1
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Zhan MM, Wang R, Liu Z, Liu N, Ye Y, Liang M, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Yin F, Li Z. Chemo-Selective Cys-Pen Disulfide for Proximity-Induced Cysteine Cross-Linking. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:521-528. [PMID: 35225603 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich architectures are valuable pharmacological tools or therapeutics. Besides, a ligand-induced conjugate strategy offers potential advantages in potency, selectivity, and duration of action for novel covalent drugs. Combining the plentiful disulfide-rich architecture library and ligand-induced conjugate via thiol-disulfide interchange would supply great benefits for developing site specific covalent inhibitors. Cysteine-cysteine (Cys-Cys) disulfide bonds are intrinsically unstable in endogenous reductive environment, while cysteine-penicillamine (Cys-Pen) disulfide bonds show satisfactory stability. We envisioned the Cys-Pen disulfide as a potential ligand-induced covalent bonding warhead, and this disulfide could reconstruct with the protein cysteine in the vicinity of the peptide binding site to form a new disulfide. To evaluate our design, protein PLCγ1-c src homology 2 domain and RGS3-PDZ domain were tested as models. Both proteins were successfully modified by Cys-Pen disulfide and formed new disulfides between proteins and peptides. The new disulfide was then analyzed to confirm it was a newly formed disulfide bond between Pen of the ligand and a protein Cys near the ligand binding site. HDAC4 was then chosen as a model by utilizing its "CXXC" domain near its catalytic pocket. The designed Cys-Pen cyclic peptide inhibitor of HDAC4 showed satisfactory selectivity and inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-miao Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Ye
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Mingchan Liang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenran Jiang
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Pingshan Translational Medicine Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China
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2
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Lin YN, Khan S, Song Y, Dong M, Shen Y, Tran DK, Pang C, Zhang F, Wooley KL. A Tale of Drug-Carrier Optimization: Controlling Stimuli Sensitivity via Nanoparticle Hydrophobicity through Drug Loading. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6563-6571. [PMID: 32787153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between drug molecules, nanocarrier components, and surrounding media influence the properties and therapeutic efficacies of nanomedicines. In this study, we investigate the role that reversible covalent loading of a hydrophobic drug exerts on intra-nanoparticle physical properties and explore the utility of this payload control strategy for tuning the access of active agents and, thereby, the stimuli sensitivity of smart nanomaterials. Glutathione sensitivity was controlled via altering the degree of hydrophobic payload loading of disulfide-linked camptothecin-conjugated sugar-based nanomaterials. Increases in degrees of camptothecin conjugation (fCPT) decreased aqueous accessibility and reduced glutathione-triggered release. Although the lowest fCPT gave the fastest camptothecin release, it resulted in the lowest camptothecin concentration. Remarkably, the highest fCPT resulted in a 5.5-fold improved selectivity against cancer vs noncancerous cells. This work represents an advancement in drug carrier design by demonstrating the importance of controlling the amount of drug loading on the overall payload and its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nan Lin
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
| | - Sarosh Khan
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Yue Song
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Mei Dong
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Yidan Shen
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - David K Tran
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Ching Pang
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Fuwu Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Karen L Wooley
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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3
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Eksteen JJ, Ausbacher D, Vasskog T, Rekdal Ø, Svendsen JSM. Selective Intracellular Delivery of Thiolated Cargo to Tumor and Neovasculature Cells Using Histidine-Rich Peptides as Vectors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4937-4942. [PMID: 32201779 PMCID: PMC7081261 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Short histidine-rich peptides could serve as novel activatable vectors for delivering cytotoxic payloads to tumor and neovasculature cells. This explorative study reports preliminary results showing that zinc ions, which are found in elevated levels at neovasculature sites, can trigger the intracellular delivery of a short antimicrobial peptide when conjugated to a histidine-rich peptide through a disulfide bond. The importance of exofacial thiols in the mode of action of these disulfide-linked conjugates is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Johannes Eksteen
