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Yang Z, Wang D, Johnson JK, Pascal LE, Takubo K, Avula R, Chakka AB, Zhou J, Chen W, Zhong M, Song Q, Ding H, Wu Z, Chandran UR, Maskrey TS, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. A Novel Small Molecule Targets Androgen Receptor and Its Splice Variants in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:75-88. [PMID: 31554654 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) appears to be the major mechanism driving the resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to second-generation antiandrogens and involves AR overexpression, AR mutation, and/or expression of AR splice variants lacking ligand-binding domain. There is a need for novel small molecules targeting AR, particularly those also targeting AR splice variants such as ARv7. A high-throughput/high-content screen was previously reported that led to the discovery of a novel lead compound, 2-(((3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)methyl)thio)-1-(4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethan-1-one (IMTPPE), capable of inhibiting nuclear AR level and activity in CRPC cells, including those resistant to enzalutamide. A novel analogue of IMTPPE, JJ-450, has been investigated with evidence for its direct and specific inhibition of AR transcriptional activity via a pulldown assay and RNA-sequencing analysis, PSA-based luciferase, qPCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and xenograft tumor model 22Rv1. JJ-450 blocks AR recruitment to androgen-responsive elements and suppresses AR target gene expression. JJ-450 also inhibits ARv7 transcriptional activity and its target gene expression. Importantly, JJ-450 suppresses the growth of CRPC tumor xenografts, including ARv7-expressing 22Rv1. Collectively, these findings suggest JJ-450 represents a new class of AR antagonists with therapeutic potential for CRPC, including those resistant to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keita Takubo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghunandan Avula
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anish Bhaswanth Chakka
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mingming Zhong
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qiong Song
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-Related Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Taber S Maskrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Han A, Lee J, Lee MH, Lee SY, Shin EJ, Song YR, Lee KM, Lee KW, Lim TG. Sulfuretin, a natural Src family kinases inhibitor for suppressing solar UV-induced skin aging. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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3
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Zlotkowski K, Eliasen AM, Mitra A, Siegel D. Small-molecule mechanism of action studies in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chembiochem 2013; 14:2338-44. [PMID: 24123757 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A general protocol for exogenous small-molecule pull-down experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans is described; it provides a link between small-molecule screens in worms and existing mutant and RNAi technologies, thereby enabling organismal mechanism of action studies for the natural product clovanemagnolol. Forward chemical genetic screens followed by mechanism of action studies with C. elegans, when coupled with genetic validation of identified targets to reproduce the small molecule's phenotypic effects, provide a unique platform for discovering the biological targets of compounds that affect multicellular processes. First, the use of an immobilized FK506 derivative and soluble competition experiments with optimally prepared soluble C. elegans proteome successfully identified interactions with FK506 binding proteins 1 to 6. This approach was used to determine an unknown mechanism of action for clovanemagnolol, a small molecule that promotes axonal branching in both primary neuronal cultures and in vivo in C. elegans. Following the synthesis of an appropriately functionalized solid-phase reagent bearing a clovanemagnolol analogue pull-down experiments employing soluble competition identified kinesin light chain-1 (KLC-1), a protein involved in axonal cargo transport, as a putative target. This was corroborated through the use of mutant worms lacking klc-1 and possessing GFP neuronal labeling, reproducing the axonal branching phenotype induced by the small molecule clovanemagnolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Zlotkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 (USA)
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4
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Tam JM, Mansour MK, Khan NS, Yoder NC, Vyas JM. Use of fungal derived polysaccharide-conjugated particles to probe Dectin-1 responses in innate immunity. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 4:220-7. [PMID: 22200052 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of life-threatening fungal infections has risen in immunocompromised patients, and identification of the rules that govern an appropriate immune response is essential to develop better diagnostics and targeted therapeutics. The outer cell wall component on pathogenic fungi consists of β-1,3-glucan, and Dectin-1, a pattern recognition receptor present on the cell surface of innate immune cells, binds specifically to this carbohydrate. A barrier in understanding the exact immunological response to pathogen-derived carbohydrate epitopes is the presence of multiple types of carbohydrate moieties on fungal cell walls. To dissect the immunological mechanisms used to recognize pathogens, a system of "fungal like particles" was developed that consisted of polystyrene beads, which mimicked the three dimensional shape of the fungus, coated covalently with purified β-1,3-glucan derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The morphology of the β-1,3-glucan layer was examined by immunofluorescence, flow cytometery, and immuno-transmission electron microscopy. The covalent linkages of the β-1,3-glucan to the polystyrene surface were stable after subjecting the beads to detergents. By pre-treating β-1,3-glucan beads with laminarinase, a specific β-1,3-gluconase, the reactivity of the anti-β-1,3-glucan antibody was abrogated in comparison to treatment with proteinase K indicating that the coating of these beads was predominantly β-1,3-glucan. TNF-α was also measured by stimulating bone-marrow derived macrophages with the β-1,3-glucan beads, and showed a dose dependent response compared to soluble β-glucan, insoluble β-1,3-glucan, uncoated beads, and soluble β-1,3-glucan mixed with uncoated beads. Finally, β-1,3-glucan beads were incubated with GFP-Dectin-1 expressing macrophages and imaged using confocal microscopy. β-1,3-beads were taken up within minutes and retained Dectin-1 recruitment to the phagosome as compared to uncoated beads. These data describe a unique fungal-like particle system that will permit immunologists to probe the critical steps in early recognition of pathogen-derived fungal carbohydrate antigens by innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Tam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRJ-5-504, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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5
