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Gao F, Sihver W, Bergmann R, Walther M, Stephan H, Belter B, Neuber C, Haase-Kohn C, Bolzati C, Pietzsch J, Pietzsch HJ. Radiochemical and radiopharmacological characterization of a 64 Cu-labeled α-MSH analog conjugated with different chelators. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:495-509. [PMID: 30912594 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) derivatives have a high potential for diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, because of high specificity and binding affinity to the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). Hence, the α-MSH-derived peptide NAP-NS1 with a β-Ala linker (ε-Ahx-β-Ala-Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2 ) was conjugated to different chelators: either to NOTA (p-SCN-Bn-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), to a hexadentate bispidine carbonate derivative (dimethyl-9-(((4-nitrophenoxy)carbonyl)oxy)-2,4-di(pyridin-2-yl)-3,7-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-1,5-dicarboxylate), or to DMPTACN (p-SCN-Ph-bis(2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,4,7-triaza-cyclononane), labeled with 64 Cu, and investigated in terms of radiochemical and radiopharmacological properties. For the three 64 Cu-labeled conjugates negligible transchelation, suitable buffer and serum stability, as well as appropriate water solubility, was determined. The three conjugates exhibited high binding affinity (low nanomolar range) in murine B16F10, human MeWo, and human TXM13 cells. The Bmax values of [64 Cu]Cu-bispidine-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-2) and [64 Cu]Cu-DMPTACN-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-3) were higher than those of [64 Cu]Cu-NOTA-NAP-NS1 ([64 Cu]Cu-1), implying that different charged chelate units might have an impact on binding capacity. Preliminary in vivo biodistribution studies suggested the main excretion pathway of [64 Cu]Cu-1 and [64 Cu]Cu-3 to be renal, while that of [64 Cu]Cu-2 seemed to be both renal and hepatobiliary. An initial moderate uptake in the kidney decreased clearly after 60 minutes. All three 64 Cu-labeled conjugates should be considered for further in vivo investigations using a suitable xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Walther
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cristina Bolzati
- Italian National Research Council - CNR, Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Energy Technologies ICMATE-CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Wan W, Silva MS, McMillen CD, Creager SE, Smith RC. Highly Luminescent Heavier Main Group Analogues of Boron-Dipyrromethene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8703-8707. [PMID: 31120244 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and photophysical properties of two heavier main group element analogues of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophores are described. Specifically, we have prepared dipyrrin complexes of dichlorogallate (GADIPY) or phenylphosphenium (PHODIPY) units. Whereas cationic PHODIPY is labile, decomposing to a phosphine over time, GADIPY is readily prepared in good yield as a crystalline solid having moderate air- and water-stability. Crystallographically characterized GADIPY displays intense green photoluminescence (λem = 505 nm, Φem = 0.91 in toluene). These inaugural heavier main group element analogues of BODIPY offer a glimpse into the potential for elaboration to a panoply of chromophores with diverse photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wan
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Mayura S Silva
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Colin D McMillen
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Stephen E Creager
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States.,Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Rhett C Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States.,Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology, Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
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Yang J, Xu J, Cheuy L, Gonzalez R, Fisher DR, Miao Y. Evaluation of a Novel Pb-203-Labeled Lactam-Cyclized Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Peptide for Melanoma Targeting. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1694-1702. [PMID: 30763112 PMCID: PMC6443429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) targeting and specificity of 203Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex in melanoma cells and tumors to facilitate its potential therapeutic application when labeled with 212Pb. The MC1R-specific targeting and imaging properties of 203Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex were determined on B16/F1 and B16/F10 murine melanoma cells and in B16/F1 flank melanoma-, B16/F10 flank melanoma-, and B16/F10 pulmonary metastatic melanoma-bearing C57 mice. 203Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex displayed MC1R-specific binding on B16/F1 and B16/F10 melanoma cells and tumors. B16/F1 flank melanoma, B16/F10 flank melanoma, and B16/F10 pulmonary metastatic melanoma lesions could be clearly imaged by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using 203Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex as an imaging probe. The favorable melanoma targeting and imaging properties highlighted the potential of 203Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex as a MC1R-targeting melanoma imaging probe and warranted the evaluation of 212Pb-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex for melanoma therapy in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jingli Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lina Cheuy
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rene Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Darrell R. Fisher
- Versant Medical Physics and Radiation Safety, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Yubin Miao
