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Recent progress of astatine-211 in endoradiotherapy: Great advances from fundamental properties to targeted radiopharmaceuticals. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Radiolabeling chemistry with heavy halogens iodine and astatine. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Recent advances in radiotracers targeting norepinephrine transporter: structural development and radiolabeling improvements. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:851-873. [PMID: 32274584 PMCID: PMC7223405 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is a major target for the evaluation of the cardiac sympathetic nerve system in patients with heart failure and Parkinson's disease. It is also used in the therapeutic applications against certain types of neuroendocrine tumors, as exemplified by the clinically used 123/131I-MIBG as theranostic single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agent. With the development of more advanced positron emission tomography (PET) technology, more radiotracers targeting NET have been reported, with superior temporal and spatial resolutions, along with the possibility of functional and kinetic analysis. More recently, fluorine-18-labelled NET tracers have drawn increasing attentions from researchers, due to their longer radiological half-life relative to carbon-11 (110 min vs. 20 min), reduced dependence on on-site cyclotrons, and flexibility in the design of novel tracer structures. In the heart, certain NET tracers provide integral diagnostic information on sympathetic innervation and the nerve status. In the central nervous system, such radiotracers can reveal NET distribution and density in pathological conditions. Most radiotracers targeting cardiac NET-function for the cardiac application consistent of derivatives of either norepinephrine or MIBG with its benzylguanidine core structure, e.g. 11C-HED and 18F-LMI1195. In contrast, all NET tracers used in central nervous system applications are derived from clinically used antidepressants. Lastly, possible applications of NET as selective tracers over organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the kidneys and other organs controlled by sympathetic nervous system will also be discussed.
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Targeting uptake transporters for cancer imaging and treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:79-90. [PMID: 31993308 PMCID: PMC6977162 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their gene expression to promote growth, survival, proliferation, and invasiveness. The unique expression of certain uptake transporters in cancers and their innate function to concentrate small molecular substrates in cells make them ideal targets for selective delivering imaging and therapeutic agents into cancer cells. In this review, we focus on several solute carrier (SLC) transporters known to be involved in transporting clinically used radiopharmaceutical agents into cancer cells, including the sodium/iodine symporter (NIS), norepinephrine transporter (NET), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). The molecular and functional characteristics of these transporters are reviewed with special emphasis on their specific expressions in cancers and interaction with imaging or theranostic agents [e.g., I-123, I-131, 123I-iobenguane (mIBG), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and 13C pyruvate]. Current clinical applications and research areas of these transporters in cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Finally, we offer our views on emerging opportunities and challenges in targeting transporters for cancer imaging and treatment. By analyzing the few clinically successful examples, we hope much interest can be garnered in cancer research towards uptake transporters and their potential applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Key Words
- CT, computed tomography
- Cancer imaging
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DTC, differentiated thyroid cancer
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administrations
- FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- IAEA, the International Atomic Energy Agency
- LACC, locally advanced cervical cancer
- LAT, large amino acid transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NE, norepinephrine
- NET, norepinephrine transporter
- NIS, sodium/iodine symporter
- Neuroblastoma
- OCT, organic cation transporter
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PHEO, pheochromocytoma
- RA, retinoic acid
- RET, rearranged during transfection
- SLC, solute carrier
- SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography
- SUV, standardized uptake value
- TFB, tetrafluoroborate
- TSH, thyroid stimulating hormones
- Thyroid cancer
- Uptake transporter
- Warburg effect
- mIBG
- mIBG, iobenguane/meta-iodobenzylguanidine
- vHL, von Hippel-Lindau