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Abstract
While target-based small-molecule discovery has taken centre-stage in the pharmaceutical industry, there are many cancer-promoting proteins not easily addressed with a traditional target-based screening approach. In order to address this problem, as well as to identify modulators of biological states in the absence of knowing the protein target of the state switch, alternative phenotypic screening approaches, such as gene expression-based and high-content imaging, have been developed. With this renewed interest in phenotypic screening, however, comes the challenge of identifying the binding protein target(s) of small-molecule hits. Emerging technologies have the potential to improve the process of target identification. In this review, we discuss the application of genomic (gene expression-based), genetic (short hairpin RNA and open reading frame screening), and proteomic approaches to protein target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Kuai L, Ong SE, Madison JM, Wang X, Duvall JR, Lewis TA, Luce CJ, Conner SD, Pearlman DA, Wood JL, Schreiber SL, Carr SA, Scolnick EM, Haggarty SJ. AAK1 identified as an inhibitor of neuregulin-1/ErbB4-dependent neurotrophic factor signaling using integrative chemical genomics and proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:891-906. [PMID: 21802010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Target identification remains challenging for the field of chemical biology. We describe an integrative chemical genomic and proteomic approach combining the use of differentially active analogs of small molecule probes with stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-mediated affinity enrichment, followed by subsequent testing of candidate targets using RNA interference-mediated gene silencing. We applied this approach to characterizing the natural product K252a and its ability to potentiate neuregulin-1 (Nrg1)/ErbB4 (v-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4)-dependent neurotrophic factor signaling and neuritogenesis. We show that AAK1 (adaptor-associated kinase 1) is a relevant target of K252a, and that the loss of AAK1 alters ErbB4 trafficking and expression levels, providing evidence for a previously unrecognized role for AAK1 in Nrg1-mediated neurotrophic factor signaling. Similar strategies should lead to the discovery of novel targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Kuai
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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7
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Simmons RL, Yu RT, Myers AG. Storable arylpalladium(II) reagents for alkene labeling in aqueous media. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15870-3. [PMID: 21888420 DOI: 10.1021/ja206339s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We show that arylpalladium(II) reagents linked to biotin and indocyanine dye residues can be prepared by decarboxylative palladation of appropriately substituted electron-rich benzoic acid derivatives. When prepared under the conditions described, these organometallic intermediates are tolerant of air and water, can be stored for several months in solution in dimethyl sulfoxide, and permit biotin- and indocyanine dye-labeling of functionally complex olefinic substrates in water by Heck-type coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Simmons
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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8
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Peng LF, Schaefer EAK, Maloof N, Skaff A, Berical A, Belon CA, Heck JA, Lin W, Frick DN, Allen TM, Miziorko HM, Schreiber SL, Chung RT. Ceestatin, a novel small molecule inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication, inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:609-16. [PMID: 21791663 PMCID: PMC3144167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects >170 million persons worldwide and is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The identification of more effective and better-tolerated agents for treating HCV is a high priority. We have reported elsewhere the discovery of the anti-HCV compound ceestatin using a high-throughput screen of a small molecule library. METHODS To identify host or viral protein targets in an unbiased fashion, we performed affinity chromatography, using tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify specific potential targets. RESULTS. Ceestatin binds to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase and irreversibly inhibits HMG-CoA synthase in a dose-dependent manner. Ceestatin's anti-HCV effects are reversed by addition of HMG-CoA, mevalonic acid, or geranylgeraniol. Treatment with small interfering RNA against HMG-CoA synthase led to a substantial reduction in HCV replication, further validating HMG-CoA synthase as an enzyme essential for HCV replication. CONCLUSIONS Ceestatin therefore exerts its anti-HCV effects through inhibition of HMG-CoA synthase. It may prove useful as an antiviral agent, as a probe to study HCV replication, and as a cholesterol-lowering agent. The logical stepwise process employed to discover the mechanism of action of ceestatin can serve as a general experimental strategy to uncover the targets on which novel uncharacterized anti-HCV compounds act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F. Peng
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge
| | | | - Nicole Maloof
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge
| | - Andrew Skaff
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri–Kansas City
| | - Andrew Berical
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston
| | - Craig A. Belon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Julie A. Heck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - David N. Frick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston
| | - Henry M. Miziorko
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri–Kansas City
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
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9