- NORCE
Norwegian Research Centre AS, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Sykehusvegen 21, NO 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dominik Ausbacher
- Department
of Pharmacy, UiT Arctic University of Norway, NO 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Vasskog
- NORCE
Norwegian Research Centre AS, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Sykehusvegen 21, NO 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øystein Rekdal
- Lytix
Biopharma AS, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Sykehusvegen 21, P.O. Box 6447, NO 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - John S. M. Svendsen
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT Arctic University of Norway, NO 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- E-mail: . Phone: +47 776 44086
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4
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Sengee M, Eksteen JJ, Nergård SL, Vasskog T, Sydnes LK. Preparation and Assessment of Self-Immolative Linkers for Therapeutic Bioconjugates with Amino- and Hydroxyl-Containing Cargoes. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarsuren Sengee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J. Johannes Eksteen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silje Lillemark Nergård
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Vasskog
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Leiv K. Sydnes
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
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5
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Kim Y, Uthaman S, Nurunnabi M, Mallick S, Oh KS, Kang SW, Cho S, Kang HC, Lee YK, Huh KM. Synthesis and characterization of bioreducible cationic biarm polymer for efficient gene delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:366-374. [PMID: 29305212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a new cationic AB2 miktoarm block copolymer consisting of one poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and two cationic poly (l-lysine) (PLL) blocks, wherein the PLL blocks were conjugated to the PEG blocks with or without a bioreducible linker (disulfide bonds). Bioreducible and non-bioreducible miktoarm block copolymers (mPEG-(ss-PLL)2 and mPEG-PLL2) were prepared for efficient gene delivery as a non-viral gene delivery approach. Both cationic copolymers (bioreducible and nonbioreducible) efficiently formed the nanopolyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interaction at different weight ratio of polymer and pDNA. Gene condensation ability of the polymers and release of the DNA under reduction condition were measured by gel electrophoresis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to measure the average hydrodynamic diameter and morphology of the nanoparticles, respectively. The bioreducible nanopolyplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher gene expression than the non-reducible nanopolyplexes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyeong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sang Oh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Cho
- KB Biomed Inc., 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy & Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Disulfide-functional poly(amido amine)s with tunable degradability for gene delivery. J Control Release 2016; 244:357-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Govindan SV, Griffiths GL, Hansen HJ, Horak ID, Goldenberg DM. Cancer Therapy with Radiolabeled and Drug/Toxin-conjugated Antibodies. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 4:375-91. [PMID: 16029057 DOI: 10.1177/153303460500400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy and antibody-directed chemotherapy have emerged as cancer treatment modalities with the regulatory approval of products for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Antibody-toxin therapy is likewise on the verge of clinical fruition. Accumulating evidence suggests that radioimmunotherapy may have the best impact in minimal-disease and adjuvant settings, especially with radioresistant solid tumors. For the latter, ongoing efforts in ‘pretargeting’ to increase deliverable tumor radiation dose, combination therapies, and locoregional applications are also of importance. Antibody-drug conjugates have the potential to increase the therapeutic index of chemotherapy by minimizing systemic toxicity and improving tumor targeting. The design of optimal drug conjugates in this regard is predicated upon the proper choice of the target antigen, the cleavable-linker, and the drug. In respect of antibody-toxin conjugates, considerable progress has been made in chemical and recombinant immunotoxin designs, and in the advancement of many products to clinical trials. Continued development of antibody-directed therapies should expand the options available for the management of cancer.
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8
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Brülisauer L, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Disulfide-containing parenteral delivery systems and their redox-biological fate. J Control Release 2014; 195:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Zhai L, Liang J, Guo X, Zhao Y, Wu C. Extraordinary Modulation of Disulfide Redox-Responsiveness by Cooperativity of Twin-Disulfide Bonds. Chemistry 2014; 20:17507-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Vivero-Escoto JL, Rieter WJ, Lau H, Huxford-Phillips RC, Lin W. Biodegradable polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles as efficient contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3523-31. [PMID: 23613450 PMCID: PMC3804422 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polysilsesquioxane (PSQ) nanoparticles are crosslinked homopolymers formed by condensation of functionalized trialkoxysilanes, and provide an interesting platform for developing biologically and biomedically relevant nanomaterials. In this work, the design and synthesis of biodegradable PSQ particles with extremely high payloads of paramagnetic Gd(III) centers is explored, for use as efficient contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two new bis(trialkoxysilyl) derivatives of Gd(III) diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (Gd-DTPA) containing disulfide linkages are synthesized and used to form biodegradable Gd-PSQ particles by base-catalyzed condensation reactions in reverse microemulsions. The Gd-PSQ particles, PSQ-1 and PSQ-2, carry 53.8 wt% and 49.3 wt% of Gd-DTPA derivatives, respectively. In addition, the surface carboxy groups on the PSQ-2 particles can be modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the anisamide (AA) ligand to enhance biocompatibility and cell uptake, respectively. The Gd-PSQ particles are readily degradable to release the constituent Gd(III) chelates in the presence of endogenous reducing agents such as cysteine and glutathione. The MR relaxivities of the Gd-PSQ particles are determined using a 3T MR scanner, with r1 values ranging from 5.9 to 17.8 mMs(-1) on a per-Gd basis. Finally, the high sensitivity of the Gd-PSQ particles as T1 -weighted MR contrast agents is demonstrated with in vitro MR imaging of human lung and pancreatic cancer cells. The enhanced efficiency of the anisamide-functionalized PSQ-2 particles as a contrast agent is corroborated by both confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging and ICP-MS analysis of Gd content in vitro.
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11
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Wu C, Wang S, Brülisauer L, Leroux JC, Gauthier MA. Broad control of disulfide stability through microenvironmental effects and analysis in complex redox environments. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2383-8. [PMID: 23738500 DOI: 10.1021/bm400501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds stabilize the tertiary- and quaternary structure of proteins. In addition, they can be used to engineer redox-sensitive (bio)materials and drug-delivery systems. Many of these applications require control of the stability of the disulfide bond. It has recently been shown that the charged microenvironment of the disulfide can be used to alter their stability by ∼3 orders of magnitude in a predictable and finely tunable manner at acidic pH. The aim of this work is to extend these findings to physiological pH and to demonstrate the validity of this approach in complex redox milieu. Disulfide microenvironments were manipulated synergistically with steric hindrance herein to control disulfide bond stability over ∼3 orders of magnitude at neutral pH. Control of disulfide stability through microenvironmental effects could also be observed in complex redox buffers (including serum) and in the presence of cells. Such fine and predictable control of disulfide properties is not achievable using other existing approaches. These findings provide easily implementable and general tools for controlling the responsiveness of biomaterials and drug delivery systems toward various local endogenous redox environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ), Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, HCl J 396.4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Stimuli-responsive selection of target DNA sequences by synthetic bZIP peptides. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1874. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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13
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Kunstelj M, Fidler K, Škrajnar Š, Kenig M, Smilović V, Kusterle M, Caserman S, Zore I, Porekar VG, Jevševar S. Cysteine-Specific PEGylation of rhG-CSF via Selenylsulfide Bond. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menči Kunstelj
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Katarina Fidler
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Špela Škrajnar
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Maja Kenig
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Vanja Smilović
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Mateja Kusterle
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | - Simon Caserman
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Zore
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
| | | | - Simona Jevševar
- Sandoz Biopharmaceuticals, Mengeš, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, SI-1234 Mengeš,
Slovenia
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14
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Jiménez-Balsa A, Pazos E, Martínez-Albardonedo B, Mascareñas JL, Vázquez ME. Temporary Electrostatic Impairment of DNA Recognition: Light-Driven DNA Binding of Peptide Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8825-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Jiménez-Balsa A, Pazos E, Martínez-Albardonedo B, Mascareñas JL, Vázquez ME. Temporary Electrostatic Impairment of DNA Recognition: Light-Driven DNA Binding of Peptide Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Baldwin AD, Kiick KL. Tunable degradation of maleimide-thiol adducts in reducing environments. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1946-53. [PMID: 21863904 DOI: 10.1021/bc200148v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Addition chemistries are widely used in preparing biological conjugates, and in particular, maleimide-thiol adducts have been widely employed. Here, we show that the resulting succinimide thioether formed by the Michael-type addition of thiols to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), generally accepted as stable, undergoes retro and exchange reactions in the presence of other thiol compounds at physiological pH and temperature, offering a novel strategy for controlled release. Model studies ((1)H NMR, HPLC) of NEM conjugated to 4-mercaptophenylacetic acid (MPA), N-acetylcysteine, or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MP) incubated with glutathione showed half-lives of conversion from 20 to 80 h, with extents of conversion from 20% to 90% for MPA and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. After ring-opening, the resultant succinimide thioether did not show retro and exchange reactions. The kinetics of the retro reactions and extent of exchange can be modulated by the Michael donor's reactivity; therefore, the degradation of maleimide-thiol adducts could be tuned for controlled release of drugs or degradation of materials at time scales different than those currently possible via disulfide-mediated release. Such approaches may find a new niche for controlled release in reducing environments relevant in chemotherapy and subcellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Baldwin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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17
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Wu C, Belenda C, Leroux JC, Gauthier MA. Interplay of chemical microenvironment and redox environment on thiol-disulfide exchange kinetics. Chemistry 2011; 17:10064-70. [PMID: 21780204 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between the chemical microenvironment surrounding disulfides and the redox environment of the media on thiol-disulfide exchange kinetics was examined by using a peptide platform. Exchange kinetics of up to 34 cysteine-containing peptides were measured in several redox buffers. The electrostatic attraction/repulsion between charged peptides and reducing agents such as glutathione was found to have a very pronounced effect on thiol-disulfide exchange kinetics (differences of ca. three orders of magnitude). Exchange kinetics could be directly correlated to peptide charge over the entire range examined. This study highlights the possibility of finely and predictably tuning thiol-disulfide exchange, and demonstrates the importance of considering both the local environment surrounding the disulfide and the nature of the major reducing species present in the environment for which their use is intended (e.g., in drug delivery systems, sensors, etc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliu Wu
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Wolfgang-Pauli Str. 10, HCl J 396.4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Dosio F, Brusa P, Cattel L. Immunotoxins and anticancer drug conjugate assemblies: the role of the linkage between components. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:848-83. [PMID: 22069744 PMCID: PMC3202854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins and antibody-drug conjugates are protein-based drugs combining a target-specific binding domain with a cytotoxic domain. Such compounds are potentially therapeutic against diseases including cancer, and several clinical trials have shown encouraging results. Although the targeted elimination of malignant cells is an elegant concept, there are numerous practical challenges that limit conjugates’ therapeutic use, including inefficient cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and off-target effects. During the preparation of immunoconjugates by chemical synthesis, the choice of the hinge component joining the two building blocks is of paramount importance: the conjugate must remain stable in vivo but must afford efficient release of the toxic moiety when the target is reached. Vast efforts have been made, and the present article reviews strategies employed in developing immunoconjugates, focusing on the evolution of chemical linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.
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19
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Kellogg BA, Garrett L, Kovtun Y, Lai KC, Leece B, Miller M, Payne G, Steeves R, Whiteman KR, Widdison W, Xie H, Singh R, Chari RVJ, Lambert JM, Lutz RJ. Disulfide-Linked Antibody−Maytansinoid Conjugates: Optimization of In Vivo Activity by Varying the Steric Hindrance at Carbon Atoms Adjacent to the Disulfide Linkage. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:717-27. [DOI: 10.1021/bc100480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A. Kellogg
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lisa Garrett
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yelena Kovtun
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Katharine C. Lai
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Barbara Leece
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gillian Payne
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rita Steeves
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Wayne Widdison
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hongsheng Xie
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rajeeva Singh
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ravi V. J. Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - John M. Lambert
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Robert J. Lutz
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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20
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Design of an in vivo cleavable disulfide linker in recombinant fusion proteins. Biotechniques 2010; 49:513-8. [PMID: 20615204 DOI: 10.2144/000113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve optimal biological activity and desired pharmacokinetic profiles, a dithiocyclopeptide linker was designed for in vivo release of protein domains from a recombinant fusion protein. This novel in vivo cleavable disulfide linker, based on a dithiocyclopeptide containing a thrombin-sensitive sequence and an intramolecular disulfide bond, was inserted between transferrin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) recombinant fusion protein domains. After expression of the fusion protein, G-C-T, from HEK293 cells, thrombin treatment in vitro generated a fusion protein linked via a reversible disulfide bond that was quickly cleaved in vivo, separating the protein domains. After release from the fusion protein, free G-CSF exhibited an improved biological activity in a cell proliferation assay. Although reversible disulfide bonds are commonly used in protein chemical conjugation methods, to our knowledge this report is the first example of the construction of a recombinant fusion protein with a disulfide linkage for the release of the functional domain. This linker design can be adapted to diverse recombinant fusion proteins in which in vivo separation of protein domains is required to achieve an improved therapeutic effect and a desirable pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution of the functional domain.