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Fujiki K, Kanayama Y, Yano S, Sato N, Yokokita T, Ahmadi P, Watanabe Y, Haba H, Tanaka K. 211At-labeled immunoconjugate via a one-pot three-component double click strategy: practical access to α-emission cancer radiotherapeutics. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1936-1944. [PMID: 30881623 PMCID: PMC6385556 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04747b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Emission radiotherapeutics has potential to be one of most effective cancer therapeutics. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of an 211At-labeled immunoconjugate for use as an α-emission molecular targeting therapy. We synthesized a tetrazine probe modified with closo-decaborate(2-), a prosthetic group that forms a bioavailable stable complex with 211At. Our one-pot three-component double-click labeling method was used to attach decaborate to trastuzumab (anti-HER2 antibody) using decaborate-tetrazine and TCO-aldehyde probes without reducing the antibody binding affinity. Labeling the decaborate-attached trastuzumab with 211At produced in the cyclotron at the RIKEN Nishina Center, at which highly radioactive 211At can be produced, readily furnished the 211At-labeled trastuzumab with a maximum specific activity of 15 MBq μg-1 and retention of the native binding affinity. Intratumor injection of the 211At-labeled trastuzumab in BALB/c nude mice implanted with HER2-expressing epidermoid cancer cells yielded efficient accumulation at the targeted tumor site as well as effective suppression of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Fujiki
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan . .,GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory , RIKEN Baton Zone Program , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yousuke Kanayama
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science , RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku , Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yano
- Nuclear Chemistry Research Team , RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Nuclear Chemistry Research Team , RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Nuclear Chemistry Research Team , RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Peni Ahmadi
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan .
| | - Yasuyoshi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science , RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku , Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nuclear Chemistry Research Team , RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan . .,GlycoTargeting Research Laboratory , RIKEN Baton Zone Program , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan.,Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory , A. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry , Kazan Federal University , 18 Kremlyovskaya Street , Kazan 420008 , Russia
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Pandit-Taskar N, Modak S. Norepinephrine Transporter as a Target for Imaging and Therapy. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:39S-53S. [PMID: 28864611 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.186833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) is essential for norepinephrine uptake at the synaptic terminals and adrenal chromaffin cells. In neuroendocrine tumors, NET can be targeted for imaging as well as therapy. One of the most widely used theranostic agents targeting NET is metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), a guanethidine analog of norepinephrine. 123I/131I-MIBG theranostics have been applied in the clinical evaluation and management of neuroendocrine tumors, especially in neuroblastoma, paraganglioma, and pheochromocytoma. 123I-MIBG imaging is a mainstay in the evaluation of neuroblastoma, and 131I-MIBG has been used for the treatment of relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma for several years, however, the outcome remains suboptimal. 131I-MIBG has essentially been only palliative in paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma patients. Various techniques of improving therapeutic outcomes, such as dosimetric estimations, high-dose therapies, multiple fractionated administration and combination therapy with radiation sensitizers, chemotherapy, and other radionuclide therapies, are being evaluated. PET tracers targeting NET appear promising and may be more convenient options for the imaging and assessment after treatment. Here, we present an overview of NET as a target for theranostics; review its current role in some neuroendocrine tumors, such as neuroblastoma, paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma, and carcinoids; and discuss approaches to improving targeting and theranostic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakeel Modak
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Abstract
