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Thompson M, Scholz C. Highly Branched Polymers Based on Poly(amino acid)s for Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1119. [PMID: 33925961 PMCID: PMC8145254 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymers consisting of amino acid building blocks continue to receive consideration for biomedical applications. Since poly(amino acid)s are built from natural amino acids, the same building blocks proteins are made of, they are biocompatible, biodegradable and their degradation products are metabolizable. Some amino acids display a unique asymmetrical AB2 structure, which facilitates their ability to form branched structures. This review compares the three forms of highly branched polymeric structures: structurally highly organized dendrimers, dendrigrafts and the less organized, but readily synthesizable hyperbranched polymers. Their syntheses are reviewed and compared, methods of synthesis modulations are considered and variations on their traditional syntheses are shown. The potential use of highly branched polymers in the realm of biomedical applications is discussed, specifically their applications as delivery vehicles for genes and drugs and their use as antiviral compounds. Of the twenty essential amino acids, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, and L-aspartic acid are asymmetrical AB2 molecules, but the bulk of the research into highly branched poly(amino acid)s has focused on the polycationic poly(L-lysine) with a lesser extent on poly(L-glutamic acid). Hence, the majority of potential applications lies in delivery systems for nucleic acids and this review examines and compares how these three types of highly branched polymers function as non-viral gene delivery vectors. When considering drug delivery systems, the small size of these highly branched polymers is advantageous for the delivery of inhalable drug. Even though highly branched polymers, in particular dendrimers, have been studied for more than 40 years for the delivery of genes and drugs, they have not translated in large scale into the clinic except for promising antiviral applications that have been commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 301 Sparkman Dr., Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
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2
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dos Santos Ramos MA, dos Santos KC, da Silva PB, de Toledo LG, Marena GD, Rodero CF, de Camargo BAF, Fortunato GC, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Nanotechnological strategies for systemic microbial infections treatment: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119780. [PMID: 32860856 PMCID: PMC7449125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infections is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, and a shortage of drug approaches applied for the rapid and necessary treatment contribute to increase the levels of death in affected patients. Several drug delivery systems based in nanotechnology such as metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, hydrogels and liquid crystals can contribute in the biological performance of active substances for the treatment of microbial diseases triggered by fungi, bacteria, virus and parasites. In the presentation of these statements, this review article present and demonstrate the effectiveness of these drug delivery systems for the treatment of systemic diseases caused by several microorganisms, through a review of studies on scientific literature worldwide that contributes to better information for the most diverse professionals from the areas of health sciences. The studies demonstrated that the drug delivery systems described can contribute to the therapeutic scenario of these diseases, being classified as safe, active platforms and with therapeutic versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Aparecido dos Santos Ramos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil,Corresponding authors
| | - Karen Cristina dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- Department of Genetic and Morphology, Brasília University (UNB), Institute of Biological Sciences, Zip Code: 70735100, Brazil
| | - Luciani Gaspar de Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Davi Marena
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernanda Rodero
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Almeida Furquim de Camargo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Capaldi Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil.
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Canalp MB, Binder WH. Hybrid polymers bearing oligo-l-lysine(carboxybenzyl)s: synthesis and investigations of secondary structure. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1287-1295. [PMID: 35494681 PMCID: PMC9047569 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid polymers of peptides resembling (partially) folded protein structures are promising materials in biomedicine, especially in view of folding-interactions between different segments. In this study polymers bearing repetitive peptidic folding elements, composed of N-terminus functionalized bis-ω-ene-functional oligo-l-lysine(carboxybenzyl(Z))s (Lysn) with repeating units (n) of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 30 were successfully synthesized to study their secondary structure introduced by conformational interactions between their chains. The pre-polymers of ADMET, narrowly dispersed Lysns, were obtained by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) initiated with 11-amino-undecene, following N-terminus functionalization with 10-undecenoyl chloride. The resulting Lysns were subsequently polymerized via ADMET polymerization by using Grubbs’ first generation (G1) catalyst in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) generating the ADMET polymers (A-[Lysn]m) (m = 2–12) with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 28 kDa, displaying polydispersity (Đ) values in the range of 1.5–3.2. After chemical analyses of Lysns and A-[Lysn]ms by 