1
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Heiss TK, Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Reactions of Triarylphosphines and Related Analogues. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6802-6849. [PMID: 34101453 PMCID: PMC10064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal phosphines were introduced in the context of the Staudinger ligation over 20 years ago. Since that time, phosphine probes have been used in myriad applications to tag azide-functionalized biomolecules. The Staudinger ligation also paved the way for the development of other phosphorus-based chemistries, many of which are widely employed in biological experiments. Several reviews have highlighted early achievements in the design and application of bioorthogonal phosphines. This review summarizes more recent advances in the field. We discuss innovations in classic Staudinger-like transformations that have enabled new biological pursuits. We also highlight relative newcomers to the bioorthogonal stage, including the cyclopropenone-phosphine ligation and the phospha-Michael reaction. The review concludes with chemoselective reactions involving phosphite and phosphonite ligations. For each transformation, we describe the overall mechanism and scope. We also showcase efforts to fine-tune the reagents for specific functions. We further describe recent applications of the chemistries in biological settings. Collectively, these examples underscore the versatility and breadth of bioorthogonal phosphine reagents.
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2
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Cajigas S, Orozco J. Nanobioconjugates for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Biosensing. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153542. [PMID: 32756410 PMCID: PMC7436128 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanobioconjugates are hybrid materials that result from the coalescence of biomolecules and nanomaterials. They have emerged as a strategy to amplify the signal response in the biosensor field with the potential to enhance the sensitivity and detection limits of analytical assays. This critical review collects a myriad of strategies for the development of nanobioconjugates based on the conjugation of proteins, antibodies, carbohydrates, and DNA/RNA with noble metals, quantum dots, carbon- and magnetic-based nanomaterials, polymers, and complexes. It first discusses nanobioconjugates assembly and characterization to focus on the strategies to amplify a biorecognition event in biosensing, including molecular-, enzymatic-, and electroactive complex-based approaches. It provides some examples, current challenges, and future perspectives of nanobioconjugates for the amplification of signals in electrochemical biosensing.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bednarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Bednar RM, Golbek TW, Kean KM, Brown WJ, Jana S, Baio JE, Karplus PA, Mehl RA. Immobilization of Proteins with Controlled Load and Orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36391-36398. [PMID: 31525993 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials based on immobilized proteins are key elements of many biomedical and industrial technologies. However, applications are limited by an inability to precisely construct materials of high homogeneity and defined content. We present here a general "protein-limited immobilization" strategy by combining the rapid, bioorthogonal, and biocompatible properties of a tetrazine-strained trans-cyclooctene reaction with genetic code expansion to site-specifically place the tetrazine into a protein. For the first time, we use this strategy to immobilize defined amounts of oriented proteins onto beads and flat surfaces in under 5 min at submicromolar concentrations without compromising activity. This approach opens the door to generating and studying diverse protein-based biomaterials that are much more precisely defined and characterized, providing a greater ability to engineer properties across a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bednar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Thaddeus W Golbek
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering , Oregon State University , 116 Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th Street , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Kelsey M Kean
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Wesley J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Subhashis Jana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Joe E Baio
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering , Oregon State University , 116 Johnson Hall, 105 SW 26th Street , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - P Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
| | - Ryan A Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Oregon State University , 2011 Agricultural & Life Sciences Building , Corvallis , Oregon 97331-7305 , United States
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5
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Abstract
Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for manipulating the structures of macromolecules, is allowing chemists to to harness and reprogram the cellular machinery in ways previously unimaged. Here we review one example in which the genetic code itself has been expanded with new building blocks that allow us to probe and manipulate the structures and functions of proteins with unprecedented precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary,
P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187 (USA)
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA),
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6
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Yu Y, Hu C, Xia L, Wang J. Artificial Metalloenzyme Design with Unnatural Amino Acids and Non-Native Cofactors. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West Seventh Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Center
for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiangyun Wang
- Laboratory
of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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7
