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Yang C, Lin ZI, Zhang X, Xu Z, Xu G, Wang YM, Tsai TH, Cheng PW, Law WC, Yong KT, Chen CK. Recent Advances in Engineering Carriers for siRNA Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300362. [PMID: 38150293 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been a promising treatment strategy for combating intractable diseases. However, the applications of RNAi in clinical are hampered by extracellular and intracellular barriers. To overcome these barriers, various siRNA delivery systems have been developed in the past two decades. The first approved RNAi therapeutic, Patisiran (ONPATTRO) using lipids as the carrier, for the treatment of amyloidosis is one of the most important milestones. This has greatly encouraged researchers to work on creating new functional siRNA carriers. In this review, the recent advances in siRNA carriers consisting of lipids, polymers, and polymer-modified inorganic particles for cancer therapy are summarized. Representative examples are presented to show the structural design of the carriers in order to overcome the delivery hurdles associated with RNAi therapies. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspective for developing RNAi as a clinical modality will be discussed and proposed. It is believed that the addressed contributions in this review will promote the development of siRNA delivery systems for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Ian Lin
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Xinmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Min Wang
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsien Tsai
- Division of Cardiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 60002, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Chih-Kuang Chen
- Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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The Formation of Morphologically Stable Lipid Nanocarriers for Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043632. [PMID: 36835043 PMCID: PMC9964330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerasomes are a promising modification of liposomes with covalent siloxane networks on the surface that provide outstanding morphological stability while maintaining all the useful traits of liposomes. Herein, thin film hydration and ethanol sol injection methods were utilized to produce cerasomes of various composition, which were then evaluated for the purpose of drug delivery. The most promising nanoparticles obtained by the thin film method were studied closely using MTT assay, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy on T98G glioblastoma cell line and modified with surfactants to achieve stability and the ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier. An antitumor agent, paclitaxel, was loaded into cerasomes, which increased its potency and demonstrated increased ability to induce apoptosis in T98G glioblastoma cell culture. Cerasomes loaded with fluorescent dye rhodamine B demonstrated significantly increased fluorescence in brain slices of Wistar rats compared to free rhodamine B. Thin film hydration with Tween 80 addition was established as a more reliable and versatile method for cerasome preparation. Cerasomes increased the antitumor action of paclitaxel toward T98G cancer cells by a factor of 36 and were able to deliver rhodamine B over the blood-brain barrier in rats.
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Liu R, Xu Y, Qu S, Dai Z. Major Strategies for Spatial Control of Ultrasound-Driven Gene Expression to Enhance Therapeutic Specificity. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 51:29-40. [PMID: 37522539 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2023047680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of gene therapy is to achieve highly specific transgene expression in tissues of interest with minimized off-target expression. Ultrasound in combination with microbubbles can transiently increase permeability of desired cells or tissues and thereby facilitate gene transfer. This kind of ultrasound-driven transgene expression has gained increasing attention due to its deep tissue penetration and high spatiotemporal resolution. However, successful genetic manipulation in vivo with ultrasound need to well optimize various aspects involved in this process. Ultrasound parameters, microbubble dose, and gene vectors need to be optimized for highly increased transgene expression in the cells of interest. Conversely, the potential off-target transgene expression and toxicities need to be reduced by modification of gene vectors and/or promoter sequence. This review will discuss some major strategies for enhanced specificity of the ultrasound-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Five major strategies will be discussed, including the integration of real-time imaging methods, local injection, targeted microbubbles loaded with nucleic acids, stealth nanocarriers, and cell-specific promoter. The advantages and limitations of each strategy were outlined, hoping to provide a guideline for researchers in achieving high specific ultrasound-driven gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfa Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, China
| | - Yunxue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, China
| | - Shuai Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, China
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Li T, Huang L, Yang M. Lipid-based Vehicles for siRNA Delivery in Biomedical Field. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:3-22. [PMID: 31549951 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190924164152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic drugs have aroused much attention in the past twenty years. RNA interference (RNAi) offers novel insights into discovering potential gene functions and therapies targeting genetic diseases. Small interference RNA (siRNA), typically 21-23 nucleotides in length, can specifically degrade complementary mRNA. However, targeted delivery and controlled release of siRNA remain a great challenge. METHODS Different types of lipid-based delivery vehicles have been synthesized, such as liposomes, lipidoids, micelles, lipoplexes and lipid nanoparticles. These carriers commonly have a core-shell structure. For active targeting, ligands may be conjugated to the surface of lipid particles. RESULTS Lipid-based drug delivery vehicles can be utilized in anti-viral or anti-tumor therapies. They can also be used to tackle genetic diseases or discover novel druggable genes. CONCLUSION In this review, the structures of lipid-based vehicles and possible surface modifications are described, and applications of delivery vehicles in biomedical field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linfeng Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Wang J, Wang AZ, Lv P, Tao W, Liu G. Advancing the Pharmaceutical Potential of Bioinorganic Hybrid Lipid-Based Assemblies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800564. [PMID: 30250799 PMCID: PMC6145262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired lipid assemblies that mimic the elaborate architecture of natural membranes have fascinated researchers for a long time. These lipid assemblies have gone from being just an imperative platform for biophysical research to a pharmaceutical delivery system for biomedical applications. Despite success, these organized nanosystems are often subject to the mechanical instability and limited theranostic capability without adding any inconvenient modifications. To reach their advanced pharmaceutical potential, various bioinorganic hybrid lipid-based assembles, which provide new opportunities to synergistically complement and improve therapeutic/diagnostic potential of existing lipid-based nanomedicine with distinct mechanisms containing inorganic embedded surfactants, have recently been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Angela Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- Blood Cancer Cytogenetics and Genomics LaboratoryDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong S.A.R.China
| | - Peng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of AnesthesiologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress BiologyInnovation Center for Cell BiologySchool of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & InstrumentationCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China