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Bauhuber S, Hozsa C, Breunig M, Göpferich A. Delivery of nucleic acids via disulfide-based carrier systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3286-3306. [PMID: 20882498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are not only expected to assume a pivotal position as "drugs" in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, but could also act as molecular cues to control the microenvironment during tissue regeneration. Despite this promise, the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to their side of action is still the major hurdle. One among many prerequisites for a successful carrier system for nucleic acids is high stability in the extracellular environment, accompanied by an efficient release of the cargo in the intracellular compartment. A promising strategy to create such an interactive delivery system is to exploit the redox gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. In this review, emphasis is placed on the biological rationale for the synthesis of redox sensitive, disulfide-based carrier systems, as well as the extra- and intracellular processing of macromolecules containing disulfide bonds. Moreover, the basic synthetic approaches for introducing disulfide bonds into carrier molecules, together with examples that demonstrate the benefit of disulfides at the individual stages of nucleic acid delivery, will be presented.
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Zong Y, Wang X, Jeong EK, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Structural effect on degradability and in vivo contrast enhancement of polydisulfide Gd(III) complexes as biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents. Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:503-11. [PMID: 18814987 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural effect of biodegradable macromolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, polydisulfide gadolinium (Gd)(III) chelates, on their in vitro degradability, and cardiovascular and tumor imaging were evaluated in mice. Polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates, Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC), Gd-DTPA l-cystine copolymers (GDCP), Gd-DTPA d-cystine copolymers (dGDCP) and Gd-DTPA glutathione (oxidized) copolymers (GDGP), with different sizes and narrow molecular weight distribution were prepared and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts. GDGP with large steric hindrance around the disulfide bonds had greater T(1) and T(2) relaxivities than GDCC, GDCP and dGDCP. The degradability of the polydisulfide by the endogenous thiols decreased with increasing steric effects around the disulfide bonds in the order of GDCC>GDCP, dGDCP>GDGP. The size and degradability of the contrast agents had a significant impact on vascular contrast enhancement kinetics. The agents with a large size and low degradability resulted in more prolonged vascular enhancement than the agents with a small size and high degradability. It seems that the size and degradability of the agents did not significantly affect tumor enhancement. All agents resulted in significant contrast enhancement in tumor tissue. This study has demonstrated that the vascular enhancement kinetics of the polydisulfide MRI contrast agents can be controlled by their sizes and structures. The polydisulfide Gd(III) chelates are promising biodegradable macromolecular MRI contrast agents for magnetic resonance angiography and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Suardi MA, Manfredi A. Poly(amidoamine)s with 2-Dithiopyridine Side Substituents as Intermediates to Peptide–Polymer Conjugates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200700139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Bencini M, Ranucci E, Ferruti P, Manfredi A. New Stimuli Responsive Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one) Bearing Pendant Activated Disulfide Groups. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Wright JEI, Gittens SA, Bansal G, Kitov PI, Sindrey D, Kucharski C, Uludağ H. A comparison of mineral affinity of bisphosphonate–protein conjugates constructed with disulfide and thioether linkages. Biomaterials 2006; 27:769-84. [PMID: 16055182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical conjugation of bisphosphonates (BPs) to therapeutic proteins is an effective means to impart mineral affinity to proteins. Such conjugates can be implanted with mineral-based matrices to control the local delivery kinetics of the proteins. BPs linked to proteins with reversible (i.e., cleavable) linkages are desirable over conjugates with stable linkages to release the protein in free form. This study conducted a direct comparison of mineral affinity of BP-protein conjugates linked together with cleavable disulfide and non-cleavable thioether linkages. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein and the desired conjugates were created with N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (disulfide) and succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimido-methyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (thioether) linkers. The disulfide-linked conjugates were cleaved in the presence of a major thiol constituent of serum, cysteine. The imparted mineral affinity, as assessed by hydroxyapatite binding in vitro, was lost upon the cleavage of the disulfide-linked aminoBP. The presence of the serum did not accelerate the cleavage of disulfide-linked conjugates. The aminoBP-BSA conjugates formed with disulfide and thioether linkages were subcutaneously implanted in rats with two different mineral-based matrices to assess protein loss from the matrices. All conjugates exhibited a higher retention in mineral matrices as compared to unmodified BSA. However, no significant differences in in situ pharmacokinetics of the disulfide- and thioether-linked conjugates were observed. We conclude that disulfide-linked BP conjugates were readily cleavable by the amino acid cysteine in vitro, but in vivo cleavage of the disulfide-linked conjugates was not evident when the proteins were implanted adsorbed to mineral-based matrices. BP-protein conjugates with faster-cleaving tethers might be required to significantly influence the release of the BP conjugates from the mineral matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E I Wright
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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26
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Zong Y, Wang X, Goodrich KC, Mohs AM, Parker DL, Lu ZR. Contrast-enhanced MRI with new biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes in tumor-bearing mice. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53:835-42. [PMID: 15799038 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structures of polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes were modified to improve their in vivo retention time and MRI contrast enhancement. Steric hindrance was introduced around the disulfide bonds to control their access to free thiols in order to alter the degradation rate of the copolymers. Two new macromolecular agents, (Gd-DTPA)-cystine copolymers (GDCP) and (Gd-DTPA)-cystine diethyl ester copolymers (GDCEP), were prepared. Both agents were readily degraded in vitro and in vivo by the disulfide-thiol exchange reaction, but at a slow rate. The introduction of COOH and COOEt groups slowed down the degradation of the copolymers in the incubation with 15 microM cysteine. Metabolic degradation products were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry in the urine samples from rats injected with the agents. The T(1) relaxivity (r(1)) was 5.43 mM(-1)s(-1) for GDCP, and 5.86 mM(-1)s(-1) for GDCEP, respectively, at 3T. MRI contrast enhancement of both agents was studied in nude mice bearing MDA-BM-231 human breast carcinoma xenografts, on a Siemens Trio 3T scanner. The modified agents resulted in more significant contrast enhancement in the blood pool and tumor periphery than (Gd-DTPA)-cystamine copolymers (GDCC) and a low-molecular-weight control agent, Gd-(DTPA-BMA), at a dose of 0.1 mmol-Gd/kg. The results demonstrate that the structural modification of the biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes resulted in a relatively slow degradation of the macromolecules and significantly improved in vivo contrast enhancement. The modified agents show promise for use in investigations of blood pool and cancer by contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Zong
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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27
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Emilitri E, Ranucci E, Ferruti P. New poly(amidoamine)s containing disulfide linkages in their main chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Muller RH, Keck CM. Challenges and solutions for the delivery of biotech drugs – a review of drug nanocrystal technology and lipid nanoparticles. J Biotechnol 2004; 113:151-70. [PMID: 15380654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology allows tailor-made production of biopharmaceuticals and biotechnological drugs; however, many of them require special formulation technologies to overcome drug-associated problems. Such potential challenges to solve are: poor solubility, limited chemical stability in vitro and in vivo after administration (i.e. short half-life), poor bioavailability and potentially strong side effects requiring drug enrichment at the site of action (targeting). This review describes the use of nanoparticulate carriers, developed in our research group, as one solution to overcome such delivery problems, i.e. drug nanocrystals, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and lipid-drug conjugate (LDC) nanoparticles, examples of drugs are given. As a recently developed targeting principle, the concept of differential protein adsorption is described (PathFinder Technology) using as example delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Muller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics and Biotechnology, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
