1
|
Radchenko AS, Kostyukov AA, Markova AA, Shtil AA, Nekipelova TD, Borissevitch IE, Kuzmin VA. Photoactivated biscarbocyanine dye with two conjugated chromophores: complexes with albumin, photochemical and phototoxic properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2461-2468. [PMID: 31410432 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00241c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of photosensitizers with blood proteins play an essential role in their delivery to the cell, as well as in the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Biscarbocyanine dye non-covalently binds human serum albumin (HSA), the dissociation constant of the dye with albumin being Kd = (1.7 ± 0.1) × 10-5 M. According to time correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy data, two types of complexes with lifetimes of 1.0 ns and 2.5 ns are formed between the dye and HSA. Confocal fluorescence microscopy has unambiguously shown the penetration of biscarbocyanine into endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, mitochondria and nuclei of the cells. The dye demonstrates photocytotoxicity towards the colon carcinoma HCT116 cells with IC50 = 0.3 μM. Hydrophobicity of the polymethine chain and the presence of two positive charges on the dye molecule contribute to the effective binding of the dye with HSA and the penetration into cells. These facts allow considering the biscarbocyanine dye as a promising agent for the photodynamic therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Radchenko
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosygin st., 4, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Poyer F, Garcia G, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Rosilio V, Maillard P. Amphiphilic Glycoconjugated Porphyrin Heterodimers as Two-Photon Excitable Photosensitizers: Design, Synthesis, Photophysical and Photobiological Studies. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Florent Poyer
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Garcia
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | | | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 8612; Université Paris Sud 11; Université Paris-Saclay; 5 rue J.-B. Clément F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Philippe Maillard
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauvin B, Iorga BI, Chaminade P, Paul JL, Maillard P, Prognon P, Kasselouri A. Plasma distribution of tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives relevant for Photodynamic Therapy: Importance and limits of hydrophobicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 83:244-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
4
|
Stępniewski M, Kepczynski M, Jamróz D, Nowakowska M, Rissanen S, Vattulainen I, Róg T. Interaction of Hematoporphyrin with Lipid Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4889-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stępniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Dorota Jamróz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Sami Rissanen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane
Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, PO Box 692, FI-33101
Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saini RK, Dube A, Gupta PK, Das K. Diffusion of chlorin-p6 across phosphatidyl choline liposome bilayer probed by second harmonic generation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4199-205. [PMID: 22414064 DOI: 10.1021/jp205335z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the diffusion of the photosensitizer Chlorin-p(6) (Cp(6)) across a egg lecithin lipid bilayer at different pH by the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) method. Cp(6) has three ionizable carboxylic acid groups, and consequently, neutral and several ionic forms of Cp(6) are expected to be present in the pH range 3-8. The absorption spectra of Cp(6) get considerably modified in the presence of liposomes as the pH is decreased indicating that the drug liposome binding is pH dependent. The first pK(a) of interconversion (D-C) has been identified at pH ~7.0 by fluorescence measurement in an earlier work. In this work, the second pK(a) of interconversion (C-B) has been identified at pH ~4.8 by the hyper-Rayleigh scattering method. At acidic pH (3, 4, and 5), where species A, B, and C are dominant, the addition of liposomes to a Cp(6) solution generates an instantaneous rise (less than 1 s) in the second harmonic (SH) signal followed by decays whose time constants ranged from ten to hundreds of seconds. The instantaneous rise is attributed to the adsorption of Cp(6) to the outer lipid bilayer, and the decay is attributed to the diffusion of the neutral and charged (A and B) species of the drug. The observed fast and slow time constants for diffusion in the pH range 3-5 are attributed to the neutral (A) and ionic form (B) of Cp(6), respectively. At pH 6, the intensity of the generated SH signals on the addition of liposome reduced, and at physiological pH, it was too weak to be detected. These results are consistent with previous studies that show that the interaction between Cp(6) and egg-PC liposomes is pH dependent. At lower pH due to the presence of the hydrophobic species (A and B) of Cp(6), its interaction with liposomes is strong, and at higher pH, the abundance of the negatively charged hydrophilic species (C and D) decreases the interaction with the like charged liposomes. We have also studied the effect of increasing the bilayer rigidity by decreasing the temperature of the medium or by incorporating 50 mol % cholesterol in the lipid bilayer and observed that lowering of temperature has more profound effect on the diffusion rates. The characteristics of the SH signal changed significantly when liposomes incorporating 50 mol % cholesterol were used at a low (3 °C) temperature. Under these conditions, the SH signal consisted of an instantaneous (<1s) followed by a slower rise (10-90s), and then, it decayed on a much longer time scale. This slow rise of the SH signal at pH 3 and 4 may be attributed to the temperature dependent adsorption of the anionic species (B) of Cp(6) with the liposomes. Further investigations are required in order to understand clearly the pH dependent diffusion of this drug across lipid bilayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Saini
- Laser Bio-Medical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore, MP 452013, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The photosensitizing and pharmacokinetic properties of porphyrin-type compounds have been investigated for nearly a century. In the last decade, two porphyrin derivatives were approved in the U.S.A. and in several other countries for the photodynamic treatment of various lesions. An overview of the different mechanisms for preferential porphyrinoid localization in malignant tumors is presented herein. Several uptake pathways are possible for each photosensitizer, which are determined by its structure, mode of delivery and tumor type. Comparisons of the different mechanisms and correlations with the structure of the sensitizer are presented. Current delivery systems for porphyrin sensitizers are described, as well as recent strategies for enhancing their tumor-specificity, including conjugation to a carrier system that selectively targets a tumor-associated receptor or antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kropacheva TN, van der Haas RNS, van der Steen R, Gast P, Schuitmaker HJ, Lugtenburg J. Binding and acid-base properties of novel photosensitizing drugs in micellar and liposome solutions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424608000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The binding and acid-base equilibria of the two novel mesoporphyrin derivatives, PB07 and PB109 (quino[4,4a,5,6-efg]- annulated 7-demethyl-8-deethylmesoporphyrin and 2'-cyano-8'-formyl-N'-methyl-1',1a',5a',6'-tetrahydroacrido [4,5,5a,6-bcd]- annulated 2,3-dihydromesoporphyrin, resp.), which are promising agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT), were studied in aqueous solutions of different surfactants (Triton X-100 (TX-100), dodecyl maltoside (DDM), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS)) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) liposomes. In all cases, the porphyrins are solubilized at neutral/alkaline pH in monomeric form and remain micelle/liposome-bound independently of their ionization state. The dissociation constants of the solubilized porphyrins are found to be influenced by the charge of the surface groups of the carrier. The protonation of pyrrole/quinoline nitrogens of the studied porphyrins is facilitated in the following order: LDS ≫TX-100 (DDM, PC liposomes) > CTAB. The dissociation constants of PB 07 carboxylic groups are similar in neutral/cationic micellar and liposome solutions and are significantly decreased for LDS-bound pigment. The results provide necessary information for the optimization of delivery systems for PB 07 and PB 109 when applied as sensitizers in PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N. Kropacheva
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert van der Steen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Gast
- Biophysics Department, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Lugtenburg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Makky A, Michel J, Maillard P, Rosilio V. Biomimetic liposomes and planar supported bilayers for the assessment of glycodendrimeric porphyrins interaction with an immobilized lectin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:656-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Santos A, Rodrigues AM, Sobral AJFN, Monsanto PV, Vaz WLC, Moreno MJ. Early Events in Photodynamic Therapy: Chemical and Physical Changes in a POPC:Cholesterol Bilayer due to Hematoporphyrin IX-mediated Photosensitization. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1409-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vermathen M, Vermathen P, Simonis U, Bigler P. Time-dependent interactions of the two porphyrinic compounds chlorin e6 and mono-L-aspartyl-chlorin e6 with phospholipid vesicles probed by NMR spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12521-12533. [PMID: 18823137 DOI: 10.1021/la802040v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution processes of chlorin e6 (CE) and monoaspartyl-chlorin e6 (MACE) between the outer and inner phospholipid monolayers of 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) vesicles were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy through analysis of chemical shifts and line widths of the DOPC vesicle resonances. Chlorin adsorption to the outer vesicle monolayer induced changes in the DOPC 1H NMR spectrum. Most pronounced was a split of the N-methyl choline resonance, allowing for separate analysis of inner and outer vesicle layers. Transbilayer distribution of the chlorin compounds was indicated by time-dependent characteristic spectral changes of the DOPC resonances. Kinetic parameters for the flip-flop processes, that is, half-lives and rate constants, were obtained from the experimental data points. In comparison to CE, MACE transbilayer movement was significantly reduced, with MACE remaining more or less attached to the outer membrane layer. The distribution coefficients for CE and MACE between the vesicular and aqueous phase were determined. Both CE and MACE exhibited a high affinity for the vesicular phase. For CE, a positive correlation was found between transfer rate and increasing molar ratio CE/DOPC. Enhanced membrane rigidity induced by increasing amounts of cholesterol into the model membrane was accompanied by a decrease of CE flip-flop rates across the membrane. The present study shows that the movement of porphyrins across membranes can efficiently be investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and that small changes in porphyrin structure can have large effects on membrane kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
The effect of solution electrolytes on the uptake of photosensitizers by liposomal membranes: a salting-out effect. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 155:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C. Tetrapyrrole photosensitisers, determinants of subcellular localisation and mechanisms of photodynamic processes in therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.9.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
14
|