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Zhang H, Tu J, Liao Y, Cai K, Li Y, Liufu C, Chen Z. Chitosan-conjugated lipid microbubble combined with ultrasound for efficient gene transfection. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1482232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiawei Tu
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangying Liao
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kuan Cai
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chun Liufu
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Chang DC, Zhang YM, Zhang J, Liu YH, Yu XQ. Cationic lipids with a cyclen headgroup: synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies as non-viral gene vectors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure–activity relationships of cyclen-based cationic lipids as non-viral gene delivery vectors were studied and clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Chun Chang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Yi-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
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Zhou Y, Liang X, Dai Z. Porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles for cancer theranostics. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12394-12405. [PMID: 26730838 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins have been used as pioneering theranostic agents not only for the photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy and radiotherapy of cancer, but also for diagnostic fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and photoacoustic imaging. A variety of porphyrins have been developed but very few of them have actually been employed in clinical trials due to their poor selectivity to tumorous tissue and high accumulation rates in the skin. In addition, most porphyrin molecules are hydrophobic and form aggregates in aqueous media. Nevertheless, the use of nanoparticles as porphyrin carriers shows great promise to overcome these shortcomings. Encapsulating or attaching porphyrins to nanoparticles makes them more suitable for tissue delivery because we can create materials with a conveniently specific tissue lifetime, specific targeting, immune tolerance, and hydrophilicity as well as other characteristics through rational design. In addition, various functional components (e.g. for targeting, imaging or therapeutic functions) can be easily introduced into a single nanoparticle platform for cancer theranostics. This review presents the current state of knowledge on porphyrin-loaded nanoparticles for the interwined imaging and therapy of cancer. The future trends and limitations of prophyrin-loaded nanoparticles are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Li Y, Wu Y, Zheng S, Liang X, Han X, Liu R, Zhao D, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Chen M, Wang X, Cao H, Yue X, Shi TS, Liang Z. PEGylated cationic hybrid bicellar nanodisc for efficient siRNA delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly stable PEGylated cationic hybrid bicellar nanodisc for efficient siRNA delivery.
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10
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Jin Y, Ma X, Feng S, Liang X, Dai Z, Tian J, Yue X. Hyaluronic Acid Modified Tantalum Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugating Doxorubicin for Targeted Cancer Theranostics. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2530-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Jin
- School
of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xibo Ma
- Institute
of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shanshan Feng
- School
of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Institute
of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jie Tian
- Institute
of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xiuli Yue
- School
of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Jing L, Shi J, Fan D, Li Y, Liu R, Dai Z, Wang F, Tian J. (177)Lu-Labeled Cerasomes Encapsulating Indocyanine Green for Cancer Theranostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22095-105. [PMID: 26398723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This Article reported the fabrication of a robust theranostic cerasome encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG) by incorporating 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[carboxy(polyethylene glycol)2000]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid monoamide (DSPE-PEG2000-DOTA), followed by chelating radioisotope of (177)Lu. Its applications in optical and nuclear imaging of tumor uptake and biodistribution, as well as photothermal killing of cancer cells, were investigated. It was found that the obtained cerasome could act efficiently as fluorescence contrast agent as well as nuclear imaging tracer. Encapsulating ICG into cerasome could protect ICG from degradation, aggregation, and fast elimination from body, resulting in remarkable improvement in near-infrared fluorescence imaging, photothermal stability, and in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. Both fluorescence and nuclear imaging showed that such agent could selectively accumulate in tumor site after intravenous injection of the cerasome agent into Lewis lung carcinoma tumor bearing mice, resulting in efficient photothermal ablation of tumor through a one-time NIR laser irradiation at the best time window. The ability to track the uptake of cerasomes on a whole body basis could provide researchers with an excellent tool for developing cerasome-based drug delivery agents, especially the strategy of labeling cerasomes with theranostic radionuclide (177)Lu, enabling the ability of the (177)Lu-labeled cerasomes for radionuclide cancer therapy and even the combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Jing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jiyun Shi
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Renfa Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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Synthesis of a stabilized 177Lu–siRNA complex and evaluation of its stability and RNAi activity. Nucl Med Commun 2015; 36:636-45. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R. Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides--From physico-chemical characterization to in vivo evaluation. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1294-309. [PMID: 25916823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is one of the most promising fields in modern medicine to treat several diseases, ranging from cancer to cardiac diseases, passing through viral infections and metabolic pathologies. Since the discovery of the potential therapeutic properties of non-self oligonucleotides, it was clear that it is important to develop delivery systems that are able to increase plasma stability and bestow membrane-crossing abilities to the oligonucleotides in order to reach their cytoplasmic targets. Polymer therapeutics, among other systems, are widely investigated as delivery systems for therapeutic agents, such as oligonucleotides. Physico-chemical characterization of the supramolecular polyplexes obtained upon charge interaction or covalent conjugation between the polymeric carrier and the oligonucleotides is critical. Appropriate characterization is fundamental in order to predict and understand the in vivo silencing efficacy and to avoid undesired side effects and toxicity profile. Shedding light on the physico-chemical and in vitro requirements of a polyplex leads to an efficient in vivo delivery system for RNAi therapeutics. In this review, we will present the most common techniques for characterization of obtained polymer/oligonucleotide polyplexes and an up-to-date state of the art in vivo preclinical and clinical studies. This is the first review to deal with the difficulties in appropriate characterization of small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) polyplexes and conjugates which limit the clinical translation of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scomparin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dina Polyak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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