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Yang J, Xu J, Gonzalez R, Lindner T, Kratochwil C, Miao Y. 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH hex targets the melanocortin-1 receptor for melanoma imaging. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaau4445. [PMID: 30404861 PMCID: PMC6383514 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is a molecular target for melanoma imaging and therapy because of its overexpression on rodent and human melanoma cells. Here, we evaluated the MC1R targeting and specificity of 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and Cy5.5-GGNle-CycMSHhex using murine and human melanoma cells, and murine and xenografted tumors. 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex was used first in human as an imaging probe to evaluate the possibility of radionuclide therapy in patients with advanced-stage melanoma. 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and Cy5.5-GGNle-CycMSHhex displayed MC1R-specific targeting properties in murine and human melanoma cells, as well as in murine melanoma and human melanoma-xenografted tumors. Both B16/F10 and M21 melanoma lesions could be easily imaged by positron emission tomography using 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex The first-in-human images of melanoma brain metastases in patients demonstrated the clinical relevance of MC1R as a molecular target for melanoma imaging, highlighting the potential of 68Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex as an MC1R-targeting melanoma imaging probe and underscoring the need to develop MC1R-targeting therapeutic agents for treating patients with metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jingli Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rene Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yubin Miao
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Zhang C, Lin KS, Bénard F. Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Melanoma Targeting the Melanocortin 1 Receptor. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117737919. [PMID: 29182034 PMCID: PMC5714078 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117737919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly disease at late metastatic stage, and early diagnosis and accurate staging remain the key aspects for managing melanoma. The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1 R) is overexpressed in primary and metastatic melanomas, and its endogenous ligand, the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), has been extensively studied for the development of MC1 R-targeted molecular imaging and therapy of melanoma. Natural αMSH is not well suited for this purpose due to low stability in vivo. Unnatural amino acid substitutions substantially stabilized the peptide, while cyclization via lactam bridge and metal coordination further improved binding affinity and stability. In this study, we summarized the development and the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the radiolabeled αMSH analogues, including 99mTc-, 111In-, 67 Ga-, or 125I-labeled αMSH analogues for imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography; 68Ga-, 64Cu-, or 18F-labeled αMSH analogues for imaging with positron emission tomography; and 188Re-, 177Lu-, 90Y-, or 212Pb-labeled αMSH analogues for radionuclide therapy. These radiolabeled αMSH analogues showed promising results with high tumor uptake and rapid normal tissue activity clearance in the preclinical model of B16F1 and B16F10 mouse melanomas. These results highlight the potential of using radiolabeled αMSH analogues in clinical applications for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- 1 Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Charron CL, Hickey JL, Nsiama TK, Cruickshank DR, Turnbull WL, Luyt LG. Molecular imaging probes derived from natural peptides. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:761-800. [PMID: 26911790 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2015.Peptides are naturally occurring compounds that play an important role in all living systems and are responsible for a range of essential functions. Peptide receptors have been implicated in disease states such as oncology, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, natural peptides have been exploited as diagnostic and therapeutic agents due to the unique target specificity for their endogenous receptors. This review discusses a variety of natural peptides highlighting their discovery, endogenous receptors, as well as their derivatization to create molecular imaging agents, with an emphasis on the design of radiolabelled peptides. This review also highlights methods for discovering new and novel peptides when knowledge of specific targets and endogenous ligands are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Charron
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - J L Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - T K Nsiama
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - D R Cruickshank
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - W L Turnbull
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
| | - L G Luyt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. and Departments of Oncology and Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada and London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
