chiral organocatalysts such as phase-transfer catalysts, peptides, disulfonimides, and binaphthyl/bispiro phosphoric acids have displayed remote control of regio- and stereoselectivity. Highly functionalized enantiopure allenes including those with an adjacent tertiary or quaternary stereocenter have been efficiently prepared with high levels of regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity using this method. Several mechanistic pathways, including electrophilic addition to cumulenolate or zwitterionic enolate intermediates, alkynylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction, nucleophilic addition to quinone methides, and dearomative addition to imino esters, were proposed. The method is necessary for providing access to axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes, which can be utilized for the preparation of novel ligands, natural products, and organic materials, particularly those having complex structures. This review covers the enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of these tetrasubstituted allenes and the mechanistic insights into the formation of the chiral axis up to July 2022.

InI3-catalyzed polyene cyclization of allenes and its application in the total synthesis of seven abietane-type diterpenoids

A novel polyene cyclization using the allene group as the initiator has been successfully developed. This methodology provides an efficient strategy for the construction of an abietane-type tricyclic skeleton with a functionalizable C2-C3 double bond and features a wide substrate scope and excellent stereoselectivities. Potential utility of this approach has been well demonstrated by the collective total synthesis of seven abietane-type diterpenoids. Specifically, (±)-2,3-dihydroxyferruginol and (±)-2,3-dihydroxy-15,16-dinor-ent-pimar-8,11,13-triene were synthesized for the first time.

Taming PH3: State of the Art and Future Directions in Synthesis

Appetite for reactions involving PH₃ has grown in the past few years. This in part is due to the ability to generate PH₃ cleanly and safely via digestion of cheap metal phosphides with acids, thus avoiding pressurized cylinders and specialized equipment. In this perspective we highlight current trends in forming new P–C/P–OC bonds with PH₃ and discuss the challenges involved with selectivity and product separation encumbering these reactions. We highlight the reactivity of PH₃ with main group reagents, building on the early pioneering work with transition metal complexes and PH₃. Additionally, we highlight the recent renewal of interest in alkali metal sources of H₂P^– which are proving to be useful synthons for chemistry across the periodic table. Such MPH₂ sources are being used to generate the desired products in a more controlled fashion and are allowing access to unexplored phosphorus-containing species.

Enzyme- and Chemo-enzyme-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Synthesis

Multiple stereoisomers can be found when a substance contains chiral carbons in its chemical structure. To obtain the desired stereoisomers, asymmetric synthesis was proposed in the 1970s and developed rapidly at the beginning of this century. Stereodivergent synthesis, an extension of asymmetric synthesis in organic synthesis with the hope to produce all stereoisomers of chiral substances in high conversion and selectivity, enriches the variety of available products and serves as a reference suggestion for the synthesis of their derivatives and other compounds. Since biocatalysis has outstanding advantages of economy, environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and reaction at mild conditions, the biocatalytic reaction is regarded as an efficient strategy to perform stereodivergent synthesis. Thus, in this review, we summarize the stereodivergent synthesis catalyzed by enzymes or chemo-enzymes in cases where a compound contains two or three chiral carbons, i.e., at most four or eight stereoisomers are present. The types of reactions, including reduction of substituent ketones, cyclization reactions, olefin addition, and nonredox transesterification reactions, are also discussed for the understanding of the progress and application of biocatalysis in stereodivergent synthesis.

Catalytic Asymmetric Axially Chiral Allenyl C-P Bond Formation

Chiral organophosphorous compounds are very important in catalysis, organic syntheses, and medicinal chemistry. However, catalytic enantioselective protocols for the axially chiral allenyl phosphorus compounds have never been reported. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective carbon-phosphorus bond formation reaction affording axially chiral allenyl phosphonates has been developed. The reaction enjoys high yields and ees accommodating a wide range of functional groups. Mechanistic studies have unveiled an overwhelming kinetic resolution process.

Recent Advances in Catalytic Alkyne Transformation via Copper Carbene Intermediates

As one of the abundant and inexpensive metals on the earth, copper has demonstrated broad applications in synthetic chemistry and catalysis. Among these copper-catalyzed advances, copper carbenes are versatile and reactive intermediates that can mediate a variety of transformations, which have attracted much attention in the past decades. The present review summarizes two different reaction models that take place between a copper carbene intermediate and alkyne species, including the cross-coupling reaction of copper carbene intermediate with terminal alkyne, and the addition of copper carbene intermediate onto the C–C triple bond. This article will cover the profile from 2010 to 2021 by placing emphasis on the detailed catalytic models and highlighting the synthetic applications offered by these practical and mild methods.

Synthesis of 1H-isoindoliums by electrophile-mediated cascade cyclization/iodination of propargylamine-based 1,6-diynes

A highly regio- and chemoselective synthesis of 1H-isoindoliums through a facile and novel cascade cyclization reaction of propargylamine-based 1,6-diynes under mild conditions has been developed. Different functional groups were compatible under the optimized reaction conditions, giving the corresponding products in up to 94% yields. Upon treatment with a base, the alkyne moiety of 1H-isoindoliums could be further transformed to allenes in excellent yields.

Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,4-Protosilylation of Alkynyl-substituted Enones to Synthesize the Highly Diastereomeric Chiral Homoallenylsilanes

A copper-catalyzed 1,4-protosilylation of α-alkynyl-enones to form the functionalized chiral homoallenylsilanes was developed. In the presence of a chiral monopyridine oxazoline ligand, a variety of trisubstituted allene derivatives bearing a contiguous stereogenic center and axis were prepared in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities.