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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Construction of olefinic coordination polymer single crystal platforms: precise organic synthesis, in situ exploration of reaction mechanisms and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5227-5263. [PMID: 38597808 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Olefin [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions based on coordination-bond templates provide numerous advantages for the selective synthesis of cyclobutane compounds. This review outlines the recent advances in the design and construction of single crystal platforms of olefinic coordination polymers for precise organic synthesis, in situ exploration of reaction mechanisms, and possible developments as comprehensively as possible. Numerous examples are presented to illustrate how the arrangements of the olefin pairs influence the solid-state photoreactivity and examine the types of cyclobutane products. Furthermore, the photocycloaddition reaction mechanisms are investigated by combining advanced techniques such as single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and theoretical calculations. Finally, potential applications resulting from promising physicochemical properties before and after photoreactions are discussed, and existing challenges and possible solutions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal - CS 90032, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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2
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Budyka MF, Gavrishova TN, Li VM, Potashova NI, Fedulova YA. Competitive Processes of Energy Transfer and Opening of the Four-Membered Cycle in Cyclobutanes Formed in [2+2] Photocycloaddition Reaction of Bis(styrylbenzoquinoline) Dyads. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143922050022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Mochizuki K, Matsukura L, Ito Y, Miyashita N, Taki M. A medium-firm drug-candidate library of cryptand-like structures on T7 phage: design and selection of a strong binder for Hsp90. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:146-150. [PMID: 33095213 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a medium-firm drug-candidate library of cryptand-like structures possessing a randomized peptide linker on the bacteriophage T7. From the macrocyclic library with a 109 diversity, we obtained a binder toward a cancer-related protein (Hsp90) with an antibody-like strong affinity (KD = 62 nM) and the binding was driven by the enthalpy. The selected supramolecular ligand inhibited Hsp90 activity by site-specific binding outside of the well-known ATP-binding pocket on the N-terminal domain (NTD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Mochizuki
- Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications (UEC), 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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4
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Synthesis, photochemistry and photophysics of new butadiene derivatives: Influence of the fluoro, dimethylamino and nitro substituents on the molecular structure and photoinduced behavior. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Yadava K, Vittal JJ. Solid‐State Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Mn
II
Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:10394-10399. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Yadava
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3, Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3, Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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6
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Maeda H, Nishimura KI, Hiranabe RI, Mizuno K. Synthesis of silicon-containing macrocyclic compounds by using intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of bis-dimethylsilyl-linked styrenes and stilbenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Vittal JJ, Quah HS. Photochemical reactions of metal complexes in the solid state. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:7120-7140. [PMID: 28540960 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This perspective focusses on the solid-state reactivity and structural transformation driven by photochemical methods in discrete metal complexes, organometallic compounds, metallo-macrocycles and cages. Changes in the metal-metal bond distances, racemization of chiral centres, fusion of cages, formation of coordination polymers, expected [2 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition products, unusual phenyl-olefin dimerization, and linkage isomerization of -SO2, -NO & -NO2 ligands cause the structural transformations. Of these, [2 + 2] photo-cycloaddition reactions have been widely studied and the photoreactions are made possible by various supramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds, metallophilic, ππ and C-Hπ interactions, ligand design and metallic clips to bring the reactive functional groups closely into correct orientation close to the transition state. These photoreactions are often accompanied by crystal bending, mechanical motion, and changes in the magnetic and photoluminescence properties. In several cases, the single crystals have been preserved at the end of the reactions, which are known as single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadese J Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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8