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Carta D, Salvarese N, Morellato N, Gao F, Sihver W, Pietzsch HJ, Biondi B, Ruzza P, Refosco F, Carpanese D, Rosato A, Bolzati C. Melanoma targeting with [ 99mTc(N)(PNP3)]-labeled α-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide analogs: Effects of cyclization on the radiopharmaceutical properties. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:788-801. [PMID: 27694057 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclization on the biological profile of a [99mTc(N)(PNP3)]-labeled α-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide analog. A lactam bridge-cyclized H-Cys-Ahx-βAla3-c[Lys4-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Glu10]-Arg11-Pro-Val-NH2 (NAP-NS2) and the corresponding linear H-Cys-Ahx-βAla-Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2 (NAP-NS1) peptide were synthetized, characterized by ESI-MS spectroscopy and their melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) binding affinity was determined in B16/F10 melanoma cells. The consistent [99mTc(N)(PNP3)]-labeled compounds were readily obtained in high specific activity and their stability and biological properties were assessed. As an example, the chemical identity of [99mTc(N)(NAP-NS1)(PNP3)]+ was confirmed by carrier added experiments supported by radio/UV HPLC analysis combined with ESI(+)-MS. Compared with the linear peptide, cyclization negatively affected the biological properties of NAP-NS2 peptide by reducing its binding affinity for MC1R and by decreasing the overall excretion rate of the corresponding [99mTc(N)(PNP3)]-labeled peptide from the body as well as its in vivo stability. [99mTc(N)(NAP-NS1)(PNP3)]+ was evaluated for its potential as melanoma imaging probe in murine melanoma model. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies on B16/F10 melanoma model of [99mTc(N)(NAP-NS1)(PNP3)]+ clearly evidenced that the radiolabeled linear peptide keeps its biological properties up on the conjugation to the [99mTc(N)(PNP3)]-building block. The progressive increase of the tumor-to-nontarget ratios over the time indicates a quite stable interaction between the radio-complex and the MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Nicolò Morellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Jurgen Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Debora Carpanese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35138 Padova
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35138 Padova,; Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Gao F, Sihver W, Jurischka C, Bergmann R, Haase-Kohn C, Mosch B, Steinbach J, Carta D, Bolzati C, Calderan A, Pietzsch J, Pietzsch HJ. Radiopharmacological characterization of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled α-MSH analogs for potential use in imaging of malignant melanoma. Amino Acids 2016; 48:833-847. [PMID: 26643502 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays an important role in melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, and is overexpressed in melanoma cells. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and derivatives are known to bind with high affinity at this receptor that provides the potential for selective targeting of melanoma. In this study, one linear α-MSH-derived peptide Nle-Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-NH2 (NAP-NS1) without linker and with εAhx-β-Ala linker, and a cyclic α-MSH derivative, [Lys-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Glu]-Arg-Pro-Val-NH2 (NAP-NS2) with εAhx-β-Ala linker were conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA and labeled with (64)Cu. Radiochemical and radiopharmacological investigations were performed with regard to transchelation, stability, lipophilicity and in vitro binding assays as well as biodistribution in healthy rats. No transchelation reactions, but high metabolic stability and water solubility were demonstrated. The linear derivatives showed higher affinity than the cyclic one. [(64)Cu]Cu-NOTA-εAhx-β-Ala-NAP-NS1 ([(64)Cu]Cu-2) displayed rapid cellular association and dissociation in murine B16F10 cell homogenate. All [(64)Cu]Cu-labeled conjugates exhibited affinities in the low nanomolar range in B16F10. [(64)Cu]Cu-2 showed also high affinity in human MeWo and TXM13 cell homogenate. In vivo studies suggested that [(64)Cu]Cu-2 was stable, with about 85 % of intact peptide in rat plasma at 2 h p.i. Biodistribution confirmed the renal pathway as the major elimination route. The uptake of [(64)Cu]Cu-2 in the kidney was 5.9 % ID/g at 5 min p.i. and decreased to 2.0 % ID/g at 60 min p.i. Due to the prospective radiochemical and radiopharmacological properties of the linear α-MSH derivative [(64)Cu]Cu-2, this conjugate is a promising candidate for tracer development in human melanoma imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christoph Jurischka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Mosch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Davide Carta
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Development of a (99m)Tc-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH derivative peptide as a possible single photon imaging agent for melanoma tumors. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 29:709-20. [PMID: 26152564 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-0998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor is an attractive melanoma-specific target which has been used for melanoma imaging and therapy. In this work, a new lactam bridge α-MSH analog was labeled with (99m)Tc via HYNIC and EDDA/tricine as coligands including gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a three carbon chain spacer between HYNIC and the N-terminus of the cyclic peptide. Also, stability in human serum, receptor bound internalization, in vivo tumor uptake, and tissue biodistribution were thoroughly investigated. METHODS HYNIC-GABA-Nle-CycMSHhept was synthesized using a standard Fmoc strategy. Labeling was performed at 95 °C and analysis involved instant thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography methods. The receptor bound internalization rate was studied in MC1 receptor expressing B16/F10 cells. Biodistribution of radiopeptide was studied in nude mice bearing B16/F10 tumor. RESULTS Labeling yield of >98 % (n = 3) was obtained corresponding to a specific activity of 81 MBq/nmol. Peptide conjugate showed efficient stability in the presence of human serum. The radioligand showed specific internalization into B16/F10 cells (12.45 ± 1.1 % at 4 h). In biodistribution studies, a receptor-specific uptake was observed in MC1 receptor-positive organs so that after 2 h the uptake in mouse tumor was 5.10 ± 0.08 % ID/g, while low accumulation in the kidney uptake was observed (4.58 ± 0.68 % ID/g at 2 h after injection). CONCLUSIONS The obtained results show that the presented new designed labeled peptide conjugate may be a suitable candidate for diagnosis of malignant tumors.
