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Savla C, Palmer AF. Scalable manufacturing platform for the production of PEGylated heme albumin. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3612-3622. [PMID: 36111455 PMCID: PMC9669187 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free heme, which was previously shown to have adverse effects on the innate immune system, does not induce inflammation when bound to a protein carrier via overexpression of the enzyme heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Studies in mouse macrophage cell culture and human endothelial cells have confirmed HO-1 catalyzed breakdown of protein bound heme into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO), which elicits anti-inflammatory effects. However, to fully realize the anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects of heme, a colloidally stable heme protein carrier must be developed. To accomplish this goal, we incorporated multiple heme molecules into human serum albumin (HSA) via partial unfolding of HSA at basic pH followed by refolding at neutral pH, and subsequently conjugated the surface of the heme-HSA complex with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to stabilize heme-HSA. Quantification studies confirmed that a maximum of 5-6 hemes could be bound to HSA without precipitation or degradation of heme-HSA. Dynamic light scattering, size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry confirmed the increase in hydrodynamic diameter and molecular weight (MW), respectively, upon PEGylation of heme-HSA. Furthermore, PEG-heme-HSA was stable upon exposure to different pH environments, freeze-thaw cycles, and storage at 4°C. Taken together, we devised a synthesis and purification platform for the production of PEGylated heme-incorporated HSA that can be used to test the potential anti-inflammatory effects of heme in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Savla
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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2
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Cooper CE, Bird M, Sheng X, Choi JW, Silkstone GGA, Simons M, Syrett N, Piano R, Ronda L, Bettati S, Paredi G, Mozzarelli A, Reeder BJ. Stability of Maleimide-PEG and Mono-Sulfone-PEG Conjugation to a Novel Engineered Cysteine in the Human Hemoglobin Alpha Subunit. Front Chem 2021; 9:707797. [PMID: 34381760 PMCID: PMC8350135 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.707797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to use a Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carrier as an oxygen therapeutic or blood substitute, it is necessary to increase the size of the hemoglobin molecule to prevent rapid renal clearance. A common method uses maleimide PEGylation of sulfhydryls created by the reaction of 2-iminothiolane at surface lysines. However, this creates highly heterogenous mixtures of molecules. We recently engineered a hemoglobin with a single novel, reactive cysteine residue on the surface of the alpha subunit creating a single PEGylation site (βCys93Ala/αAla19Cys). This enabled homogenous PEGylation by maleimide-PEG with >80% efficiency and no discernible effect on protein function. However, maleimide-PEG adducts are subject to deconjugation via retro-Michael reactions and cross-conjugation to endogenous thiol species in vivo. We therefore compared our maleimide-PEG adduct with one created using a mono-sulfone-PEG less susceptible to deconjugation. Mono-sulfone-PEG underwent reaction at αAla19Cys hemoglobin with > 80% efficiency, although some side reactions were observed at higher PEG:hemoglobin ratios; the adduct bound oxygen with similar affinity and cooperativity as wild type hemoglobin. When directly compared to maleimide-PEG, the mono-sulfone-PEG adduct was significantly more stable when incubated at 37°C for seven days in the presence of 1 mM reduced glutathione. Hemoglobin treated with mono-sulfone-PEG retained > 90% of its conjugation, whereas for maleimide-PEG < 70% of the maleimide-PEG conjugate remained intact. Although maleimide-PEGylation is certainly stable enough for acute therapeutic use as an oxygen therapeutic, for pharmaceuticals intended for longer vascular retention (weeks-months), reagents such as mono-sulfone-PEG may be more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Gary G A Silkstone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Simons
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Syrett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Piano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Brandon J Reeder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Pires IS, Savla C, Palmer AF. Poly(ethylene glycol) Surface-Conjugated Apohemoglobin as a Synthetic Heme Scavenger. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2155-2164. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Chintan Savla
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Zhang N, Wei MY, Ma Q. Nanomedicines: A Potential Treatment for Blood Disorder Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:369. [PMID: 31850329 PMCID: PMC6892756 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood disorder diseases (BDDs), also known as hematologic, is one of the diseases owing to hematopoietic system disorder. Chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, and stem cells therapy have been used to treat BDDs. However, the cure rates are still low due to the availability of the right type of bone marrow and the likelihood of recurrence and infection. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the field of biomedicine, artificial blood or blood substitute has shown promising features for the emergency treatment of BDDs. Herein, we surveyed recent advances in the development of artificial blood components: gas carrier components (erythrocyte substitutes), immune response components (white blood cell substitutes), and hemostasis-responsive components (platelet substitutes). Platelet-inspired nanomedicines for cancer treatment were also discussed. The challenges and prospects of these treatment options in future nanomedicine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Wei
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
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Morita Y, Igarashi K, Funaki R, Komatsu T. Hemoglobin(βC93A)-Albumin Cluster: Mutation of Cysteine-β93 to Alanine Allows Moderate Reduction of O 2 Affinity by Inositol Hexaphosphate. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1684-1687. [PMID: 30802345 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent wrapping of recombinant human hemoglobin (Cys-β93→Ala) variant rHb(βC93A) by human serum albumin (HSA) yielded the rHb(βC93A)-HSA3 cluster as an artificial O2 carrier as a red blood cell substitute. Complexation of inositol hexaphosphate to the central rHb(βC93A) core reduced the O2 affinity moderately, in much the same way as that of naked hemoglobin. This reduction might be attributable to the inert, small Ala-β93 residue, which cannot be reacted with the bulky maleimide crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Keisuke Igarashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Funaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