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Luo W, Gobbo P, Gunawardene PN, Workentin MS. Fluorogenic Gold Nanoparticle (AuNP) Substrate: A Model for the Controlled Release of Molecules from AuNP Nanocarriers via Interfacial Staudinger-Bertozzi Ligation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1908-1913. [PMID: 28061525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regulate small-molecule release from metallic nanoparticle substrates offers unprecedented opportunities for nanocarrier-based imaging, sensing, and drug-delivery applications. Herein we report a novel and highly specific release methodology off gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces based on the bioorthogonal Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation. A thiol ligand bearing the molecular cargo, a Rhodamine B dye derivative, was synthesized and used to modify small water-soluble 5 nm AuNPs. Upon incorporation into the AuNP monolayer, we observed efficient quenching of the dye emission, resulting in a very low level of fluorescence emission that provided the baseline from which cargo release was monitored. We examined the ability of these AuNPs to react with azide molecules via Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation on the nanoparticle surface by monitoring the fluorescence emission after the introduction of an organic azide. We observed an immediate increase in emission intensity upon azide addition, which corresponded to the release of the dye into the bulk solution. The 31P NMR spectrum of the AuNP product also agrees with the formation of the ligation product. Thus this system represents a novel and highly specific release methodology off AuNP surfaces that can have potential applications in drug delivery, sensing, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luo
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Praveen N Gunawardene
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark S Workentin
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research , Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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8
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Feng M, Bell DR, Luo J, Zhou R. Impact of graphyne on structural and dynamical properties of calmodulin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10187-10195. [PMID: 28374026 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphyne, graphene, and carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable attention for their applications, but questions remain regarding their biosafety through potential adverse interactions with important biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Feng
- Department of Physics
- Institute of Quantitative Biology
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - David R. Bell
- Computational Biological Center
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
- Yorktown Heights
- USA
| | - Judong Luo
- Department of Oncology
- The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
- Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital
- Changzhou
- China
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Department of Physics
- Institute of Quantitative Biology
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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9
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Dinesh B, Bianco A, Ménard-Moyon C. Designing multimodal carbon nanotubes by covalent multi-functionalization. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18596-18611. [PMID: 27805213 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06728j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a unique tool in nanotechnology owing to their exceptional properties that offer a variety of opportunities for applications in different fields. Nevertheless, their low dispersibility in organic solvents and in aqueous media hampers their development. The functionalization of their surface allows overcoming this issue, while exploiting and tuning their properties. Thanks to their high specific surface area, multi-functionalization strategies give the possibility to conjugate several copies of different molecules to endow the nanotubes with multiple functionalities. In this context, this review wishes to focus on the preparation of multimodal CNTs designed by covalent multi-functionalization. More specifically, we describe the different approaches that have been developed to prepare multi-functionalized CNTs through double and triple covalent functionalization of the nanotube framework. We also emphasize the strategies used to control the derivatization of multi-functionalized CNTs with molecules of interest mainly via sequential or simultaneous methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhimareddy Dinesh
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Cécilia Ménard-Moyon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Immunopathology and therapeutic chemistry, UPR 3572 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Ta DT, Guedens W, Vranken T, Vanschoenbeek K, Steen Redeker E, Michiels L, Adriaensens P. Enhanced Biosensor Platforms for Detecting the Atherosclerotic Biomarker VCAM1 Based on Bioconjugation with Uniformly Oriented VCAM1-Targeting Nanobodies. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030034. [PMID: 27399790 PMCID: PMC5039653 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface bioconjugation of biomolecules has gained enormous attention for developing advanced biomaterials including biosensors. While conventional immobilization (by physisorption or covalent couplings using the functional groups of the endogenous amino acids) usually results in surfaces with low activity, reproducibility and reusability, the application of methods that allow for a covalent and uniformly oriented coupling can circumvent these limitations. In this study, the nanobody targeting Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (NbVCAM1), an atherosclerotic biomarker, is engineered with a C-terminal alkyne function via Expressed Protein Ligation (EPL). Conjugation of this nanobody to azidified silicon wafers and Biacore™ C1 sensor chips is achieved via Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” chemistry to detect VCAM1 binding via ellipsometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), respectively. The resulting surfaces, covered with uniformly oriented nanobodies, clearly show an increased antigen binding affinity, sensitivity, detection limit, quantitation limit and reusability as compared to surfaces prepared by random conjugation. These findings demonstrate the added value of a combined EPL and CuAAC approach as it results in strong control over the surface orientation of the nanobodies and an improved detecting power of their targets—a must for the development of advanced miniaturized, multi-biomarker biosensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Ta
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Can Tho University of Technology, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam.
| | - Wanda Guedens
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
| | - Tom Vranken
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn Vanschoenbeek
- Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute (Biomed) and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
| | - Erik Steen Redeker
- Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc Michiels
- Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute (Biomed) and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Biomolecule Design Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
- Applied and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek BE-3590, Belgium.