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Li NY, Liu D, Ren ZG, Lollar C, Lang JP, Zhou HC. Controllable Fluorescence Switching of a Coordination Chain Based on the Photoinduced Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Reversible Transformation of a syn-[2.2]Metacyclophane. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:849-856. [PMID: 29292993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The observation of a reversible chemical transformation corresponding to an external stimulus in the solid state is intriguing in the exploration of smart materials, which can potentially be applied in molecular machines, molecular switches, sensors, and data storage devices. The solid-state photodimerization reaction of 1,3-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]benzene (1,3-bpeb) in a one-dimensional coordination polymer {[Cd2(1,3-bpeb)2(4-FBA)4]·H2O}n (4-FBA = 4-fluorobenzoate) with 365 nm UV light afforded syn-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)-1,2,9,10-diethano[2.2]metacyclophane (syn-tpmcp) in quantitative yield via a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation. Upon irradiation with 254 nm UV light, an SCSC conversion from syn-tpmcp to 1,3-bpeb was also achieved in quantitative yield within the syn-tpmcp-supported coordination polymer {[Cd2(syn-tpmcp)(4-FBA)4]·H2O}n. In particular, accompanied by the reversible transformation between 1,3-bpeb and syn-tpmcp, the coordination chain exhibits photocontrollable fluorescence-switching behavior, which makes this intelligent material an appealing candidate for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Ya Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University , Huaibei 235000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University , Huaibei 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Christina Lollar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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9
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10
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Zhang YJ, Chen C, Cai LX, Tan B, Yang XD, Zhang J, Ji M. Post-cycloaddition modification of a porous MOF for improved GC separation of ethanol and water. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7092-7097. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An olefin-containing porous framework undergoes [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give post-modified pore space, accompanied by turn-on luminescence upon light irradiation. The photochemical modification reinforces the supramolecular network and improves GC separation performance of ethanol and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- CAS
- Fuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Min Ji
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
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11
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Poplata S, Tröster A, Zou YQ, Bach T. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Cyclobutanes by Olefin [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9748-815. [PMID: 27018601 PMCID: PMC5025837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is undisputedly the most important and most frequently used photochemical reaction. In this review, it is attempted to cover all recent aspects of [2 + 2] photocycloaddition chemistry with an emphasis on synthetically relevant, regio-, and stereoselective reactions. The review aims to comprehensively discuss relevant work, which was done in the field in the last 20 years (i.e., from 1995 to 2015). Organization of the data follows a subdivision according to mechanism and substrate classes. Cu(I) and PET (photoinduced electron transfer) catalysis are treated separately in sections 2 and 4 , whereas the vast majority of photocycloaddition reactions which occur by direct excitation or sensitization are divided within section 3 into individual subsections according to the photochemically excited olefin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saner Poplata
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Tröster
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - You-Quan Zou
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis
Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität
München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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12
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Meng F, Min J, Wang C, Wang L. Preparation of Cocrystals of 1,4-Diimidazolylbutadiene with a Template Molecule and Dependence of the Cocrystal Photochemical Products on Wavelength. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Singh AS, Sun SS. Structurally Flexible C₃-Symmetric Receptors for Molecular Recognition and Their Self-Assembly Properties. CHEM REC 2015. [PMID: 26202256 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The bioinspired design and synthesis of building blocks and their assemblies by the supramolecular approach has ever fascinated scientists to utilize such artificial systems for numerous purposes. Flexibility is a basic feature of natural systems. However, in artificial systems this is difficult to control, especially if there is no preorganization of the component(s) of a system. We have designed and synthesized a series of C3 -symmetric N-bridged flexible receptors and successfully utilized them to selectively entrap the notorious and toxic nitrate anion in aqueous medium. This was the first report of highest binding affinity for the nitrate anion in aqueous medium. An impressive self-sorting phenomenon of reversibly formed hydrogen-bonded capsules, which self-assembled from flexible tripodal receptors having branches of similar size and bearing the same amide functionality, has been disclosed. Encapsulated nitrate anion has been further utilized for the photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of strained four-membered ring structures through dynamic self-assembly. In this Personal Account, we summarize these results showing the utility of naturally inspired flexibility in artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Institute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, Near Sainik School, Bhubaneswar, 751005, India