1H-NMR, GPC and MALDI-ToF MS, secondary structural investigations were probed by CD spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). In order to study A-[Lysn]ms with defined molecular weights and low polydispersity values (Đ = 1.03–1.48), the ADMET polymers A-[Lysn=3]m=3 and A-[Lysn=24]m=4 were fractionated by preparative GPC, and subsequently analysed by 1H-NMR, analytical GPC, MALDI-ToF MS and CD spectroscopy. We can demonstrate the influence of chain length of the generated polymers on the formation of secondary structures by comparing Lysns with varying n values to the ADMET-polymers with the help of spectroscopic techniques such as CD and FTIR-spectroscopy in a helicogenic solvent. We demonstrate the influence of chain length of segmented polymers bearing dynamic folding elements onto the formation of secondary structures with the help of spectroscopic techniques such as CD and FTIR-spectroscopy in a helicogenic solvent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Basak Canalp
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle (Saale) D-06120 Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle (Saale) D-06120 Germany
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Wei J, Lin F, You D, Qian Y, Wang Y, Bi Y. Self-Assembly and Enzyme Responsiveness of Amphiphilic Linear-Dendritic Block Copolymers Based on Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) and Dendritic Phenylalanyl-lysine Dipeptides. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1625. [PMID: 31597356 PMCID: PMC6836210 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present the synthesis, self-assembly, and enzyme responsive nature of a unique class of well-defined amphiphilic linear-dendritic block copolymers (PNVP-b-dendr(Phe-Lys)n, n = 1-3) based on linear poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PNVP) and dendritic phenylalanyl-lysine (Phe-Lys) dipeptides. The copolymers were prepared via a combination ofreversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) /xanthates (MADIX) polymerization of N-vinylpyrrolidone and stepwise peptide chemistry. The results of fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H NMR analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analysis demonstrated that the copolymers self-assemble in aqueous solution into micellar nanocontainers that can disassemble and release encapsulated anticancer drug doxorubicin or hydrophobic dye Nile red by trigger of a serine protease trypsin under physiological conditions. The disassembly of the formed micelles and release rates of the drug or dye can be adjusted by changing the generation of dendrons in PNVP-b-dendr(Phe-Lys)n. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of the copolymers have been confirmed using human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and human liver cancer cells (SMMC-7721). Due to the fact of their enzyme responsive properties and good biocompatibility, the copolymers may have potential applicability in smart controlled release systems capable of site-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dan You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yangyang Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yunmei Bi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Sun D, Sun Z, Jiang H, Vaidya AM, Xin R, Ayat NR, Schilb AL, Qiao PL, Han Z, Naderi A, Lu ZR. Synthesis and Evaluation of pH-Sensitive Multifunctional Lipids for Efficient Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in Gene Editing. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:667-678. [PMID: 30582790 PMCID: PMC6429435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 system is a promising approach for gene editing in gene therapy. Effective gene editing requires safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system in target cells. Several new multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids were designed and synthesized with modification of the amino head groups for intracellular delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system. These multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids exhibited structurally dependent formulation of stable nanoparticles with the DNA plasmids of CRISPR/Cas9 system with the sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The amino lipid plasmid DNA nanoparticles showed pH-sensitive hemolysis with minimal hemolytic activity at pH 7.4 and increased hemolysis at acidic pH (pH = 5.5, 6.5). The nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity at an N/P ratio of 10. Expression of both Cas9 and sgRNA of the CRISPR/Cas9 system was in the range from 4.4% to 33%, dependent on the lipid structure in NIH3T3-GFP cells. The amino lipids that formed stable nanoparticles with high expression of both Cas9 and sgRNA mediated high gene editing efficiency. ECO and iECO mediated more efficient gene editing than other tested lipids. ECO mediated up to 50% GFP suppression based on observations with confocal microscopy and nearly 80% reduction of GFP mRNA based on RT-PCR measurement in NIH3T3-GFP cells. The multifunctional pH-sensitive amino lipids have the potential for efficient intracellular delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 for effective gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongfa Jiang
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amita M. Vaidya
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rui Xin
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nadia R. Ayat
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Andrew L. Schilb
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Peter L. Qiao
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zheng Han
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department
of Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, Case