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11
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Gobbo P, Luo W, Cho SJ, Wang X, Biesinger MC, Hudson RHE, Workentin MS. Small gold nanoparticles for interfacial Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:4605-12. [PMID: 25786777 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that possess interfacial methyl-2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate moieties have been successfully synthesized (Staudinger-AuNPs) and characterized by multi-nuclear MR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, XPS was remarkably sensitive for characterization of the novel nanomaterial, and in furnishing proof of its interfacial reactivity. These Staudinger-AuNPs were found to be stable to the oxidation of the phosphine center. The reaction with benzyl azide in a Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation, as a model system, was investigated using (31)P NMR spectroscopy. This demonstrated that the interfacial reaction was clean and quantitative. To showcase the potential utility of these Staudinger-AuNPs in bioorganic chemistry, a AuNP bioconjugate was prepared by reacting the Staudinger-AuNPs with a novel azide-labeled CRGDK peptide. The CRGDK peptide could be covalently attached to the AuNP efficiently, chemoselectively, and with a high loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Gobbo
- The University of Western Ontario and the Centre for Materials and Biomaterials Research, Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Maza JC, McKenna JR, Raliski BK, Freedman MT, Young DD. Synthesis and Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids To Probe and Optimize Protein Bioconjugations. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1884-9. [PMID: 26287719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) in bioconjugations is ideal due to their ability to confer a degree of bioorthogonality and specificity. In order to elucidate optimal conditions for the preparation of bioconjugates with UAAs, we synthesized 9 UAAs with variable methylene tethers (2-4) and either an azide, alkyne, or halide functional group. All 9 UAAs were then incorporated into green fluorescent protein (GFP) using a promiscuous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The different bioconjugations were then analyzed for optimal tether length via reaction with either a fluorophore or a derivatized resin. Interestingly, the optimal tether length was found to be dependent on the type of reaction. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of various parameters that can be optimized for the efficient preparation of bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan C Maza
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Jaclyn R McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Benjamin K Raliski
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Matthew T Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
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13
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López CJ, Fleissner MR, Brooks EK, Hubbell WL. Stationary-phase EPR for exploring protein structure, conformation, and dynamics in spin-labeled proteins. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7067-75. [PMID: 25333901 PMCID: PMC4238802 DOI: 10.1021/bi5011128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Proteins tethered to solid supports
are of increasing interest
in bioanalytical chemistry and protein science in general. However,
the extent to which tethering modifies the energy landscape and dynamics
of the protein is most often unknown because there are few biophysical
methods that can determine secondary and tertiary structures and explore
conformational equilibria and dynamics of a tethered protein with
site-specific resolution. Site-directed spin labeling (SDSL) combined
with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) offers a unique opportunity
for this purpose. Here, we employ a general strategy using unnatural
amino acids that enables efficient and site-specific tethering of
a spin-labeled protein to a Sepharose solid support. Remarkably, EPR
spectra of spin-labeled T4 lysozyme (T4L) reveal that a single site-specific
attachment suppresses rotational motion of the protein sufficiently
to allow interpretation of the spectral line shape in terms of protein
internal dynamics. Importantly, line shape analysis and distance mapping
using double electron–electron resonance reveal that internal
dynamics, the tertiary fold, conformational equilibria, and ligand
binding of the tethered proteins were similar to those in solution,
in contrast to random attachment via native lysine residues. The results
of this study set the stage for the development of an EPR-based flow
system that will house soluble and membrane proteins immobilized site-specifically,
thereby enabling facile screening of structural and dynamical effects
of binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J López
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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14
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Raliski BK, Howard CA, Young DD. Site-Specific Protein Immobilization Using Unnatural Amino Acids. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1916-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K. Raliski
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Christina A. Howard
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
| | - Douglas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, United States
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15
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Mehra NK, Mishra V, Jain N. A review of ligand tethered surface engineered carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1267-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Battigelli A, Ménard-Moyon C, Da Ros T, Prato M, Bianco A. Endowing carbon nanotubes with biological and biomedical properties by chemical modifications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1899-920. [PMID: 23856410 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope of nanotechnology is gaining importance in biology and medicine. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as a promising tool due to their unique properties, high specific surface area, and capacity to cross biological barriers. These properties offer a variety of opportunities for applications in nanomedicine, such as diagnosis, disease treatment, imaging, and tissue engineering. Nevertheless, pristine CNTs are insoluble in water and in most organic solvents; thereby functionalization of their surface is necessary to increase biocompatibility. Derivatization of CNTs also gives the possibility to conjugate different biological and bioactive molecules including drugs, proteins, and targeting ligands. This review focuses on the chemical modifications of CNTs that have been developed to impart specific properties for biological and medical purposes. Biomolecules can be covalently grafted or non-covalently adsorbed on the nanotube surface. In addition, the inner core of CNTs can be exploited to encapsulate drugs, nanoparticles, or radioactive elements.