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Goh K, Li H, Lam K. Effects of salt- and oxygen-coupled stimuli on the reactive behaviors of hemoglobin-loaded polymeric membranes. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li B, Ren K, Wang Y, Qi Y, Chen X, Huang Y. Protein-Cross-Linked Hydrogels with Tailored Swelling and Bioactivity Performance: A Comparative Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30788-30796. [PMID: 27804288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The design of protein-based hydrogels that include biological activity independent of structural functionality is desirable for many bioengineering applications. Here a general route for construction of protein-based hydrogel is proposed by pretreatment of protein with thiolation agent and succeeding conjugation with 4-arm PEG-acrylate via Michael addition reaction. Different swelling behaviors responding to temperature and ions are comparatively studied for hydrogel cross-linked with hemoglobin (multimeric protein), albumin (monomeric protein), and dithiothreitol (DTT, small molecule). Meanwhile, the microscopic structure change is studied to correlate with the macroscopic hydrogel swelling behavior. Results show that proteins, which function as multisite cross-linkers, affect the gel swelling behaviors, and the effect is more profound for multimeric proteins when exposed to stimulus for protein dissociation. Moreover, the catalytic activity derived from hemoglobin is also preserved in the hydrogel, as demonstrated by the successfully synthesis of the colored product. By taking advantage of each particular protein, a broad range of functional materials can be expected for potential biomedical applications, such as stimuli-responsive hydrogel and immobilized enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Reversible protection of Cys-93(β) by PEG alters the structural and functional properties of the PEGylated hemoglobin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Meng F, Tsai AG, Intaglietta M, Acharya SA. PEGylation of αα-Hb using succinimidyl propionic acid PEG 5K: Conjugation chemistry and PEG shell structure dictate respectively the oxygen affinity and resuscitation fluid like properties of PEG αα-Hbs. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 43:270-81. [PMID: 24597567 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.885443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation of intramolecularly crosslinked Hb has been studied here to overcome the limitation of dissociation of Hb tetramers. New hexa and deca PEGylated low oxygen affinity PEG-ααHbs have been generated. Influence of PEG conjugation chemistry and the PEG shell structure on the functional properties as well as PEGylation induced plasma expander like properties of the protein has been delineated. The results have established that in the design of PEG-Hbs as oxygen therapeutics, the influence of conjugation chemistry and the PEG shell structure on the oxygen affinity of Hb needs to be optimized independently besides optimizing the PEG shell structure for inducing resuscitation fluid like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Meng
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University , Bronx, NY , USA
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Li B, Chen G, Meng F, Li T, Yue J, Jing X, Huang Y. A novel amphiphilic copolymer poly(ethylene oxide-co-allyl glycidyl ether)-graft-poly(ε-caprolactone): synthesis, self-assembly, and protein encapsulation behavior. Polym Chem 2012; 3:2421. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20253k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
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11
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van der Linden P, Gazdzik TS, Jahoda D, Heylen RJ, Skowronski JC, Pellar D, Kofranek I, Górecki AZ, Fagrell B, Keipert PE, Hardiman YJ, Levy H. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter Study of MP4OX for Treatment of Perioperative Hypotension in Patients Undergoing Primary Hip Arthroplasty Under Spinal Anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:759-73. [PMID: 21317165 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31820c7b5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Hiraishi T, Masuda E, Miyamoto D, Kanayama N, Abe H, Maeda M. Enzymatic Synthesis of Poly(α-ethyl β-aspartate) by Poly(ethylene glycol) Modified Poly(aspartate) Hydrolase-1. Macromol Biosci 2010; 11:187-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Zhang N, Palmer AF. Polymerization of human hemoglobin using the crosslinker 1,11-bis(maleimido)triethylene glycol for use as an oxygen carrier. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1481-5. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Li D, Hu T, Manjula BN, Acharya SA. Extension Arm Facilitated Pegylation of αα-Hemoglobin with Modifications Targeted Exclusively to Amino Groups: Functional and Structural Advantages of Free Cys-93(β) in the PEG-Hb Adduct. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2062-70. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Li
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Tao Hu
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Belur N. Manjula
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Seetharama A. Acharya
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Caccia D, Ronda L, Frassi R, Perrella M, Del Favero E, Bruno S, Pioselli B, Abbruzzetti S, Viappiani C, Mozzarelli A. PEGylation Promotes Hemoglobin Tetramer Dissociation. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1356-66. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Caccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Frassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Perrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Pioselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Cristiano Viappiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biochimica e Biotecnologie per la Medicina, Università degli Studi di Milano, and LITA (Laboratorio Interdisciplinare di Tecnologie Avanzate), 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Parma, and NEST CNR-INFM, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Vandegriff KD, Winslow RM. Hemospan: Design Principles for a New Class of Oxygen Therapeutic. Artif Organs 2009; 33:133-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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