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Le PN, Huynh CK, Tran NQ. Advances in thermosensitive polymer-grafted platforms for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:1016-1030. [PMID: 30184725 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies on "smart" polymeric material performing environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, magnetic field, enzyme and photo-sensation have recently paid much attention to practical applications. Among of them, thermo-responsive grafted copolymers, amphiphilic steroids as well as polyester molecules have been utilized in the fabrication of several multifunctional platforms. Indeed, they performed a strikingly functional improvement comparing to some original materials and exhibited a holistic approach for biomedical applications. In case of drug delivery systems (DDS), there has been some successful proof of thermal-responsive grafted platforms on clinical trials such as ThermoDox®, BIND-014, Cynviloq IG-001, Genexol-PM, etc. This review would detail the recent progress and highlights of some temperature-responsive polymer-grafted nanomaterials or hydrogels in the 'smart' DDS that covered from synthetic polymers to nature-driven biomaterials and novel generations of some amphiphilic functional platforms. These approaches could produce several types of smart biomaterials for human health care in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Ngan Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City 550000, Viet Nam; Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1A TL29, District 12, Hochiminh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chan Khon Huynh
- Biomedical Engineering Department, International University, National Universities in HCMC, HCMC 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoc Quyen Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City 550000, Viet Nam; Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1A TL29, District 12, Hochiminh City 700000, Viet Nam; Graduate School of Science and Technology Viet Nam, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1A TL29, District 12, Hochiminh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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8
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Kim Y, Uthaman S, Nurunnabi M, Mallick S, Oh KS, Kang SW, Cho S, Kang HC, Lee YK, Huh KM. Synthesis and characterization of bioreducible cationic biarm polymer for efficient gene delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:366-374. [PMID: 29305212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a new cationic AB2 miktoarm block copolymer consisting of one poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and two cationic poly (l-lysine) (PLL) blocks, wherein the PLL blocks were conjugated to the PEG blocks with or without a bioreducible linker (disulfide bonds). Bioreducible and non-bioreducible miktoarm block copolymers (mPEG-(ss-PLL)2 and mPEG-PLL2) were prepared for efficient gene delivery as a non-viral gene delivery approach. Both cationic copolymers (bioreducible and nonbioreducible) efficiently formed the nanopolyplexes with plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interaction at different weight ratio of polymer and pDNA. Gene condensation ability of the polymers and release of the DNA under reduction condition were measured by gel electrophoresis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) were used to measure the average hydrodynamic diameter and morphology of the nanoparticles, respectively. The bioreducible nanopolyplexes showed lower cytotoxicity and higher gene expression than the non-reducible nanopolyplexes in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyeong Kim
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudipta Mallick
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Sang Oh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Next-generation Pharmaceutical Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungpil Cho
- KB Biomed Inc., 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy & Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Smith DK. From fundamental supramolecular chemistry to self-assembled nanomaterials and medicines and back again – how Sam inspired SAMul. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4743-4760. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01753k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Personal inspiration led to the development of a programme of research targeting the use of self-assembled systems in nanomedicine, which in the process of approaching a range of applications has uncovered new fundamental concepts in supramolecular science.
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Palmerston Mendes L, Pan J, Torchilin VP. Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for Nucleic Acid and Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:E1401. [PMID: 28832535 PMCID: PMC5600151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with easily modifiable surfaces. This makes them promising structures for functionalization and also for conjugation with drugs and DNA/RNA. Their architecture, which can be controlled by different synthesis processes, allows the control of characteristics such as shape, size, charge, and solubility. Dendrimers have the ability to increase the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. The drugs can be entrapped in the intramolecular cavity of the dendrimers or conjugated to their functional groups at their surface. Nucleic acids usually form complexes with the positively charged surface of most cationic dendrimers and this approach has been extensively employed. The presence of functional groups in the dendrimer's exterior also permits the addition of other moieties that can actively target certain diseases and improve delivery, for instance, with folate and antibodies, now widely used as tumor targeting strategies. Dendrimers have been investigated extensively in the medical field, and cancer treatment is one of the greatest areas where they have been most used. This review will consider the main types of dendrimer currently being explored and how they can be utilized as drug and gene carriers and functionalized to improve the delivery of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Palmerston Mendes
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, Brazil.