Mojzisova H, Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C, Brault D. Cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of chlorin e6 as functions of pH and interactions with membranes and lipoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:2748-56. [PMID: 17692283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The uptake and more importantly the subcellular distribution of photosensitizers are major determinants of their efficacy. In this paper, the cellular internalization of chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer bearing three carboxylic chains, is considered with emphasize on pH effects. Small unilamellar vesicles are used as models to investigate the dynamics of interactions of Ce6 with membranes. The entrance and exit steps from the outer lipid hemileaflet are very fast (~ms). A slow transfer of Ce6 through the membrane was observed only for thin bilayers made of dimyristoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine. Ce6 did not permeate through bilayers consisting of longer phospholipids more representative of biological membranes. These results along with previous data on the interactions of Ce6 with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are correlated with cellular studies. After 15 min incubation of HS68 human fibroblasts with Ce6, fluorescence microscopy revealed labeling of the plasma membrane and cytosolic vesicles different from lysosomes. When vectorized by LDL, Ce6 was mainly localized in lysosomes but absent from the plasma membrane. Internalization of LDL bound photosensitizer via ApoB/E receptor mediated pathway was demonstrated by overexpression experiments. A pH decrease from 7.4 to 6.9 did not affect the intracellular distribution of Ce6, but significantly increased its overall cellular uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Mojzisova
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BIOMOCETI), CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mojzisova H, Bonneau S, Brault D. Structural and physico-chemical determinants of the interactions of macrocyclic photosensitizers with cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 36:943-53. [PMID: 17628795 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New therapies have been developed using reactive oxygen species produced by light-activation of photosensitizers (PS). Since the lifetime of these species is extremely short and their diffusion in space is limited, the photo-induced reactions primarily affect the cell organelles labeled by the PS. In addition to the development of molecules with the best optical and photosensitizing properties, considerable research has been done to understand the physico-chemical parameters governing their subcellular localization. In this review, we examine these parameters to establish the structure/efficacy relationships, which allow specific targeting of PS. We examine the effect of subcellular localization on the cellular response to photosensitization processes. We discuss the determinants of subcellular localization, including the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, the specific charge effects and the dynamics of PS' transfer through membranes. Specific targeting can also be achieved with molecular structures able to recognize cellular or intracellular receptors, and this is also dealt with in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Mojzisova
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire et Tissulaire (BIOMOCETI), CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030, Evry Cedex, Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kępczyński M, Ehrenberg B. Interaction of Dicarboxylic Metalloporphyrins with Liposomes. The Effect of pH on Membrane Binding Revisited¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760486iodmwl2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Bronshtein I, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. The Effect of pH on the Topography of Porphyrins in Lipid Membranes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Mojzisova H, Bonneau S, Vever-Bizet C, Brault D. The pH-dependent distribution of the photosensitizer chlorin e6 among plasma proteins and membranes: a physico-chemical approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1768:366-74. [PMID: 17141733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decrease in interstitial pH of the tumor stroma and over-expression of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors by several types of neoplastic cells have been suggested to be important determinants of selective retention of photosensitizers by proliferative tissues. The interactions of chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer bearing three carboxylic groups, with plasma proteins and DOPC unilamellar vesicles are investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant to liposomes, with reference to the DOPC concentration, is 6 x 10(3) M(-1) at pH 7.4. Binding of Ce6 to LDL involves about ten high affinity sites close to the apoprotein and some solubilization in the lipid compartment. The overall association constant is 5.7 x 10(7) M(-1) at pH 7.4. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the major carrier (association constant 1.8 x 10(8) M(-1) at pH 7.4). Whereas the affinity of Ce6 for LDL and liposomes increases at lower pH, it decreases for albumin. Between pH 7.4 and 6.5, the relative affinities of Ce6 for LDL versus HSA, and for membranes versus HSA, are multiplied by 4.6 and 3.5, respectively. These effects are likely driven by the ionization equilibria of the photosensitizer carboxylic chains. Then, the cellular uptake of chlorin e6 may be facilitated by its pH-mediated redistribution within the tumor stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halina Mojzisova
