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Ahmed SS, Youssef AO, Mohamed EH, Attia MS. A highly selective optical sensor Eu-BINAM for assessment of high sensitivity cardiac troponin tumor marker in serum of cancer patients. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 300:122887. [PMID: 37224630 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel, easy, touchy and selective spectrofluorimetric technique has been successfully applied for sensitive determination of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in the serum samples of patients suffering malignant tumors through the usage of optical sensor Eu3+-BINAM complex. The technique is primarily based on quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex's luminescence intensity upon introducing various concentrations of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I). The synthesis and characterization of the optical sensor was performed via absorption and emission. The sensor was also adapted to offer excitation at 394 nm in acetonitrile at pH 7.5. Concentration of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in serum samples was found to be proportional to the luminescence intensity quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex, most prominently at λem = 618 nm. The limit of the dynamic range is 4.26 × 10-4 to 2 ng/mL. The limit of detection and quantitation were calculated to be 1.35 and 4.10 ng/mL, respectively. The suggested analytical approach proved its applicability, simplicity and comparatively interference- free. The technique was effectively recruited to quantify High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in human serum samples. The proposed technique could be further extended to evaluate some biomarkers associated with malignancy related diseases in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahenda S Ahmed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2)-targeting peptide derivatives for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114989. [PMID: 36527934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytically-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Synthetic ligands and in vitro imaging probes targeting this receptor have been developed with low nanomolar affinity, however, no in vivo imaging probes exist for PAR2. Here, we report the strategic design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of novel 4-fluorobenzoylated PAR2-targeting peptides derived from 2f-LIGRLO-NH2 (2f-LI-) and Isox-Cha-Chg-Xaa-NH2 (Isox-) peptide families, where the 4-fluorobenzoyl moiety acts as the 19F-standard of an 18F-labeled probe for potential use in in vivo imaging. We found that several of the 4-fluorobenzoylated peptides from the 2f-LI-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with moderate potency (EC50 = 151-252 nM), whereas several from the Isox-family exhibited PAR2 selectivity with high potency (EC50 = 13-42 nM). Our lead candidate, Isox-Cha-Chg-Ala-Arg-Dpr(4FB)-NH2 (EC50 = 13 nM), was successfully synthesized with fluorine-18 with a radiochemical yield of 37%, radiochemical purity of >98%, molar activity of 20 GBq/μmol, and an end of synthesis time of 125 min. Biodistribution studies and preliminary PET imaging of the tracer in mice showed predominantly renal clearance. This 18F-labeled tracer is the first reported PAR2 imaging agent with potential for use in vivo. Future work will explore the use of this tracer in cancer xenografts and inflammation models involving upregulation of PAR2 expression.
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3
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Rivas CM, Yee MC, Addison KJ, Lovett M, Pal K, Ledford JG, Dussor G, Price TJ, Vagner J, DeFea KA, Boitano S. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist C391 inhibits Alternaria-induced airway epithelial signalling and asthma indicators in acute exposure mouse models. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2208-2222. [PMID: 34841515 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the availability of a variety of treatment options, many asthma patients have poorly controlled disease with frequent exacerbations. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been identified in preclinical animal models as important to asthma initiation and progression following allergen exposure. Proteinase activation of PAR2 raises intracellular Ca2+ , inducing MAPK and β-arrestin signalling in the airway, leading to inflammatory and protective effects. We have developed C391, a potent PAR2 antagonist effective in blocking peptidomimetic- and trypsin-induced PAR2 signalling in vitro as well as reducing inflammatory PAR2-associated pain in vivo. We hypothesized that PAR2 antagonism by C391 would attenuate allergen-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in murine models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the ability of C391 to alter Alternaria alternata-induced PAR2 signalling pathways in vitro using a human airway epithelial cell line that naturally expresses PAR2 (16HBE14o-) and a transfected embryonic cell line (HEK 293). We next evaluated the ability for C391 to reduce A. alternata-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in vivo in two murine strains. KEY RESULTS C391 blocked A. alternata-induced, PAR2-dependent Ca2+ and MAPK signalling in 16HBE14o- cells, as well as β-arrestin recruitment in HEK 293 cells. C391 effectively attenuated A. alternata-induced inflammation, mucus production, mucus cell hyperplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness in acute allergen-challenged murine models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of pharmacological intervention of PAR2 to reduce allergen-induced asthma indicators in vivo. These data support further development of PAR2 antagonists as potential first-in-class allergic asthma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy M Rivas
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kenneth J Addison
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marissa Lovett
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Julie G Ledford
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Corporate Headquarters, PARMedics, Inc., Temecula, California, USA
| | - Scott Boitano
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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4