| | - Jiayi Pan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Research in the field of nonviral gene delivery is in the initial stages relative to the more commonly known viral systems. However, nonviral systems may, in the near future overcome some of the problems inherent to currently employed viral gene delivery systems. These problems range from limited payload capacity and general production issues to immune and toxic reactions, as well as the potential for catastrophic viral recombination. Self-assembling complexes of nucleic acids and synthetic polymers, commonly referred to as `polyplexes', are formed as the result of electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged phosphate groups of the DNA and the positively charged groups of the polycation. A wide array of polycations are available for such studies, including those with linear, branched, dendritic and block or graft copolymer architectures. These polycations vary greatly in chemical composition as well as the number of repeating units, providing for a wide range of different polyplexes that can be easily assembled. Some of the current gene delivery systems are described which serve as potential reagents in the field of polymer-based gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. Gebhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center 986025, Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy University of Nebraska Medical Center 986025, Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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12
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Perdih P, Kržan A, Žagar E. Synthesis of Dendronized Poly(l-Glutamate) via Azide-Alkyne Click Chemistry. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040242. [PMID: 28773369 PMCID: PMC5502894 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DPn) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was found between the P(Glu-D) expected structure and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography coupled to a multi-angle light-scattering detector (SEC-MALS) analysis. The PGlu precursor was modified by coupling with a bifunctional building block (N3-Pr-NH2) in the presence of 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM) coupling reagent. The second-generation polyamide dendron was prepared by a stepwise procedure involving the coupling of propargylamine to the l-lysine carboxyl group, followed by attaching the protected 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) building block to the l-lysine amino groups. The hydroxyl groups of the resulting second-generation dendron were quantitatively deprotected under mild acidic conditions. The deprotected dendron with an acetylene focal group was coupled to the pendant azide groups of the modified linear copolypeptide, P(Glu-N3), in a Cu(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction to form a 1,4-disubstituted triazole. The dendronization reaction proceeded quantitatively in 48 hours in aqueous medium as confirmed by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Perdih
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Andrej Kržan
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ricapito NG, Ghobril C, Zhang H, Grinstaff MW, Putnam D. Synthetic Biomaterials from Metabolically Derived Synthons. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2664-704. [PMID: 26821863 PMCID: PMC5810137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The utility of metabolic synthons as the building blocks for new biomaterials is based on the early application and success of hydroxy acid based polyesters as degradable sutures and controlled drug delivery matrices. The sheer number of potential monomers derived from the metabolome (e.g., lactic acid, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, fumarate) gives rise to almost limitless biomaterial structural possibilities, functionality, and performance characteristics, as well as opportunities for the synthesis of new polymers. This review describes recent advances in new chemistries, as well as the inventive use of traditional chemistries, toward the design and synthesis of new polymers. Specific polymeric biomaterials can be prepared for use in varied medical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound repair, etc.) through judicious selection of the monomer and backbone linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Ricapito
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cynthia Ghobril
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - David Putnam
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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14
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Molecular dynamics simulation of coarse-grained poly(L-lysine) dendrimers. J Mol Model 2016; 22:59. [PMID: 26885845 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrimer are amino acid based macromolecules and can be used as drug delivery agents. Their branched structure allows them to be functionalized by various groups to encapsulate drug agents into their structure. In this work, at first, an attempt was made on all-atom simulation of PLL dendrimer of different generations. Based on all-atom results, a course-grained model of this dendrimer was designed and its parameters were determined, to be used for simulation of three generations of PLL dendrimer, at two pHs. Similar to the all-atom, the coarse-grained results indicated that by increasing the generation, the dendrimer becomes more spherical. At pH 7, the dendrimer had larger size, whereas at pH 12, due to back folding of branching chains, they had the tendency to penetrate into the inner layers. The calculated radial probability and radial distribution functions confirm that at pH 7, the PLL dendrimer has more cavities and as a result it can encapsulate more water molecules into its inner structure. By calculating the moment of inertia and the aspect ratio, the formation of spherical structure for PLL dendrimer was confirmed.
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15
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Fan X, Zhao Y, Xu W, Li L. Linear-dendritic block copolymer for drug and gene delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 62:943-59. [PMID: 26952501 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers as a new class of polymeric materials have a highly ordered branched structure, exact molecular weight, multivalency and available internal cavities, which make them extensively used in biology and drug-delivery. Concurrent with the development of dendrimers, much more attention is drawn to a novel block copolymer which combines linear chains with dendritic macromolecules, the linear-dendritic block copolymer (LDBC). Because of the different solubility of the contrasting regions, the amphiphilic LDBCs could self-assemble to form aggregates with special core-shell structures which exhibit excellent properties different from traditional micelles, such as lower critical micelle concentration, prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, better biocompatibility, and lower toxicity. The present review briefly describes the type of LDBC, the self-assembly behavior in solution, and the application in delivery system including the application as drug carriers and gene vectors. The interactions between block copolymers and drugs are also summarized to better understand the release mechanism of drugs from the linear-dendritic block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qian Foshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingbing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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16