For the treatment of minimum residual diseases such micrometastases and residual tumor margins that remain after debulking of the primary tumor, targeted radiotherapy using radiopharmaceuticals tagged with alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides is very attractive. In addition to the their short range in tissue, which helps minimize harmful effects on adjacent normal tissues, alpha-particles, being high LET radiation, have several radiobiological advantages. The heavy halogen, astatine-211 is one of the prominent alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides in practice. Being a halogen, it can often be incorporated into biomolecules of interest by adapting radioiodination chemistry. A wide spectrum of compounds from the simple [(211)At]astatide ion to small organic molecules, peptides, and large proteins labeled with (211)At have been investigated with at least two reaching the stage of clinical evaluation. The chemistry, cytotoxic advantages, biodistribution studies, and microdosimetry/pharmacokinetic modeling of some of these agents will be reviewed. In addition, potential problems such as the harmful effect of radiolysis on the synthesis, lack of sufficient in vivo stability of astatinated compounds, and possible adverse effects when they are systemically administered will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R. Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Vaidyanathan G, Affleck DJ, Alston KL, Welsh P, Zalutsky MR. Catabolism of 4-fluoro-3-iodobenzylguanidine and meta-iodobenzylguanidine by SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25:947-55. [PMID: 15319601 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200409000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A fluorine substituted derivative of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), 4-fluoro-3-iodobenzylguanidine (FIBG), is retained in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells in vitro to a higher degree than the MIBG. METHOD To investigate whether the higher retention of FIBG is due to differences in the catabolic degradation of the two tracers, in vitro paired-label studies were performed using SK-N-SH cells. RESULTS No detectable amount of benzyl amines, benzoic acids or hippuran derivatives, potential catabolites of these tracers, were seen in either case. Even after 48 h, the cell culture supernatants contained exclusively intact I-MIBG and I-FIBG. In contrast, in some cases, HPLC analysis of cell lysates indicated the presence of a very polar compound(s) as the predominant species with smaller quantities of intact tracers. The per cent total radioactivity in the lysate at each time point that was associated with intact I-FIBG was (average [range]) 25.4% [20.3-30.5], 22.5% [19.3-25.6], and 18.8% [14.3-23.3], at 0 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The corresponding values for I-MIBG were 24.3% [21.0-27.5], 19.1% [11.7-26.5] and 17.4% [14.6-20.1]. No significant amount of activity was associated with high molecular weight species for either halobenzylguanidine, indicating that protein binding was not a major factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Volkert
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri 65211 and Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine and Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Box 3808, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Michael R. Zalutsky
- Box 3808, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Vaidyanathan G, Zhao XG, Larsen RH, Zalutsky MR. 3-[211At]astato-4-fluorobenzylguanidine: a potential therapeutic agent with prolonged retention by neuroblastoma cells. Br J Cancer 1997; 76:226-33. [PMID: 9231923 PMCID: PMC2223928 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1997.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An analogue of meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) in which an aromatic hydrogen was replaced with fluorine has been found to possess many properties similar to those of the parent compound. Moreover, 4-fluoro-3-iodobenzylguanidine (FIBG) was retained in vitro by human neuroblastoma cells to a much greater extent than MIBG itself. Since alpha-emitters such as 211At could be valuable for the treatment of micrometastatic disease, an FIBG analogue in which the iodine atom is replaced by 211At would be of interest. In this study, we have evaluated the in vitro and in vivo properties of 3-[211At]astato-4-fluorobenzylguanidine ([211At]AFBG). The specific binding of [211At]AFBG to SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells remained fairly constant over 2- to 3-log activity range and was similar to that of [131I]MIBG. The uptake of [211At]AFBG by this cell line was reduced by desipramine, ouabain, 4 degrees C incubation, noradrenaline, unlabelled MIBG and FIBG, suggesting that its uptake is specifically mediated through an active uptake-1 mechanism. Over the 16 h period studied, the amount of [211At]AFBG retained was similar to that of [131I]FIBG, whereas the per cent of retained meta-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine ([211At]MABG) was considerably less than that of [131I]FIBG (53% vs 75%; P < 0.05). The IC50 values for the inhibition of uptake of [131I]MIBG, [211At]MABG, [125I]FIBG and [211At]AFBG by unlabelled MIBG were 209, 300, 407 and 661 nM respectively, suggesting that the affinities of these tracers for the noradrenaline transporter in SK-N-SH cells increase in that order. Compared with [211At]MABG, higher uptake of [211At]AFBG was seen in vivo in normal mouse target tissues such as heart and, to a certain extent, in adrenals. That the uptake of [211At]AFBG in these tissues was related to the uptake-1 mechanism was demonstrated by its reduction when mice were pretreated with desipramine. However, the stability of [211At]AFBG towards in vivo dehalogenation was less than that of [211At]MABG, as evidenced by the higher uptake of 211At in thyroid, spleen, lungs and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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