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Protease-activated receptor-2 ligands reveal orthosteric and allosteric mechanisms of receptor inhibition. Commun Biol 2020; 3:782. [PMID: 33335291 PMCID: PMC7747594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been implicated in multiple pathophysiologies but drug discovery is challenging due to low small molecule tractability and a complex activation mechanism. Here we report the pharmacological profiling of a potent new agonist, suggested by molecular modelling to bind in the putative orthosteric site, and two novel PAR2 antagonists with distinctly different mechanisms of inhibition. We identify coupling between different PAR2 binding sites. One antagonist is a competitive inhibitor that binds to the orthosteric site, while a second antagonist is a negative allosteric modulator that binds at a remote site. The allosteric modulator shows probe dependence, more effectively inhibiting peptide than protease activation of PAR2 signalling. Importantly, both antagonists are active in vivo, inhibiting PAR2 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in rats and preventing activation of mast cells and neutrophils. These results highlight two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that potentially could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2. Kennedy et al. report the pharmacological and in vivo profiling of two small molecule PAR2 inhibitors and an agonist. They conclude that while the small molecule agonist and one of the inhibitors bind to the orthosteric PAR2 binding site, the other inhibitor is a negative allosteric modulator, highlighting two distinct mechanisms of inhibition that could be targeted for future development of drugs that modulate PAR2.
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5
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LeSarge JC, Thibeault P, Milne M, Ramachandran R, Luyt LG. High Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2). ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1045-1050. [PMID: 31312406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR2 is a proteolytically activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is implicated in various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Ligands with low nanomolar affinity for PAR2 have been developed, but there is a paucity of research on the development of PAR2-targeting imaging probes. Here, we report the development of seven novel PAR2-targeting compounds. Four of these compounds are highly potent and selective PAR2-targeting peptides (EC50 = 10 to 23 nM) that have a primary amine handle available for facile conjugation to various imaging components. We describe a peptide of the sequence Isox-Cha-Chg-ARK(Sulfo-Cy5)-NH2 as the most potent and highest affinity PAR2-selective fluorescent probe reported to date (EC50 = 16 nM, K D = 38 nM). This compound has a greater than 10-fold increase in potency and binding affinity for PAR2 compared to the leading previously reported probe and is conjugated to a red-shifted fluorophore, enabling in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Milne
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
| | | | - Leonard G. Luyt
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9, Canada
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6
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Hounsou C, Baehr C, Gasparik V, Alili D, Belhocine A, Rodriguez T, Dupuis E, Roux T, Mann A, Heissler D, Pin JP, Durroux T, Bonnet D, Hibert M. From the Promiscuous Asenapine to Potent Fluorescent Ligands Acting at a Series of Aminergic G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Med Chem 2017; 61:174-188. [PMID: 29219316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, histamine, and noradrenaline have important and varied physiological functions and similar chemical structures. Representing important pharmaceutical drug targets, the corresponding G-protein-coupled receptors (termed aminergic GPCRs) belong to the class of cell membrane receptors and share many levels of similarity as well. Given their pharmacological and structural closeness, one could hypothesize the possibility to derivatize a ubiquitous ligand to afford rapidly fluorescent probes for a large set of GPCRs to be used for instance in FRET-based binding assays. Here we report fluorescent derivatives of the nonselective agent asenapine which were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as ligands of 34 serotonin, dopamine, histamine, melatonin, acetylcholine, and adrenergic receptors. It appears that this strategy led rapidly to the discovery and development of nanomolar affinity fluorescent probes for 14 aminergic GPCRs. Selected probes were tested in competition binding assays with unlabeled competitors in order to demonstrate their suitability for drug discovery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candide Hounsou
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Corinne Baehr
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Vincent Gasparik
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Doria Alili
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Abderazak Belhocine
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thiéric Rodriguez
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elodie Dupuis
- Cisbio Bioassays , Parc Marcel Boiteux, BP84175, 30200 Codolet, France
| | - Thomas Roux
- Cisbio Bioassays , Parc Marcel Boiteux, BP84175, 30200 Codolet, France
| | - André Mann
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Denis Heissler
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France.,LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR5203, INSERM U661, Université de Montpellier (IFR3) , 141 Rue de la Cardonille, F-34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France.,LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 74 Route du Rhin, 67412 Illkirch, France.,LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , 67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Lim J, Wu KC, Xu W, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. A Potent Antagonist of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 That Inhibits Multiple Signaling Functions in Human Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:246-257. [PMID: 29263243 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface protein linked to G-protein dependent and independent intracellular signaling pathways that produce a wide range of physiological responses, including those related to metabolism, inflammation, pain, and cancer. Certain proteases, peptides, and nonpeptides are known to potently activate PAR2. However, no effective potent PAR2 antagonists have been reported yet despite their anticipated therapeutic potential. This study investigates antagonism of key PAR2-dependent