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Oledzka E, Sliwerska P, Sobczak M, Kraska B, Kamysz W, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Kolodziejski W. Peptide Dendrimer Functionalized with Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers: Synthesis and Characterization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oledzka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Medical University of Warsaw; Faculty of Pharmacy; Banacha 1 Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | - Patrycja Sliwerska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Medical University of Warsaw; Faculty of Pharmacy; Banacha 1 Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Medical University of Warsaw; Faculty of Pharmacy; Banacha 1 Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Kraska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Medical University of Gdansk; Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107 Gdansk 80-416 Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Medical University of Gdansk; Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107 Gdansk 80-416 Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nalecz-Jawecki
- Department of Environmental Health Science; Medical University of Warsaw; Faculty of Pharmacy; Banacha 1 Warsaw 02-097 Poland
| | - Waclaw Kolodziejski
- Department of Environmental Health Science; Medical University of Warsaw; Faculty of Pharmacy; Banacha 1 Warsaw 02-097 Poland
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17
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Blasco E, Piñol M, Oriol L. Responsive linear-dendritic block copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1090-115. [PMID: 24706548 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The combination of dendritic and linear polymeric structures in the same macromolecule opens up new possibilities for the design of block copolymers and for applications of functional polymers that have self-assembly properties. There are three main strategies for the synthesis of linear-dendritic block copolymers (LDBCs) and, in particular, the emergence of click chemistry has made the coupling of preformed blocks one of the most efficient ways of obtaining libraries of LDBCs. In these materials, the periphery of the dendron can be precisely functionalised to obtain functional LDBCs with self-assembly properties of interest in different technological areas. The incorporation of stimuli-responsive moieties gives rise to smart materials that are generally processed as self-assemblies of amphiphilic LDBCs with a morphology that can be controlled by an external stimulus. Particular emphasis is placed on light-responsive LDBCs. Furthermore, a brief review of the biomedical or materials science applications of LDBCs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Dpt. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Liu Y, Chiu GNC. Dual-Functionalized PAMAM Dendrimers with Improved P-Glycoprotein Inhibition and Tight Junction Modulating Effect. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4226-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Liu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Gigi N. C. Chiu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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19
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Ma D, Zhao Y, Zhou XY, Lin QM, Zhang Y, Lin JT, Xue W. Photoenhanced Gene Transfection by a Star-Shaped Polymer Consisting of a Porphyrin Core and Poly(L
-lysine) Dendron Arms. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1221-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical College; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Qian-Ming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jian-Tao Lin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research Institute; Guangdong Medical College; Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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20
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Tang Y, Wei Y, Gong H, Li X, Zhang J. Nanocomplexation-assisted solubilization of pDNA in organic solvents for improved microencapsulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 394:573-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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22
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Xiong XB, Binkhathlan Z, Molavi O, Lavasanifar A. Amphiphilic block co-polymers: preparation and application in nanodrug and gene delivery. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2017-33. [PMID: 22406912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic block co-polymers composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the hydrophilic block and poly(ether)s, poly(amino acid)s, poly(ester)s and polypropyleneoxide (PPO) as the hydrophobic block can lead to the formation of nanoscopic structures of different morphologies. These structures have been the subject of extensive research in the past decade as artificial mimics of lipoproteins and viral vectors for drug and gene delivery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the synthesis of commonly used amphiphilic block co-polymers. It will also briefly go over some pharmaceutical applications of amphiphilic block co-polymers as "nanodelivery systems" for small molecules and gene therapeutics.
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23
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Shukla SC, Singh A, Pandey AK, Mishra A. Review on production and medical applications of ɛ-polylysine. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Luo K, Li C, Li L, She W, Wang G, Gu Z. Arginine functionalized peptide dendrimers as potential gene delivery vehicles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4917-27. [PMID: 22484048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The quest for highly efficient and safe gene delivery systems has become the key factor for successful application of gene therapy. Peptide dendrimers are currently investigated as excellent candidates for non-viral gene delivery vectors. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of arginine functionalized peptide dendrimer-based vectors ranging from 5th generation (G5A) to 6th generation (G6A) via click chemistry, and their use for gene transfection in vitro and in vivo. The dendrimers can condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) and protect pDNAs from nuclease digestion. Both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that the sizes of dendrimer/DNA particles were within 180-250 nm range. In vitro studies showed that the functionalized peptide dendrimers provided serum independent and high transfection efficiency on all studied cells, as over 2 fold higher than that of branched polyetherimide (PEI) in the presence of serum. Dendrimer G5A with molecular weight of 17 kDa demonstrated 6-fold transfection activity than PEI in breast tumor models, as well as good biosafety proved by in vitro and in vivo toxicity evaluation. However, G6A with molecular weight of 46 kDa showed much higher cytotoxicity. The functionalized dendrimer G5A with optimal generation may be therefore a potential candidate for gene delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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25
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Taite LJ, West JL. Poly(ethylene glycol)-lysine dendrimers for targeted delivery of nitric oxide. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156856206778530696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Ottaviani MF, Cangiotti M, Fiorani L, Barnard A, Jones SP, Smith DK. Probing dendron structure and nanoscale self-assembly using computer-aided analysis of EPR spectra. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20685k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Sousa-Herves A, Riguera R, Fernandez-Megia E. PEG-dendritic block copolymers for biomedical applications. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20849k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Jin H, Yu Y, Chrisler WB, Xiong Y, Hu D, Lei C. Delivery of MicroRNA-10b with Polylysine Nanoparticles for Inhibition of Breast Cancer Cell Wound Healing. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2011; 6:9-19. [PMID: 22259248 PMCID: PMC3256732 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s8513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that micro RNA-10b (mir-10b) is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells and positively regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion through inhibition of HOXD10 target synthesis. In this study we designed anti-mir-10b molecules and combined them with poly L-lysine (PLL) to test the delivery effectiveness. An RNA molecule sequence exactly matching the mature mir-10b minor antisense showed strong inhibition when mixed with PLL in a wound-healing assay with human breast cell line MDA-MB-231. The resulting PLL-RNA nanoparticles delivered the anti-microRNA molecules into cytoplasm of breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner that displayed sustainable effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Jin