| | - Shih-Sheng Sun
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 115 Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Yamaji M, Okamoto H, Hakoshima Y, Shinmyozu T. Photophysical and Photochemical Processes of Excited Singlet and Triplet [3n]Cyclophanes (n = 2–6) Studied by Emission Measurements and Steady-State and Laser Flash Photolyses. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1867-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511105v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Yamaji
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Hideki Okamoto
- Division
of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural
Sciences and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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15
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Cai LX, Chen C, Tan B, Zhang YJ, Yang XD, Zhang J. A photoactive porous metal–organic complex: synthesis, crystal morphology and the influence of photocycloaddition on fluorescence properties and adsorption behavior. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce02507e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kotha S, Shirbhate ME. Design of new synthetic strategies to cyclophanes via ring-closing metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Hirose T, Tsunoi Y, Fujimori Y, Matsuda K. Fluorescence Enhancement of Covalently Linked 1-Cyano-1,2-diphenylethene Chromophores with Naphthalene-1,8-diyl Linker Units: Analysis Based on Kinetic Constants. Chemistry 2014; 21:1637-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Diversity-oriented approach to cyclophanes via Claisen rearrangement and ring-closing metathesis as key steps. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Fukunaga K, Hatanaka T, Ito Y, Minami M, Taki M. Construction of a crown ether-like supramolecular library by conjugation of genetically-encoded peptide linkers displayed on bacteriophage T7. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3921-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By using the 10BASEd-T, we have synthesized a crown ether-like macrocyclic library possessing randomized peptide linkers on bacteriophage T7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Fukunaga
- Department of Engineering Science
- Bioscience and Technology Program
- The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications (UEC)
- Chofu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hatanaka
- Department of Engineering Science
- Bioscience and Technology Program
- The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications (UEC)
- Chofu, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Engineering Science
- Bioscience and Technology Program
- The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications (UEC)
- Chofu, Japan
| | - Michiko Minami
- Department of Engineering Science
- Bioscience and Technology Program
- The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications (UEC)
- Chofu, Japan
| | - Masumi Taki
- Department of Engineering Science
- Bioscience and Technology Program
- The Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering
- The University of Electro-Communications (UEC)
- Chofu, Japan
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20
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Vuk D, Potroško D, Šindler-Kulyk M, Marinić Ž, Molčanov K, Kojić-Prodić B, Škorić I. Synthesis and photochemical transformations of new butadiene chromophores: The influence of the nature and position of chlorine substituent on the photoinduced behaviour. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Metal-Organic Frameworks for Photochemical Reactions. METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS FOR PHOTONICS APPLICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2013_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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22
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Nakamura Y, Kato SI, Noguchi H. Synthesis and Properties of ^|^pi;-Conjugated Compounds Based on Carbazole. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2013. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.71.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Lu ZZ, Lee CC, Velayudham M, Lee LW, Wu JY, Kuo TS, Lu KL. Control of Light-Promoted [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions by a Remote Ancillary Regulatory Group That Is Covalently Attached to Rhenium Rectangles. Chemistry 2012; 18:15714-21. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Chou TC, Liao KC, Hwa CL, Tseng JC. Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene-Based Molecular Tweezers and Cyclophanes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Elacqua E, Friščić T, MacGillivray LR. [2.2]Paracyclophane as a Target of the Organic Solid State: Emergent Properties via Supramolecular Construction. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Škorić I, Kikaš I, Kovács M, Fodor L, Marinić Ž, Molčanov K, Kojić-Prodić B, Horváth O. Synthesis, photochemistry, and photophysics of butadiene derivatives: influence of the methyl group on the molecular structure and photoinduced behavior. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8641-57. [PMID: 21928770 DOI: 10.1021/jo200691x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel butadiene derivatives display diverse photochemistry and photophysics. Excitation of 2-methyl-1-(o-vinylphenyl)-4-phenylbutadiene leads to the dihydronaphthalene derivative, whereas photolysis of the corresponding model o-methyl analogue results in the formation of the naphthalene-like derivative, deviating from the nonmethylated analogue of the prior starting compound and producing benzobi- and -tricyclic compounds. The effect of the methyl substituents is even more dramatic in the case of the dibutadienes. The parent unsubstituted compound undergoes photoinduced intramolecular cycloaddition giving benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene, whereas the photochemical reaction of the corresponding dimethylated derivative shows only geometrical isomerization due to the steric effect of the substituents. Methyl groups on the butadiene backbones reduce the extent of conjugation, causing a blue-shift of the characteristic absorption band. The fluorescence efficiency is dramatically decreased, as a consequence of nonplanarity and reduced rigidity of the molecules due to the crowding by the methyl and phenyl groups together. Four molecules of very similar structures show dramatically different photoinduced behavior, revealing how changes of the nature and position of the substituents are valuable in understanding the photophysics and photochemistry of these types of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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27
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Georgiev IG, Bučar DK, MacGillivray LR. Stereospecific and quantitative photodimerisation of terminal olefins in the solid state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4956-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Katagiri K, Ikeda T, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Tominaga M, Azumaya I. Synthesis and chiral discrimination of cyclic aromatic amides and the determination of their absolute configuration by TD-DFT calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Škorić I, Šmehil M, Marinić Ž, Molčanov K, Kojić-Prodić B, Šindler-Kulyk M. Photochemistry of ω-(o-vinylphenyl)-ω′-(phenyl/2-furyl) butadienes: New approach to 4-substituted benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octadienes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Shimizu H, Kakinoya Y, Takehira K, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Nakamura Y, Nishimura J. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties ofN-Arylcarbazolophanes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Grigorenko N, Leumann C. 2-Phenanthrenyl-DNA: Synthesis, Pairing, and Fluorescence Properties. Chemistry 2009; 15:639-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Yamaji M, Tsukada T, Shizuka H, Nishimura J. Synthesis of a [3.3]biphenylophane, and its photophysical and photochemical properties studied by emission and transient absorption measurements. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Wang W, Bain AD, Wang LQ, Exarhos GJ, Li ADQ. Molecular Self-Assembly Inhibition Leads to Basket-Shaped Cyclophane Formation with Chiral Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3094-103. [DOI: 10.1021/jp077650a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1, and Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Alex D. Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1, and Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Li-Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1, and Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Gregory J. Exarhos
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1, and Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Alexander D. Q. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4M1, and Fundamental Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
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MacGillivray LR, Papaefstathiou GS, Friščić T, Hamilton TD, Bučar DK, Chu Q, Varshney DB, Georgiev IG. Supramolecular control of reactivity in the solid state: from templates to ladderanes to metal-organic frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:280-91. [PMID: 18281948 DOI: 10.1021/ar700145r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe how reactivity can be controlled in the solid state using molecules and self-assembled metal-organic complexes as templates. Being able to control reactivity in the solid state bears relevance to synthetic chemistry and materials science. The former offers a promise to synthesize molecules that may be impossible to realize from the liquid phase while also taking advantage of the benefits of conducting highly stereocontrolled reactions in a solvent-free environment (i.e., green chemistry). The latter provides an opportunity to modify bulk physical properties of solids (e.g., optical properties) through changes to molecular structure that result from a solid-state reaction. Reactions in the solid state have been difficult to control owing to frustrating effects of molecular close packing. The high degree of order provided by the solid state also means that the templates can be developed to determine how principles of supramolecular chemistry can be generally employed to form covalent bonds. The paradigm of synthetic chemistry employed by Nature is based on integrating noncovalent and covalent bonds. The templates assemble olefins via either hydrogen bond or coordination-driven self-assembly for intermolecular [2 + 2] photodimerizations. The olefins are assembled within discrete, or finite, self-assembled complexes, which effectively decouples chemical reactivity from effects of crystal packing. The control of the solid-state assembly process affords the supramolecular construction of targets in the form of cyclophanes and ladderanes. The targets form stereospecifically, in quantitative yield, and in gram amounts. Both [3]- and [5]-ladderanes have been synthesized. The ladderanes