signaling properties and functions by the imidazopyridazine compound I-191 (4-(8-(tert-butyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-2-carbonyl)-3,3-dimethylpiperazin-2-one) in cancer cells. At nanomolar concentrations, I-191 inhibited PAR2 binding of and activation by structurally distinct PAR2 agonists (trypsin, peptide, nonpeptide) in a concentration-dependent manner in cells of the human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29). I-191 potently attenuated multiple PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways leading to Ca2+ release, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, Ras homologue gene family, member A (RhoA) activation, and inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. The mechanism of action of I-191 was investigated using binding and calcium mobilization studies in HT29 cells where I-191 was shown to be noncompetitive and a negative allosteric modulator of the agonist 2f-LIGRL-NH2 The compound alone did not activate these PAR2-mediated pathways, even at high micromolar concentrations, indicating no bias in these signaling properties. I-191 also potently inhibited PAR2-mediated downstream functional responses, including expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis and migration, in human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line (HT29) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). These findings indicate that I-191 is a potent PAR2 antagonist that inhibits multiple PAR2-induced signaling pathways and functional responses. I-191 may be a valuable tool for characterizing PAR2 functions in cancer and in other cellular, physiological, and disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacky Y Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Dantas de Araujo A, Wu C, Wu KC, Reid RC, Durek T, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Europium-Labeled Synthetic C3a Protein as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Human Complement C3a Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1669-1676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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9
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Jiang Y, Yau MK, Kok WM, Lim J, Wu KC, Liu L, Hill TA, Suen JY, Fairlie DP. Biased Signaling by Agonists of Protease Activated Receptor 2. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1217-1226. [PMID: 28169521 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is associated with metabolism, obesity, inflammatory, respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, pain, cancer, and other diseases. The extracellular N-terminus of PAR2 is a common target for multiple proteases, which cleave it at different sites to generate different N-termini that activate different PAR2-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. There are no synthetic PAR2 ligands that reproduce the same signaling profiles and potencies as proteases. Structure-activity relationships here for 26 compounds spanned a signaling bias over 3 log units, culminating in three small ligands as biased agonist tools for interrogating PAR2 functions. DF253 (2f-LAAAAI-NH2) triggered PAR2-mediated calcium release (EC50 2 μM) but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation (EC50 > 100 μM) in CHO cells transfected with hPAR2. AY77 (Isox-Cha-Chg-NH2) was a more potent calcium-biased agonist (EC50 40 nM, Ca2+; EC50 2 μM, ERK1/2), while its analogue AY254 (Isox-Cha-Chg-A-R-NH2) was an ERK-biased agonist (EC50 2 nM, ERK1/2; EC50 80 nM, Ca2+). Signaling bias led to different functional responses in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29). AY254, but not AY77 or DF253, attenuated cytokine-induced caspase 3/8 activation, promoted scratch-wound healing, and induced IL-8 secretion, all via PAR2-ERK1/2 signaling. Different ligand components were responsible for different PAR2 signaling and functions, clues that can potentially lead to drugs that modulate different pathway-selective cellular and physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jiang
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mei-Kwan Yau
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - W. Mei Kok
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jacky Y. Suen
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and
Disease Research and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence
in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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10
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Suen J, Adams M, Lim J, Madala P, Xu W, Cotterell A, He Y, Yau M, Hooper J, Fairlie D. Mapping transmembrane residues of proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR 2 ) that influence ligand-modulated calcium signaling. Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:328-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Characterization and Functions of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3130496. [PMID: 27006943 PMCID: PMC4781943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3130496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a cell surface receptor activated by serine proteinases or specific synthetic compounds. Interest in PAR2 as a pharmaceutical target for various diseases is increasing. Here we asked two questions relevant to endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: How is PAR2 function affected in blood vessels? What role does PAR2 have in promoting obesity, diabetes, and/or metabolic syndrome, specifically via the endothelium and adipose tissues? We conducted a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed and Scopus (July 2015; search terms: par2, par-2, f2lr1, adipose, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Seven studies focused on PAR2 and vascular function. The obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome animal models differed amongst studies, but each reported that PAR2-mediated vasodilator actions were preserved in the face of endothelial dysfunction. The remaining studies focused on nonvascular functions and provided evidence supporting the concept that PAR2 activation promoted obesity. Key studies showed that PAR2 activation regulated cellular metabolism, and PAR2 antagonists inhibited adipose gain and metabolic dysfunction in rats. We conclude that PAR2 antagonists for treatment of obesity indeed show early promise as a therapeutic strategy; however, endothelial-specific PAR2 functions, which may offset mechanisms that produce vascular dysfunction in diabetes, warrant additional study.