- Postdoctoral Research Associate, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Group, Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA, USA
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29
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Barnard A, Posocco P, Pricl S, Calderon M, Haag R, Hwang ME, Shum VWT, Pack DW, Smith DK. Degradable Self-Assembling Dendrons for Gene Delivery: Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Barriers to Cellular Uptake. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20288-300. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Paola Posocco
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology (DI3), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology (DI3), University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcelo Calderon
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark E. Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Victor W. T. Shum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel W. Pack
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David K. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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30
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Abstract
Oligonucleotides radiolabeled with isotopes emitting γ-rays (for SPECT imaging) or positrons (for PET imaging) can be useful for targeting messenger RNA (mRNA) thereby serving as non-invasive imaging tools for detection of gene expression in vivo (antisense imaging). Radiolabeled oligonucleotides may also be used for monitoring their in vivo fate, thereby helping us better understand the barriers to its delivery for antisense targeting. These developments have led to a new area of molecular imaging and targeting, utilizing radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotides. However, the success of antisense imaging relies heavily on overcoming the barriers for its targeted delivery in vivo. Furthermore, the low ability of the radiolabeled antisense oligonucleotide to subsequently internalize into the cell and hybridize with its target mRNA poses additional challenges in realizing its potentials. This review covers the advances in the antisense imaging probe development for PET and SPECT, with an emphasis on radiolabeling strategies, stability, delivery and in vivo targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Iyer
- Center for Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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31
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Xing T, Lai B, Ye X, Yan L. Disulfide Core Cross-Linked PEGylated Polypeptide Nanogel Prepared by a One-Step Ring Opening Copolymerization of N
-Carboxyanhydrides for Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:962-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Jones SP, Gabrielson NP, Wong CH, Chow HF, Pack DW, Posocco P, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Smith DK. Hydrophobically modified dendrons: developing structure-activity relationships for DNA binding and gene transfection. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:416-29. [PMID: 21291280 DOI: 10.1021/mp100260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper develops a structure-activity relationship understanding of the way in which surfactant-like dendrons with hydrophilic spermine surface groups and a variety of lipophilic units at their focal points can self-assemble and subsequently bind to DNA with high affinity. The choice of functional group at the focal point of the dendron and the high tunability of the molecular structure have a very significant impact on DNA binding. Mesoscale modeling of the mode of dendron self-assembly provides a direct insight into how the mode of self-assembly exerts its effect on the DNA binding process. In particular, the hydrophobic unit controls the number of dendrons in the self-assembled micellar structures, and hence their diameters and surface charge density. The DNA binding affinity correlates with the surface charge density of the dendron aggregates. Furthermore, these structure-activity effects can also be extended to cellular gene delivery, as surface charge density plays a role in controlling the extent of endosomal escape. It is reported that higher generation dendrons, although binding DNA less strongly than the self-assembling lower generation dendrons, are more effective for transfection. The impact of the lipophilic group at the focal point is less significant for the DNA binding ability of these larger dendrons, which is predominantly controlled by the spermine surface groups, but it does modify the levels of gene transfection. Significant synergistic effects on gene delivery were observed when employing combinations of the dendrons and polyethyleneimine (PEI, 25 kDa), with transfection becoming possible at low loading levels where the two components would not transfect individually, giving practically useful levels of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO105DD, UK
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33
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34
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Tiwari AK, Gajbhiye V, Sharma R, Jain NK. Carrier mediated protein and peptide stabilization. Drug Deliv 2010; 17:605-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.509359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Izunobi JU, Higginbotham CL. Microstructure characterization and thermal analysis of hybrid block copolymer α-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly[ε-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-l-lysine] for biomedical applications. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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New-generation biomedical materials: Peptide dendrimers and their application in biomedicine. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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37
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Cationic liposome-nucleic acid complexes for gene delivery and silencing: pathways and mechanisms for plasmid DNA and siRNA. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:191-226. [PMID: 21504103 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the promises of gene therapy, there is great interest in developing non-viral lipid-based vectors for therapeutic applications due to their low immunogenicity, low toxicity, ease of production, and the potential of transferring large pieces of DNA into cells. In fact, cationic liposome (CL) based vectors are among the prevalent synthetic carriers of nucleic acids (NAs) currently used in gene therapy clinical trials worldwide. These vectors are studied both for gene delivery with CL-DNA complexes and gene silencing with CL-siRNA (short interfering RNA) complexes. However, their transfection efficiencies and silencing efficiencies remain low compared to those of engineered viral vectors. This reflects the currently poor understanding of transfection-related mechanisms at the molecular and self-assembled levels, including a lack of knowledge about interactions between membranes and double stranded NAs and between CL-NA complexes and cellular components. In this review we describe our recent efforts to improve the mechanistic understanding of transfection by CL-NA complexes, which will help to design optimal lipid-based carriers of DNA and siRNA for therapeutic gene delivery and gene silencing.