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Chenevier P, Bourel-Bonnet L, Roux D. Chemical Characterization of α-Oxohydrazone Ligation on Colloids: toward Grafting Molecular Addresses onto Biological Vectors. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:16261-70. [PMID: 14692767 DOI: 10.1021/ja0370746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New mild and specific chemical strategies have been developed recently for the selective coupling of biological macromolecules. Among them, the hydrazone ligation strategy offers high chemoselectivity and versatility. We intended to use hydrazone ligation to target the controlled release of therapeutic agents by biological vectors (multilamellar vesicles called onion vectors). An accurate measure of ligation bond stability was needed to ensure that the ligation bond would stand long exposures to physiological conditions. In this study, we have completed a kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of hydrazone formation on a model reaction. The mechanism of the reaction in solution as well as in different self-organized systems (micelles, liposomes and multilamellar vesicles) was investigated. In solution, submicromolar stability was achieved as well as half-lives of several weeks. The kinetics and stability were both enhanced in colloidal media thanks to autoassociation effects. The results were expanded to the realistic case of RGD-peptide coupling to onion vectors. The RGD grafted onion vectors were then tested for their ability to bind endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chenevier
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS UPR 8641, av. Pr Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.
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Saito G, Swanson JA, Lee KD. Drug delivery strategy utilizing conjugation via reversible disulfide linkages: role and site of cellular reducing activities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003; 55:199-215. [PMID: 12564977 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1037] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first disulfide linkage-employing drug conjugate that exploits the reversible nature of this unique covalent bond was recently approved for human use. Increasing numbers of drug formulations that incorporate disulfide bonds have been reported, particularly in the next generation macromolecular pharmaceuticals. These are designed to exploit differences in the reduction potential at different locations within and upon cells. The recent characterization of a novel redox enzyme in endosomes and lysosomes adds more excitement to this approach. This review focuses on understanding where and how the disulfide bond in the bioconjugate is reduced upon contact with biological milieu, which affects delivery design and the interpretation of the delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Saito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
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Uehara T, Arano Y, Ono M, Fujioka Y, Ogawa K, Namba S, Nakayama M, Koizumi M, Fujii N, Horiuchi K, Yokoyama A, Saji H. The integrity of the disulfide bond in a cyclic somatostatin analog during 99mTc complexation reactions. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:883-90. [PMID: 10708301 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(99)00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of a variety of thiol-free chelating agents has facilitated the design of 99mTc-labeled somatostatin analogs suitable for receptor imaging of somatostatin-positive tumors. However, it remains ambiguous whether the disulfide bonds in cyclic peptides are stable during 99mTc complexation reactions, and contradictory results have been reported regarding the integrity of disulfide bonds in cyclic somatostatin analogs. To estimate the stability of the disulfide bond in a synthetic somatostatin analog at low peptide concentrations, [125I]I-RC-160, in which radioiodine was incorporated into the 3-Tyr residue, was synthesized and the integrity of the disulfide bond of the peptide was investigated in the presence of reducing agents such as ascorbic acid, dithionite, and stannous ions. The disulfide bond in [125I]I-RC-160 remained stable in the presence of ascorbic acid in boiling water. The disulfide bond was also stable when treated with stannous ions at concentrations sufficient to reduce 99mTc for complexation with a thiol-free chelating agent, bis(hydroxamamide) analog when the 99mTc complexation reaction was performed at room temperature. However, the disulfide bond of [125I]I-RC-160 was slightly cleaved in the presence of a small amount of stannous ions when the reaction was performed in boiling water. Treatment of [125I]I-RC-160 with dithionite in boiling water markedly reduced the disulfide bond of the parental peptide. These findings indicated that synthetic somatostatin analogs may be labeled with 99mTc with stannous ions as the reducing agent without impairing their structure after conjugation of thiol-free chelating agents that provide 99mTc chelates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Uehara
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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