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17
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Steen Redeker E, Ta DT, Cortens D, Billen B, Guedens W, Adriaensens P. Protein Engineering For Directed Immobilization. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1761-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bc4002823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Steen Redeker
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Duy Tien Ta
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - David Cortens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Brecht Billen
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wanda Guedens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Biomolecule Design Group
(BDG), Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Chemistry Division, Hasselt University, Agoralaan
Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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18
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Tessmer I, Kaur P, Lin J, Wang H. Investigating bioconjugation by atomic force microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:25. [PMID: 23855448 PMCID: PMC3723498 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnological applications increasingly exploit the selectivity and processivity of biological molecules. Integration of biomolecules such as proteins or DNA into nano-systems typically requires their conjugation to surfaces, for example of carbon-nanotubes or fluorescent quantum dots. The bioconjugated nanostructures exploit the unique strengths of both their biological and nanoparticle components and are used in diverse, future oriented research areas ranging from nanoelectronics to biosensing and nanomedicine. Atomic force microscopy imaging provides valuable, direct insight for the evaluation of different conjugation approaches at the level of the individual molecules. Recent technical advances have enabled high speed imaging by AFM supporting time resolutions sufficient to follow conformational changes of intricately assembled nanostructures in solution. In addition, integration of AFM with different spectroscopic and imaging approaches provides an enhanced level of information on the investigated sample. Furthermore, the AFM itself can serve as an active tool for the assembly of nanostructures based on bioconjugation. AFM is hence a major workhorse in nanotechnology; it is a powerful tool for the structural investigation of bioconjugation and bioconjugation-induced effects as well as the simultaneous active assembly and analysis of bioconjugation-based nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Ikeda-Boku A, Kondo K, Ohno S, Yoshida E, Yokogawa T, Hayashi N, Nishikawa K. Protein fishing using magnetic nanobeads containing calmodulin site-specifically immobilized via an azido group. J Biochem 2013; 154:159-65. [PMID: 23653405 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel method for capturing proteins that interact with a target protein. This method utilizes a protein containing a site-specifically incorporated 3-azidotyrosine (N3-Y) and FG beads for immobilization of the protein via an azido group. Using calmodulin (CaM) as the target protein, we introduced N3-Y at position 72 and conjugated it to FG beads by copper-free click chemistry. From the Ca(2+)/CaM-binding proteins captured from mouse brain cell lysate and analysis by mass spectrometry, we identified six proteins: alpha-enolase (ENOA), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), annexin A5 (ANXA5), malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the well-known CaM-binding protein phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). The presence of photo-crosslinking products via N3-Y for all the captured proteins except GPI indicated that they bound directly to CaM. In this study, ENOA, ANXA5 and MDH1 were identified as novel CaM-binding proteins, and PGK1 was bound to Ca(2+)/CaM and also Ca(2+)-free CaM. This method should prove useful for capturing novel interacting proteins and serve as a useful tool for proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Ikeda-Boku
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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