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38
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Shcharbin D, Pedziwiatr E, Blasiak J, Bryszewska M. How to study dendriplexes II: Transfection and cytotoxicity. J Control Release 2009; 141:110-27. [PMID: 19815039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews different techniques for analyzing the transfection efficiencies and cytotoxicities of dendriplexes-complexes of nucleic acids with dendrimers. Analysis shows that three plasmids are mainly used in transfection experiments: plasmid DNA encoding luciferase from the firefly Photinus pyralis, beta-galactosidase, or green fluorescent protein. The effective charge ratio of transfection does not directly correlate with the charge ratio obtained from gel electrophoresis, zeta-potential or ethidium bromide intercalation data. The most popular cells for transfection studies are human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), mouse embryonic cells (NIH/3T3), SV40 transformed monkey kidney fibroblasts (COS-7) and human epithelioid cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa). Cellular uptake is estimated using fluorescently-labeled dendrimers or nucleic acids. Transfection efficiency is measured by the luciferase reporter assay for luciferase, X-Gal staining or beta-galactosidase assay for beta-galactosidase, and confocal microscopy for green fluorescent protein. Cytotoxicity is determined by the MTT test and lactate dehydrogenase assays. On the basis of the papers reviewed, a standard essential set of techniques for characterizing dendriplexes was constructed: (1) analysis of size and shape of dendriplexes in dried/frozen state by electron or atomic force microscopy; (2) analysis of charge/molar ratio of complexes by gel electrophoresis or ethidium bromide intercalation assay or zeta-potential measurement; (3) analysis of hydrodynamic diameter of dendriplexes in solution by dynamic light scattering. For the evaluation of transfection efficiency the essential techniques are (4) luciferase reporter assay, beta-galactosidase assay or green fluorescent protein microscopy, and (5) cytotoxicity by the MTT test. All these tests allow the transfection efficiencies and cytotoxicities of different kinds of dendrimers to be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cellular Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus.
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39
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Stiriba SE, Frey H, Haag R. Dendritic polymers in biomedical applications: from potential to clinical use in diagnostics and therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 41:1329-34. [PMID: 19750755 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1329::aid-anie1329>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are characterized by a combination of high end-group functionality and a compact, precisely defined molecular structure. These characteristics can be used in biomedical applications, for example, for the amplification or multiplication of effects on a molecular level, or to create extremely high local concentrations of drugs, molecular labels, or probe moieties. A brief summary of the current state of the art in the field is given, and focuses on the application of dendrimers both in diagnostics as well as in therapy. In diagnostics, dendrimers that bear GdIII complexes are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. DNA dendrimers have potential for routine use in high-throughput functional genomic analysis, as well as for DNA biosensors. Dendrimers are also being investigated for therapeutics, for example, as carriers for controlled drug delivery, in gene transfection, as well as in boron neutron-capture therapy. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of dendrimers has been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah-Eddine Stiriba
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21/31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Medina SH, El-Sayed MEH. Dendrimers as carriers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3141-57. [PMID: 19534493 DOI: 10.1021/cr900174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Medina
- University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1101 Beal Avenue, Lurie Biomedical Engineering Building, Room 2150, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2110, USA
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41
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Bioengineered silk protein-based gene delivery systems. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5775-84. [PMID: 19577803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Silk proteins self-assemble into mechanically robust material structures that are also biodegradable and non-cytotoxic, suggesting utility for gene delivery. Since silk proteins can also be tailored in terms of chemistry, molecular weight and other design features via genetic engineering, further control of this system for gene delivery can be considered. In the present study, silk-based block copolymers were bioengineered with poly(L-lysine) domains for gene delivery. Ionic complexes of these silk-polylysine based block copolymers with plasmid DNA (pDNA) were prepared for gene delivery to human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. The material systems were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The polymers self-assembled in solution and complexed plasmid DNA through ionic interactions. The pDNA complexes with 30 lysine residues prepared at a polymer/nucleotide ratio of 10 and with a solution diameter of 380 nm showed the highest efficiency for transfection. The pDNA complexes were also immobilized on silk films and demonstrated direct cell transfection from these surfaces. The results demonstrate the potential of bioengineered silk proteins as a new family of highly tailored gene delivery systems.