are comparable to natural ladderane lipids, which are a new and exciting class of natural products recently discovered in anaerobic marine bacteria. The organic templates function as either hydrogen bond donors or hydrogen bond acceptors. The donors and acceptors generate cyclobutanes lined with pyridyl and carboxylic acid groups, respectively. The metal-organic templates are based on Zn(II) and Ag(I) ions. The reactivity involving Zn(II) ions is shown to affect optical properties in the form of solid-state fluorescence. The solids based on both the organic and metal-organic templates undergo rare single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions. We also demonstrate how the cyclobutanes obtained from this method can be applied as novel polytopic ligands of metallosupramolecular assemblies (e.g., self-assembled capsules) and materials (e.g., metal-organic frameworks). Sonochemistry is also used to generate nanostructured single crystals of the multicomponent solids or cocrystals based on the organic templates. Collectively, our observations suggest that the organic solid state can be integrated into more mainstream settings of synthetic organic chemistry and be developed to construct functional crystalline solids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giannis S. Papaefstathiou
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepostimiopolis, Zografou 157 71, Greece
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245-1294
| | | | | | - Qianli Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245-1294
| | | | - Ivan G. Georgiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245-1294
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Nagarathinam M, Peedikakkal AMP, Vittal JJ. Stacking of double bonds for photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition reactions in the solid state. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5277-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b809136f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Benten H, Guo J, Ohkita H, Ito S, Yamamoto M, Sakumoto N, Hori K, Tohda Y, Tani K. Intramolecular Singlet and Triplet Excimers of Triply Bridged [3.3.n](3,6,9)Carbazolophanes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10905-14. [PMID: 17718466 DOI: 10.1021/jp0723214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermoiety electronic interactions in the singlet and triplet excimer states of triply bridged [3.3.n](3,6,9)carbazolophanes ([3.3.n]Cz, n=3-6) were studied by emission and transient absorption measurements. In these [3.3.n]Cz molecules, the dihedral angle and the separation distance r between fully overlapped two carbazole rings change systematically from nearly parallel (n=3, r=3.35 A) to oblique (n=6, r=4.03 A). In rigid glass at 77 K, [3.3.n]Cz (n=3, 4) (r<4 A) exhibited red-shifted and structureless excimer fluorescence and phosphorescence while [3.3.n]Cz (n=5, 6) (r>4 A) exhibited monomer-like vibrational fluorescence and phosphorescence. In solution at 130 K, all [3.3.n]Cz molecules exhibited an excimeric fluorescence band while [3.3.5]Cz still exhibited monomer-like phosphorescence. Transient absorption spectra measured at 294 K exhibited local excitation and charge-transfer bands for all [3.3.n]Cz molecules in the excited singlet and triplet states, suggesting that not only singlet but also triplet excimers of carbazole are formed at room temperature. Furthermore, the singlet-triplet energy gap decreased with the decrease in n, suggesting that electrons are effectively delocalized over the two carbazole moieties. These findings showed that both singlet and triplet excimers of carbazole are formed with a separation distance shorter than about 4 A and are most stable in the parallel-sandwich structure and that the configurational mixing between exciton resonance and charge resonance states plays an essential role in the formation of singlet and triplet excimers of carbazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Benten
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Sato R, Hamasaka G, Yamamoto T, Muraoka H, Nakajo S, Ogawa S. Macrocyclic Compounds Having Sulfide Moieties Derived fromo-Terphenyl. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Karpuk E, Schollmeyer D, Meier H. Photochemical Generation of Cyclophanes from 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Benzenes with Chalcone Chromophores. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry in water is a constantly growing research area because noncovalent interactions in aqueous media are important for obtaining a better understanding and control of the major processes in nature. This Review offers an overview of recent advances in the area of water-soluble synthetic receptors as well as self-assembly and molecular recognition in water, through consideration of the functionalities that are used to increase the water solubility, as well as the supramolecular interactions and approaches used for effective recognition of a guest and self-assembly in water. The special features and applications of supramolecular entities in aqueous media are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady V Oshovsky