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11
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Tc-99m-labeled RGD-conjugated alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone hybrid peptides with reduced renal uptake. Amino Acids 2015; 47:813-23. [PMID: 25557051 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the replacement of the positively-charged Lys or Arg linker with a neutral linker could reduce the renal uptake of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-conjugated alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) hybrid peptide. The RGD motif {cyclic(Arg-Gly-Asp-DTyr-Asp)} was coupled to [Cys(3,4,10), D-Phe(7), Arg(11)]α-MSH3-13 {(Arg(11))CCMSH} through the neutral βAla or Ahx {aminohexanoic acid} linker (replacing the Lys or Arg linker) to generate novel RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH hybrid peptides. The receptor-binding affinity and cytotoxicity of RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (99m)Tc-RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The replacement of the Lys or Arg linker with the βAla or Ahx linker retained nanomolar receptor-binding affinities and remarkable cytotoxicity of RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH. The receptor-binding affinities of RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH were 0.8 ± 0.05 and 1.3 ± 0.1 nM. Three-hour incubation with 0.1 µM of RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH decreased the survival percentages of B16/F1 cells by 71 and 67 % as compared to the untreated control cells 5 days post the treatment. The replacement of the Arg linker with the βAla or Ahx linker reduced the non-specific renal uptake of (99m)Tc-RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH by 62 and 61 % at 2 h post-injection. (99m)Tc-RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH displayed higher melanoma uptake than (99m)Tc-RGD-Ahx-(Arg(11))CCMSH at 0.5, 2, 4, and 24 h post-injection. Enhanced tumor to kidney uptake ratio of (99m)Tc-RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH warranted the further evaluation of (188)Re-labeled RGD-βAla-(Arg(11))CCMSH as a novel MC1 receptor-targeting therapeutic peptide for melanoma treatment in the future.
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Guo H, Miao Y. Introduction of an 8-aminooctanoic acid linker enhances uptake of 99mTc-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide in melanoma. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:2057-63. [PMID: 25453052 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of amino acid, hydrocarbon, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers on the melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (99m)Tc-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized HYNIC-linker-Nle-CycMSHhex (hydrazinonicotinamide-linker-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH2) peptides. METHODS Four novel peptides (HYNIC-GGGNle-CycMSHhex, HYNIC-GSGNle-CycMSHhex, HYNIC-PEG2Nle-CycMSHhex, and HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex) were designed and synthesized. The melanocortin-1 receptor binding affinities of the peptides were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The biodistribution of (99m)Tc(ethylenediaminediacetic acid [EDDA])-HYNIC-GGGNle-CycMSHhex, (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GSGNle-CycMSHhex, (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-PEG2Nle-CycMSHhex, and (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 2 h after injection to select a lead peptide for further evaluation. The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex were further examined because of its high melanoma uptake. RESULTS The inhibitory concentrations of 50% (IC50) for HYNIC-GGGNle-CycMSHhex, HYNIC-GSGNle-CycMSHhex, HYNIC-PEG2Nle-CycMSHhex, and HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex were 0.7 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.09, 0.4 ± 0.08, and 0.3 ± 0.06 nM, respectively, in B16/F1 melanoma cells. Among these four (99m)Tc-labeled peptides, (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex displayed the highest melanoma uptake (22.3 ± 1.72 percentage injected dose/g) at 2 h after injection. (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex exhibited high tumor-to-normal-organ uptake ratios except for the kidneys. The tumor-to-kidney uptake ratios of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex were 3.29, 3.63, and 6.78 at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively, after injection. The melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex as an imaging probe at 2 h after injection. CONCLUSION High melanoma uptake and fast urinary clearance of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-AocNle-CycMSHhex highlighted its potential for metastatic melanoma detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yubin Miao
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Beaino W, Anderson CJ. PET imaging of very late antigen-4 in melanoma: comparison of 68Ga- and 64Cu-labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A conjugates. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1856-63. [PMID: 25256059 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.144881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Melanoma is a malignant tumor derived from epidermal melanocytes, and it is known for its aggressiveness, therapeutic resistance, and predisposition for late metastasis. Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; also called integrin α4β1) is a transmembrane noncovalent heterodimer overexpressed in melanoma tumors that plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by promoting adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated 2 conjugates of a high-affinity VLA-4 peptidomimetic ligand, LLP2A, for PET/CT imaging in a subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma tumor. METHODS LLP2A was conjugated to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-(methane phosphonic acid)-8-(methane carboxylic acid) (CB-TE1A1P) and 2-(4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)pentanedioic acid (NODAGA) chelators for (68)Ga and (64)Cu labeling. The conjugates were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and verified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Saturation and competitive binding assays with B16F10 melanoma cells determined the affinity of the compounds for VLA-4. The biodistributions of the LLP2A conjugates were evaluated in murine B16F10 subcutaneous tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Melanoma metastasis was induced by intracardiac injection of B16F10 cells. PET/CT imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 24 h after injection for the (64)Cu tracers and 1 h after injection for the (68)Ga tracer. RESULTS (64)Cu-labeled CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A and NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A showed high affinity to VLA-4, with a comparable dissociation constant (0.28 vs. 0.23 nM) and receptor concentration (296 vs. 243 fmol/mg). The tumor uptake at 2 h after injection was comparable for the 2 probes, but (64)Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A trended toward higher uptake than (64)Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (16.9 ± 2.2 vs. 13.4 ± 1.7 percentage injected dose per gram, P = 0.07). Tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios from biodistribution and PET/CT images were significantly higher for (64)Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A than (64)Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (all P values < 0.05). PET/CT imaging of metastatic melanoma with (68)Ga-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A and (64)Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A showed high uptake of the probes at the site of metastasis, correlating with the bioluminescence imaging of the tumor. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that (64)Cu-labeled CB-TE1A1P/NODAGA LLP2A conjugates and (68)Ga-labeled NODAGA-LLP2A are excellent imaging agents for melanoma and potentially other VLA-4-positive tumors. (64)Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A had the most optimal tumor-to-nontarget tissue ratios for translation into humans as a PET imaging agent for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn J Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Sobolev AS. Malignant melanoma and melanocortin 1 receptor. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2013; 78:1228-37. [PMID: 24460937 PMCID: PMC4064721 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913110035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional chemotherapeutic treatment of malignant melanoma still remains poorly efficient in most cases. Thus the use of specific features of these tumors for development of new therapeutic modalities is highly needed. Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) overexpression on the cell surface of the vast majority of human melanomas, making MC1R a valuable marker of these tumors, is one of these features. Naturally, MC1R plays a key role in skin protection against damaging ultraviolet radiation by regulating eumelanin production. MC1R activation is involved in regulation of melanocyte cell division. This article reviews the peculiarities of regulation and expression of MC1R, melanocytes, and melanoma cells, along with the possible connection of MC1R with signaling pathways regulating proliferation of tumor cells. MC1R is a cell surface endocytic receptor, thus considered perspective for diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. A number of new therapeutic approaches that utilize MC1R, including endoradiotherapy with Auger electron and α- and β-particle emitters, photodynamic therapy, and gene therapy are now being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - T. A. Slastnikova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
| | - M. O. Durymanov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
| | - A. S. Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (499) 135-4105
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninsky Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia; fax: +7 (495) 939-4309;
- Targeted Delivery of Pharmaceuticals “Translek” LLC, ul. Vavilova 34/5, 199334 Moscow, Russia;
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Yang J, Liu L, Miao Y. Effects of the Arg-Pro and Gly-Gly-Nle Moieties on Melanocortin-1 Receptor Binding Affinities of α-MSH Peptides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4. [PMID: 24349641 DOI: 10.1021/ml400309u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the -Arg-Pro-(RP) and -Gly-Gly-Nle- (GGNle) moieties on the melanoma targeting and clearance properties of 99mTc-peptides. We synthesized four new peptides {Ac-GGNle-CCEHdFRWC-NH2, Ac-GGNle-CCEHdFRWCRP-NH2, Ac-CCEHdFRWC-NleGG-NH2 and Ac-CCEHdFRWCRP-NleGG-NH2} and determined their melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinities in B16/F1 melanoma cells. Then we further examined the biodistribution properties of 99mTc-Ac-GGNle-CCEHdFRWCRP-NH2 and 99mTc-Ac-CCEHdFRWCRP-NleGG-NH2 in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. Overall, the Arg-Pro motif was critical for retaining low nanomolar MC1 receptor binding affinity. The deletion of the -RP- moiety dramatically reduced the receptor binding affinities of the peptides. The N-terminus was a better position than C-terminus for the -GGNle- moiety in retaining the lower renal and liver uptake. High melanoma uptake coupled with fast urinary clearance of 99mTc-Ac-GGNle-CCEHdFRWCRP-NH2 provided a new insight into the design of new α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, ‡Cancer Research
and Treatment Center, §Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Liqin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, ‡Cancer Research
and Treatment Center, §Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Yubin Miao
- College of Pharmacy, ‡Cancer Research
and Treatment Center, §Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Morais M, Oliveira BL, Correia JDG, Oliveira MC, Jiménez MA, Santos I, Raposinho PD. Influence of the Bifunctional Chelator on the Pharmacokinetic Properties of 99mTc(CO)3-Labeled Cyclic α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Analog. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1961-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301647t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Morais
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Bruno L. Oliveira
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
| | - João D. G. Correia
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Oliveira
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Maria Angeles Jiménez
- Instituto de Química
Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Santos
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
| | - Paula D. Raposinho
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas
e Radiofarmacêuticas, IST/ITN, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953,
Sacavém, Portugal