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Shcharbin D, Pedziwiatr E, Bryszewska M. How to study dendriplexes I: Characterization. J Control Release 2009; 135:186-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Preparation of Naproxen-Loaded Poly(ethylene oxide-b-methacrylic acid) Micelle and Its pH-dependent Drug Release Behavior. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.4.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xiang Y, Wang N, Zhang J, Li K, Zhang Z, Lin H, Yu X. Novel cyclen-based linear polymer as a high-affinity binding material for DNA condensation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-009-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Roberts BP, Scanlon MJ, Krippner GY, Chalmers DK. Molecular Dynamics of Poly(l-lysine) Dendrimers with Naphthalene Disulfonate Caps. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802154e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Roberts
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and Verva Pharmaceuticals Ltd., P.O. Box 1069, Grovedale, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and Verva Pharmaceuticals Ltd., P.O. Box 1069, Grovedale, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Guy Y. Krippner
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and Verva Pharmaceuticals Ltd., P.O. Box 1069, Grovedale, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Action, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and Verva Pharmaceuticals Ltd., P.O. Box 1069, Grovedale, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Voets IK, de Keizer A, Cohen Stuart MA. Complex coacervate core micelles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 147-148:300-18. [PMID: 19038373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present an overview of the literature on the co-assembly of neutral-ionic block, graft, and random copolymers with oppositely charged species in aqueous solution. Oppositely charged species include synthetic (co)polymers of various architectures, biopolymers - such as proteins, enzymes and DNA - multivalent ions, metallic nanoparticles, low molecular weight surfactants, polyelectrolyte block copolymer micelles, metallo-supramolecular polymers, equilibrium polymers, etcetera. The resultant structures are termed complex coacervate core/polyion complex/block ionomer complex/interpolyelectrolyte complex micelles (or vesicles); i.e., in short C3Ms (or C3Vs) and PIC, BIC or IPEC micelles (and vesicles). Formation, structure, dynamics, properties, and function will be discussed. We focus on experimental work; theory and modelling will not be discussed. Recent developments in applications and micelles with heterogeneous coronas are emphasized.
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Hardy JG, Love CS, Gabrielson NP, Pack DW, Smith DK. Synergistic effects on gene delivery – co-formulation of small disulfide-linked dendritic polycations with Lipofectamine 2000™. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:789-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b818469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Protamine sulfate/poly(L-aspartic acid) polyionic complexes self-assembled via electrostatic attractions for combined delivery of drug and gene. Biomaterials 2008; 30:1246-53. [PMID: 19046763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of self-assembled polyionic complexes (PICs) were prepared via electrostatic attraction between protamine sulfate (PS) and poly(L-aspartic acid) (PASP) or doxorubicin (DOX)-conjugated PASP (DOX-PASP). The size of the PICs measured by Nano-ZS ZEN3600 was around 200-300 nm at different weight ratios of PS/PASP. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PS/PASP PICs displayed a regular spherical shape and no aggregation was observed. The cytotoxicity study indicated that the PICs did not exhibit apparent cytotoxicity in comparison with that of 25 kDa polyethylenimine (PEI). Gel retardation assay indicated that the PICs were able to bind DNA completely when weight ratio of PS/PASP was higher than 2:1. Luciferase assay and green fluorescent protein (GFP) detection were used to confirm that the PICs could be used as efficient non-viral gene vectors and they exhibited comparable transfection efficiency with the one of 25 kDa PEI. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy as well as suppression activity of DOX-conjugated PICs (DOX-PICs) showed that they could quickly release the loaded DOX into HeLa cells, indicating that PICs can be also used as carriers for combined delivery of drug and gene.
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Bai S, Ahsan F. Synthesis and Evaluation of Pegylated Dendrimeric Nanocarrier for Pulmonary Delivery of Low Molecular Weight Heparin. Pharm Res 2008; 26:539-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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