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Tominaga M, Hatano T, Uchiyama M, Masu H, Kagechika H, Azumaya I. Construction of anomalously bent biphenyl structure using conformational properties of calix[4]amide. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Asahara H, Mochizuki E, Oshima T. Conformational analysis in the reversible intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of diphenylbicyclo[4.2.0]oct-3-ene-2,5-diones. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Benten H, Ohkita H, Ito S, Yamamoto M, Sakumoto N, Hori K, Tohda Y, Tani K, Nakamura Y, Nishimura J. Intramolecular Excimer Emission of Triply Bridged [3.3.n](3,6,9)Carbazolophanes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:19681-7. [PMID: 16853545 DOI: 10.1021/jp051539s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of triply bridged [3.3.n](3,6,9)carbazolophanes ([3.3.n]Cz, n = 3, 4, 5, 6) were studied as a model compound for a fully overlapped carbazole excimer. In these [3.3.n]Cz molecules, a plane angle of the two carbazole moieties changed systematically from nearly parallel to oblique, with increases in the length of the methylene chain n bridging at the 9-position of each carbazole ring. Absorption bands of [3.3.n]Cz showed the blue-shift and the splitting for (1)L(a) <-- (1)A and (1)L(b) <-- (1)A transition bands of the reference carbazole monomer, respectively. These spectral changes in [3.3.n]Cz were explained by Kasha's molecular exciton theory with the distance r and dihedral angle theta between the carbazole moieties in the ground state. In both liquid and glass matrixes, [3.3.n]Cz showed intramolecular excimer emission. The emission peak wavelength changed from 409 nm (n = 6) to 480 nm (n = 3) depending on r in the ground state. The dependence of the peak wavelength on r clearly showed that relative configurations of carbazole moieties in the ground state were preserved even in the excimer states. The smaller radiative rate of the excimer emission than the reference monomer was explained by the dimer symmetry of [3.3.n]Cz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Benten
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Nakamura Y, Yamazaki T, Nishimura J. Synthesis and Fluorescence Spectra of Oxa[3.n]phenanthrenophanes. Org Lett 2005; 7:3259-62. [PMID: 16018635 DOI: 10.1021/ol051047y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text]. Novel photostable oxa[3.n](3,9)- and [3.3](3,10)phenanthrenophanes (n = 3, 4) bearing trimethylene-type linkage(s) were successfully synthesized by the intramolecular acid-catalyzed etherification of the corresponding precursor diols. syn-Oxa[3.3](3,10)phenanthrenophane afforded the most red-shifted excimer fluorescence (lambda(max) = 432 nm) among the phenanthrenophanes so far prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakamura
- Department of Nano-Material Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Gunma University, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Japan
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Nishimura J, Funaki T, Saito N, Inokuma S, Nakamura Y, Tajima S, Yoshihara T, Tobita S. Theexo-Outstretching Effect Governing the Exclusive Stereoselectivity of the Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Vinylarenes. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Spectroscopic properties of cyclophane/anthracene and cyclophane/9-fluorenone complexes in dichloromethane. Microchem J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Inokuma S, Ide H, Yonekura T, Funaki T, Kondo SI, Shiobara S, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Nishimura J. Synthesis and complexing properties of [2.n](2,6)pyridinocrownophanes. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1698-703. [PMID: 15730290 DOI: 10.1021/jo0402374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[2.n](2,6)Pyridinocrownophanes (3a-e) were efficiently prepared by intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of vinylpyridine derivatives under irradiation using a 400-W high-pressure mercury lamp through a Pyrex filter. They were of cis-configuration with respect to the cyclobutane ring, which was proven by the specific methine proton NMR resonances at delta 3.98-4.08. From ESI-MS analysis 3a-e were found to form 1:1 complexes with Ag+ cation. In a liquid-liquid extraction, 3 showed the highest affinity toward Ag+ cation among several heavy metal nitrates. In this series, 3c possessing four ethereal oxygen atoms was found to show the highest Ag+ affinity, according to the liquid-liquid extraction and determination of stability constant with the cation. The photoreactivity of precursor vinylpyridines is discussed by the predictor gamma(r(c)) proposed by Caldwell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Inokuma
- Department of Nano-Material Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu 376-8515, Japan
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Greiving H, Hopf H, Jones PG, Bubenitschek P, Desvergne JP, Bouas-Laurent H. Synthesis, Structure and Photoreactivity of Several Cinnamophane Vinylogs. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Skorić I, Basarić N, Marinić Z, Visnjevac A, Kojić-Prodić B, Sindler-Kulyk M. Synthesis and Photochemistry of ?,??-Di(2-furyl)-Substitutedo-Divinylbenzenes: Intra- and/or Intermolecular Cycloaddition as an Effect of Annelation. Chemistry 2005; 11:543-51. [PMID: 15578706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
New heteroaryl-substituted o-divinylbenzenes, 2,2'-(1,2-phenylenedivinylene)difuran (9), 2,2'-(1,2-phenylenedivinylene)bisbenzo[b]furan (10), and 2,2'-(1,2-phenylenedivinylene)bisnaphtho[2,1-b]furan (11), were prepared and irradiated at various concentrations; intramolecular photocycloaddition and intermolecular [2+2] twofold photoaddition reactions took place to give bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene derivatives 12-14 and cyclophane derivatives 15-17, respectively. Compound 11 was the most selective of these o-divinylbenzenes, which, owing to pi-pi intra- or intermolecular complexation, gave only the exo-bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene derivative 14 at low concentrations, and only the cyclophane derivative 17 at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Skorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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