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12
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Boitano S, Hoffman J, Flynn AN, Asiedu MN, Tillu DV, Zhang Z, Sherwood CL, Rivas CM, DeFea KA, Vagner J, Price TJ. The novel PAR2 ligand C391 blocks multiple PAR2 signalling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4535-4545. [PMID: 26140338 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) is a GPCR linked to diverse pathologies, including acute and chronic pain. PAR2 is one of the four PARs that are activated by proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular amino terminus, resulting in an exposed, tethered peptide agonist. Several peptide and peptidomimetic agonists, with high potency and efficacy, have been developed to probe the functions of PAR2, in vitro and in vivo. However, few similarly potent and effective antagonists have been described. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We modified the peptidomimetic PAR2 agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 , to create a novel PAR2 peptidomimetic ligand, C391. C391 was evaluated for PAR2 agonist/antagonist activity to PAR2 across Gq signalling pathways using the naturally expressing PAR2 cell line 16HBE14o-. For antagonist studies, a highly potent and specific peptidomimetic agonist (2-aminothiazo-4-yl-LIGRL-NH2 ) and proteinase agonist (trypsin) were used to activate PAR2. C391 was also evaluated in vivo for reduction of thermal hyperalgesia, mediated by mast cell degranulation, in mice. KEY RESULTS C391 is a potent and specific peptidomimetic antagonist, blocking multiple signalling pathways (Gq -dependent Ca2+ , MAPK) induced following peptidomimetic or proteinase activation of human PAR2. In a PAR2-dependent behavioural assay in mice, C391 dose-dependently (75 μg maximum effect) blocked the thermal hyperalgesia, mediated by mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS C391 is the first low MW antagonist to block both PAR2 Ca2+ and MAPK signalling pathways activated by peptidomimetics and/or proteinase activation. C391 represents a new molecular structure for PAR2 antagonism and can serve as a basis for further development for this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Boitano
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Justin Hoffman
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrea N Flynn
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marina N Asiedu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dipti V Tillu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cara L Sherwood
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Candy M Rivas
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences Division, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- The BIO5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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Haugaard-Kedström LM, Wong LLL, Bathgate RAD, Rosengren KJ. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a europium-labelled single-chain antagonist for binding studies of the relaxin-3 receptor RXFP3. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1267-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Suen JY, Cotterell A, Lohman RJ, Lim J, Han A, Yau MK, Liu L, Cooper MA, Vesey DA, Fairlie DP. Pathway-selective antagonism of proteinase activated receptor 2. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4112-24. [PMID: 24821440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a GPCR associated with inflammation, metabolism and disease. Clues to understanding how to block PAR2 signalling associated with disease without inhibiting PAR2 activation in normal physiology could be provided by studies of biased signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PAR2 ligand GB88 was profiled for PAR2 agonist and antagonist properties by several functional assays associated with intracellular G-protein-coupled signalling in vitro in three cell types and with PAR2-induced rat paw oedema in vivo. KEY RESULTS In HT29 cells, GB88 was a PAR2 antagonist in terms of Ca(2+) mobilization and PKC phosphorylation, but a PAR2 agonist in attenuating forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation, increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, myosin phosphatase phosphorylation and actin filament rearrangement. In CHO-hPAR2 cells, GB88 inhibited Ca(2+) release, but activated G(i/o) and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In human kidney tubule cells, GB88 inhibited cytokine secretion (IL6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNF-α) mediated by PAR2. A rat paw oedema induced by PAR2 agonists was also inhibited by orally administered GB88 and compared with effects of locally administered inhibitors of G-protein coupled pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS GB88 is a biased antagonist of PAR2 that selectively inhibits PAR2/G(q/11)/Ca(2+)/PKC signalling, leading to anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, while being an agonist in activating three other PAR2-activated pathways (cAMP, ERK, Rho) in human cells. These findings highlight opportunities to design drugs to block specific PAR2-linked signalling pathways in disease, without blocking beneficial PAR2 signalling in normal physiology, and to dissect PAR2-associated mechanisms of disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Suen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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15
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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