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Duvall JR, Vrcic A, Marcaurelle LA. Small-Molecule Library Synthesis on Silicon-Functionalized SynPhase Lanterns. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 2:135-151. [PMID: 22679566 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Silicon-functionalized SynPhase Lanterns are useful for the combinatorial synthesis of small-molecule libraries. Lanterns bearing an alkyl tethered diisopropylarylsilane are first activated with triflic acid to afford the corresponding diisopropylsilyl triflate, which is then reacted with a library scaffold bearing a free alcohol. Once the scaffold has been loaded onto the solid phase, a variety of transformations can be run, including amine cappings, cross-coupling reactions and amide bond formation. These reactions can yield a variety of products when run sequentially using split-pool synthesis strategies. Upon completion of the solid-phase transformations, the small-molecules are released from the Lanterns using HF/pyridine. Using the techniques described within, libraries can be made ranging from a few compounds to >10,000 members in a highly efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Duvall
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge Massachusetts 02142
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10
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Tassa C, Duffner JL, Lewis TA, Weissleder R, Schreiber SL, Koehler AN, Shaw SY. Binding affinity and kinetic analysis of targeted small molecule-modified nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:14-9. [PMID: 20028085 DOI: 10.1021/bc900438a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles bearing surface-conjugated targeting ligands are increasingly being explored for a variety of biomedical applications. The multivalent conjugation of targeting ligands on the surface of nanoparticles is presumed to enhance binding to the desired target. However, given the complexities inherent in the interactions of nanoparticle surfaces with proteins, and the structural diversity of nanoparticle scaffolds and targeting ligands, our understanding of how conjugation of targeting ligands affects nanoparticle binding remains incomplete. Here, we use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to directly and quantitatively study the affinity and binding kinetics of nanoparticles that display small molecules conjugated to their surface. We studied the interaction between a single protein target and a structurally related series of targeting ligands whose intrinsic affinity varies over a 4500-fold range and performed SPR at protein densities that reflect endogenous receptor densities. We report that even weak small molecule targeting ligands can significantly enhance target-specific avidity (by up to 4 orders of magnitude) through multivalent interactions and also observe a much broader range of kinetic effects than has been previously reported. Quantitative measurement of how the affinity and kinetics of nanoparticle binding vary as a function of different surface conjugations is a rapid, generalizable approach to nanoparticle characterization that can inform the design of nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Tassa
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Hughes CC, Yang YL, Liu WT, Dorrestein PC, La Clair JJ, Fenical W. Marinopyrrole A target elucidation by acyl dye transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12094-6. [PMID: 19673475 PMCID: PMC2769490 DOI: 10.1021/ja903149u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of marinopyrrole A to actin was identified using a fluorescent dye transfer strategy. The process began by appending a carboxylic acid terminal tag to a phenol in the natural product. The resulting probe was then studied in live cells to verify that it maintained activity comparable to marinopyrrole A. Two-color fluorescence microscopy confirmed that both unlabeled and labeled materials share comparable uptake and subcellular localization in HCT-116 cells. Subsequent immunoprecipitation studies identified actin as a putative target in HCT-116 cells, a result that was validated by mass spectral, affinity, and activity analyses on purified samples of actin. Further data analyses indicated that the dye in the marinopyrrole probe was selectively transferred to a single residue K(115), an event that did not occur with related acyl phenols and reactive labels. In this study, the combination of cell, protein, and amino acid analysis arose from a single sample of material, thereby, suggesting a means to streamline and reduce material requirements involved in mode of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C. Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - James J. La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, 3371 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA 92164-4073
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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12
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Identifying the proteins to which small-molecule probes and drugs bind in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:4617-22. [PMID: 19255428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0900191106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most small-molecule probes and drugs alter cell circuitry by interacting with 1 or more proteins. A complete understanding of the interacting proteins and their associated protein complexes, whether the compounds are discovered by cell-based phenotypic or target-based screens, is extremely rare. Such a capability is expected to be highly illuminating--providing strong clues to the mechanisms used by small-molecules to achieve their recognized actions and suggesting potential unrecognized actions. We describe a powerful method combining quantitative proteomics (SILAC) with affinity enrichment to provide unbiased, robust and comprehensive identification of the proteins that bind to small-molecule probes and drugs. The method is scalable and general, requiring little optimization across different compound classes, and has already had a transformative effect on our studies of small-molecule probes. Here, we describe in full detail the application of the method to identify targets of kinase inhibitors and immunophilin binders.
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13
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Ryba TD, Depew KM, Marcaurelle LA. Large scale preparation of silicon-functionalized SynPhase Polystyrene lanterns for solid-phase synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:110-6. [PMID: 19049425 DOI: 10.1021/cc8000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The two-step functionalization of 30,000 SynPhase Polystyrene (PS) Lanterns in a 30-L glass process reactor is described. The first step involves bromination of the polystyrene backbone to afford an aryl bromide handle. Subsequent Suzuki cross coupling with the trialkylborane generated in situ from the reaction of allyldiisopropyl(4-methoxyphenyl)silane and 9-BBN provided an alkylsilyl linker ready for loading of various alcohols for solid-phase synthesis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Ryba
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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