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Guo H, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Design and evaluation of new Tc-99m-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptides for melanoma imaging. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1400-8. [PMID: 23418722 DOI: 10.1021/mp3006984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the melanoma targeting and imaging properties of new (99m)Tc-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides using bifunctional chelating agents. MAG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), AcCG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), and HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) peptides were synthesized, and their melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinities were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The biodistribution of (99m)Tc-MAG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), (99m)Tc-AcCG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), (99m)Tc(CO)3-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), and (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 2 h postinjection to select a lead peptide for further evaluation. The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were further examined because of its high melanoma uptake and fast urinary clearance. The IC50 values of MAG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), AcCG3-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), and HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were 1.0 ± 0.05, 1.2 ± 0.19, and 0.6 ± 0.04 nM in B16/F1 melanoma cells, respectively. Among these four (99m)Tc-peptides, (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) exhibited the highest melanoma uptake (14.14 ± 4.90% ID/g) and fastest urinary clearance (91.26 ± 1.96% ID) at 2 h postinjection. (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) showed high tumor to normal organ uptake ratios except for the kidneys. The tumor/kidney uptake ratios of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were 2.50 and 3.55 at 4 and 24 h postinjection. The melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) as an imaging probe at 2 h postinjection. Overall, high melanoma uptake coupled with fast urinary clearance of (99m)Tc(EDDA)-HYNIC-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) highlighted its potential for metastatic melanoma detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Guo H, Miao Y. Melanoma targeting property of a Lu-177-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2319-23. [PMID: 23473679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the melanoma targeting property of (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex exhibited high receptor-mediated melanoma uptake and fast urinary clearance. The tumor uptake of (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex was 20.25 ± 4.59 and 21.63 ± 6.27% ID/g at 0.5 and 2h post-injection, respectively. Approximately 83% of injected dose cleared out the body via urinary system at 2h post-injection. (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex showed high tumor to normal organ uptake ratios except for the kidneys. The tumor/kidney uptake ratios of (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex were 2.76 and 1.74 at 2 and 24h post-injection. The melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex as an imaging probe at 2h post-injection. Overall, high melanoma uptake coupled with fast urinary clearance of (177)Lu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex underscored its potential for melanoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Lo ST, Kumar A, Hsieh JT, Sun X. Dendrimer nanoscaffolds for potential theranostics of prostate cancer with a focus on radiochemistry. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:793-812. [PMID: 23294202 DOI: 10.1021/mp3005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are a class of structurally defined macromolecules featured with a central core, a low-density interior formed by repetitive branching units, and a high-density exterior terminated with surface functional groups. In contrast to their polymeric counterparts, dendrimers are nanosized and symmetrically shaped, which can be reproducibly synthesized on a large scale with monodispersity. These unique features have made dendrimers of increasing interest for drug delivery and other biomedical applications as nanoscaffold systems. Intended to address the potential use of dendrimers for the development of theranostic agents, which combines therapeutics and diagnostics in a single entity for personalized medicine, this review focuses on the reported methodologies of using dendrimer nanoscaffolds for targeted imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. Of particular interest, relevant chemistry strategies are discussed due to their important roles in the design and synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic dendrimer-based nanoconjugates and potential theranostic agents, targeted or nontargeted. Given the developing status of nanoscaffolded theranostics, major challenges and potential hurdles are discussed along with the examples representing current advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Jiang H, Kasten BB, Liu H, Qi S, Liu Y, Tian M, Barnes CL, Zhang H, Cheng Z, Benny PD. Novel, cysteine-modified chelation strategy for the incorporation of [M(I)(CO)(3)](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) in an α-MSH peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2300-12. [PMID: 23110503 DOI: 10.1021/bc300509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineering peptide-based targeting agents with residues for site-specific and stable complexation of radionuclides is a highly desirable strategy for producing diagnostic and therapeutic agents for cancer and other diseases. In this report, a model N-S-N(Py) ligand (3) and a cysteine-derived α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptide (6) were used as novel demonstrations of a widely applicable chelation strategy for incorporation of the [M(I)(CO)(3)](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc) core into peptide-based molecules for radiopharmaceutical applications. The structural details of the core ligand-metal complexes as model systems were demonstrated by full chemical characterization of fac-[Re(I)(CO)(3)(N,S,N(Py)-3)](+) (4) and comparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis between 4 and [(99m)Tc(I)(CO)(3)(N,S,N(Py)-3)](+) (4a). The α-MSH analogue bearing the N-S-N(Py) chelate on a modified cysteine residue (6) was generated and complexed with [M(I)(CO)(3)](+) to confirm the chelation strategy's utility when applied in a peptide-based targeting agent. Characterization of the Re(I)(CO)(3)-6 peptide conjugate (7) confirmed the efficient incorporation of the metal center, and the (99m)Tc(I)(CO)(3)-6 analogue (7a) was explored as a potential single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) compound for imaging the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in melanoma. Peptide 7a showed excellent radiolabeling yields and in vitro stability during amino acid challenge and serum stability assays. In vitro B16F10 melanoma cell uptake of 7a reached a modest value of 2.3 ± 0.08% of applied activity at 2 h at 37 °C, while this uptake was significantly reduced by coincubation with a nonlabeled α-MSH analogue, NAPamide (3.2 μM) (P < 0.05). In vivo SPECT/X-ray computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging and biodistribution of 7a were evaluated in a B16F10 melanoma xenografted mouse model. SPECT/CT imaging clearly visualized the tumor at 1 h post injection (p.i.) with high tumor-to-background contrast. Blocking studies with coinjected NAPamide (10 mg per kg of mouse body weight) confirmed the in vivo specificity of 7a for MC1R-positive tumors. Biodistribution results with 7a yielded a moderate tumor uptake of 1.20 ± 0.09 percentage of the injected radioactive dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g) at 1 h p.i. Relatively high uptake of 7a was also seen in the kidneys and liver at 1 h p.i. (6.55 ± 0.36% ID/g and 4.44 ± 0.17% ID/g, respectively), although reduced kidney uptake was seen at 4 h p.i. (3.20 ± 0.48% ID/g). These results demonstrate the utility of the novel [M(I)(CO)(3)](+) chelation strategy when applied in a targeting peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Center of Excellence in Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang State, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Guo H, Miao Y. Cu-64-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides for PET imaging of melanoma. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2322-30. [PMID: 22780870 DOI: 10.1021/mp300246j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) {(64)Cu-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-Gly-Gly-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH2} and (64)Cu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) {(64)Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclononane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-GGNle-CycMSH(hex)}. Two lactam bridge-cyclized peptides, NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) and DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), were synthesized using fluorenylmethyloxy carbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. The melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinity of NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells and compared with DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex). The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) and (64)Cu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) and DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) displayed comparable MC1 receptor binding affinities (1.6 vs 2.1 nM). The substitution of DOTA with NOTA dramatically increased the melanoma uptake and decreased the renal and liver uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex). The tumor uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) was between 12.39 ± 1.61 and 12.71 ± 2.68% ID/g at 0.5, 2, and 4 h postinjection. The accumulation of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) activity in normal organs was lower than 1.02% ID/g except for the kidneys 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection. The tumor/liver uptake ratios of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex were 17.96, 16.95, and 8.02, whereas the tumor/kidney uptake ratios of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) were 2.52, 3.60, and 5.74 at 2, 4, and 24 h postinjection, respectively. Greater than 91% of the injected radioactivity cleared through the urinary system by 2 h postinjection. The substitution of DOTA with NOTA resulted in a dramatic increase in melanoma uptake and decrease in renal and liver uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) as compared to (64)Cu-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex). High melanoma uptake coupled with low accumulation in nontarget organs suggested (64)Cu-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) as a lead radiolabeled peptide for melanoma imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, ‡Cancer Research and Treatment Center, and §Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Guo H, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Gallium-67-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptides with enhanced melanoma uptake and reduced renal uptake. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1341-8. [PMID: 22621181 DOI: 10.1021/bc300191z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of (67)Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex {(67)Ga-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclononane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-Gly-Gly-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH2} and (67)Ga-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex {(67)Ga-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-Gly-Gly-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH2} and compare with (67)Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH {(67)Ga-DOTA-Gly-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Asp]} we previously reported. DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex were synthesized using fluorenylmethyloxy carbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. The melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinity of NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells and compared with DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex. The melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of (67)Ga-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and (67)Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex displayed comparable MC1 receptor binding affinities (1.6 vs 2.1 nM) in B16/F1 melanoma cells. Both (67)Ga-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex and (67)Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex exhibited dramatically enhanced melanoma uptake and reduced renal uptake than (67)Ga-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. Furthermore, (67)Ga-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex exhibited more favorable radiolabeling conditions (>85% radiolabeling yields started at 37 °C), as well as higher tumor/kidney uptake ratios than (67)Ga-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex at 0.5, 2, and 24 h postinjection. High melanoma uptake coupled with low renal uptake highlighted the potential of (67)Ga-NOTA-GGNle-CycMSHhex for melanoma imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, ‡Cancer Research and Treatment Center, §Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Yang J, Lu J, Miao Y. Structural modification on the Lys linker enhanced tumor to kidney uptake ratios of 99mTc-labeled RGD-conjugated α-MSH hybrid peptides. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1418-24. [PMID: 22452443 DOI: 10.1021/mp2006642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the structural modification on the positively charged Lys linker could reduce the kidney uptake of (99m)Tc-labeled Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-conjugated α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) hybrid peptides. The RGD motif {cyclic(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Asp)} was coupled to [Cys(3,4,10), D-Phe(7), Arg(11)]α-MSH(3-13) {(Arg(11))CCMSH} through a neutral glycine linker to eliminate the positively charged amino side chain of the Lys linker or without a linker to delete the Lys linker. The receptor binding affinity of RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of (99m)Tc-RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The structural modification on the Lys linker retained a low nanomolar receptor binding affinity of RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH (1.5 and 1.0 nM, respectively). The structural modification on the Lys linker dramatically decreased the renal uptake of (99m)Tc-RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH by 79% and 77% at 4 h postinjection compared to (99m)Tc-RGD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH. (99m)Tc-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH displayed a higher melanoma uptake (16.12 ± 3.09% ID/g) than (99m)Tc-RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH (11.50 ± 1.01% ID/g) at 2 postinjection. The tumor uptake of (99m)Tc-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH was 1.4 times the tumor uptake of (99m)Tc-RGD-Gly-(Arg(11))CCMSH at 2 postinjection. A dramatically enhanced tumor-to-kidney uptake ratio of (99m)Tc-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH suggests that (188)Re-RGD-(Arg(11))CCMSH may behave in a similar fashion warranting future evaluation for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Ma MT, Neels OC, Denoyer D, Roselt P, Karas JA, Scanlon DB, White JM, Hicks RJ, Donnelly PS. Gallium-68 Complex of a Macrobicyclic Cage Amine Chelator Tethered to Two Integrin-Targeting Peptides for Diagnostic Tumor Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2093-103. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200319q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver C. Neels
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphine Denoyer
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Rodney J. Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Guo H, Yang J, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Effects of the amino acid linkers on the melanoma-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of 111In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptides. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:608-16. [PMID: 21421725 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.086009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine the profound effects of the amino acid linkers on the melanoma-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of (111)In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized DOTA-[X]-CycMSH(hex) {1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-[X]-c[Asp-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-CONH(2); X = GGNle, GENle, or NleGE; GG = -Gly-Gly- and GE = -Gly-Glu-} peptides. METHODS Three novel peptides (DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH(hex), and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH(hex)) were designed and synthesized. The melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor-binding affinities of the peptides were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The melanoma-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of (111)In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) and (111)In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. RESULTS DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH(hex) displayed 2.1 and 11.5 nM MC1 receptor-binding affinities, whereas DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH(hex) showed 873.4 nM MC1 receptor-binding affinity. The introduction of the -GG- linker maintained high melanoma uptake while decreasing kidney and liver uptake of (111)In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex). The tumor uptake of (111)In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) was 19.05 ± 5.04 and 18.6 ± 3.56 percentage injected dose per gram at 2 and 4 h after injection, respectively. (111)In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex) exhibited 28%, 32%, and 42% less kidney uptake than (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) we reported previously, and 61%, 65%, and 68% less liver uptake than (111)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH(hex) at 2, 4, and 24 h after injection, respectively. CONCLUSION The amino acid linkers exhibited profound effects on the melanoma-targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of the (111)In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. Introduction of the -GG- linker maintained high melanoma uptake while reducing kidney and liver uptake of (111)In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH(hex), highlighting its potential as an effective imaging probe for melanoma detection, as well as a therapeutic peptide for melanoma treatment when labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Raposinho PD, Correia JDG, Oliveira MC, Santos I. Melanocortin-1 receptor-targeting with radiolabeled cyclic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs for melanoma imaging. Biopolymers 2011; 94:820-9. [PMID: 20564045 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer known for its high aggressiveness, early dissemination of metastases, and poor prognosis once metastasized. Thus, early diagnosis of melanoma is a key issue for increasing patient survival. The overexpression of melanocortin-1 receptors (MC1R) in isolated melanoma cells and melanoma tissues led to the radiolabeling of several linear and cyclic MC analogs for melanoma imaging or therapy. Cyclization of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides has been successfully used to improve binding affinity and in vivo stability of peptides. Herein, we describe the different peptide cyclization strategies recently reported for radiolabeled α-MSH analogs and discuss how such strategies affect MC1R binding affinity, pharmacokinetic profile, and MC1R-melanoma imaging. This review also highlights how the nature of the radiometal and labeling approach influence those properties. Among the cyclized α-MSH peptides reported, (99m)Tc/(111)In-labeled metal-cyclized and lactam bridge-cyclized peptides displayed the highest melanoma and lowest renal uptake values in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice and became the most promising tools to be further explored as potential melanoma imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula D Raposinho
- Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, ITN, Estrada Nacional 10, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal.
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Villa C, Erratico S, Razini P, Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Torrente Y. In VivoTracking of Stem Cell by Nanotechnologies: Future Prospects for Mouse to Human Translation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:1-11. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Erratico
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Razini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Correia JDG, Paulo A, Raposinho PD, Santos I. Radiometallated peptides for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6144-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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