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire and Tissulaire (BIOMOCETI) CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Genopole Campus 1, 5 rue Henri Desbruères, 91030 EVRY cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bronshtein I, Smith KM, Ehrenberg B. The Effect of pH on the Topography of Porphyrins in Lipid Membranes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-09-12-ra-316.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Bonneau S, Morlière P, Brault D. Dynamics of interactions of photosensitizers with lipoproteins and membrane-models: correlation with cellular incorporation and subcellular distribution. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1443-52. [PMID: 15345334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation and subcellular localization of photosensitizers are critical determinants of their efficiency. Here, we correlate these properties with the interactions of photosensitizers with membrane-models and low density lipoproteins (LDL) in acellular systems. Focus was given on dynamics aspects. Two amphiphilic photosensitizers, deuteroporphyrin (DP) and aluminum phthalocyanine sulfonated on two adjacent isoindole units (AlPcS2a) were selected. The phthalocyanine was bound to LDL with an overall association constant around 5 x 10(7)M(-1). Biphasic association kinetics was indicative of two types of sites. The release of the phthalocyanine into the bulk aqueous medium occurred within less than a second. A similar behavior was found previously for deuteroporphyrin although its affinity was somewhat higher (5.5 x 10(8)M(-1)). Both compounds were previously characterized by high affinity for membrane-models and quick exchange with the bulk solution. However, they strongly differed by their rate of transfer through the lipid bilayer, in the range of seconds for the porphyrin, several hours for the phthalocyanine. In the case of the porphyrin, fluorescence microscopy on human fibroblasts showed diffuse labeling with no significant modification of the distribution upon vectorization by LDL. In contrast, the phthalocyanine was localized in intracellular vesicles. Vectorization by LDL favored lysosomal localization although little effect was found on the overall uptake as shown by extraction experiments. The role of lipoproteins in the cellular localization of photosensitizers is significantly more important for photosensitizers not freely diffusing through bilayers. The dynamics of the interactions of photosensitizers with membranes appears as an important determinant of their subcellular localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7033, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonneau S, Maman N, Brault D. Dynamics of pH-dependent self-association and membrane binding of a dicarboxylic porphyrin: a study with small unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:87-96. [PMID: 14967478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and stopped-flow measurements of the absorbance and fluorescence of aqueous solutions were performed to characterize the pH-dependent ionization and aggregation states of deuteroporphyrin. Porphyrin self-association promoted by neutralization of the carboxylic groups takes place within a few milliseconds impeding characterization of the monomer ionization states. Extrapolation at infinite dilution of the values obtained from steady-state measurements yielded the pKs of the carboxylic groups (6.6, 5.3) and inner nitrogens (4.1, 2.3). The kinetics of interactions of the porphyrin with unilamellar fluid state dioleoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles was examined in a large pH range, with focus on the entry step. From alkaline pH to a value of 6.5, the entrance rate is maximal (1.69 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) versus phospholipid concentration). It decreases to 2.07 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) at lower pH with an apparent pK of 5.39. This effect appears to be related to the formation of porphyrin dimer rather than to the protonation of inner nitrogen. In keeping with previous data, these results support the concept of a pH-mediated selectivity of carboxylic porphyrins for tumor. They also indicate that the propensity of these molecules to self-associate at low pH could yield to some retention in acidic intracellular vesicles of the endosome/lysosome compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bonneau
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie Biomoléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7033, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kepczyński M, Ehrenberg B. Interaction of dicarboxylic metalloporphyrins with liposomes. The effect of pH on membrane binding revisited. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:486-92. [PMID: 12462642 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0486:iodmwl>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base properties of Zn-hematoporphyrin IX (ZnHP) and Zn-mesoporphyrin IX (ZnMP) and the effect of pH on their binding to liposomes have been studied. The ionization constants for the two carboxylate groups of ZnHP were calculated by principal component analysis and are 5.7 +/- 0.1 and 6.9 +/- 0.05. The neutral species and the mono- and dianionic forms all bind to liposomes, but a strong pH effect on the binding constant was observed for both the investigated compounds. We also observed a decrease in the binding of the two anionic species when the membranes carried a negative charge. These results indicate that the porphyrins partition into the membrane with their carboxylic moieties near the lipid-water interface so that their deprotonation, leading to a charged molecule, does not prevent the insertion of the tetrapyrrole ring into the lipid environment of neutral liposomes.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sobolev AS, Jans DA, Rosenkranz AA. Targeted intracellular delivery of photosensitizers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 73:51-90. [PMID: 10781829 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(00)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Sobolev
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cunderlíková B, Gangeskar L, Moan J. Acid-base properties of chlorin e6: relation to cellular uptake. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1999; 53:81-90. [PMID: 10672533 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorins are attractive compounds for photodynamic therapy because of their high absorption in the red spectral region. In this study, the absorbance, fluorescence excitation and fluorescence emission spectra of chlorin e6 have been recorded as functions of pH in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution with and without fetal calf serum (FCS). For pure PBS solutions, variation of the pH of the solution results in a shift of both the absorption and the fluorescence spectrum as well as in a decrease of the fluorescence intensity. Spectrophotometric and fluorimetric titration curves, based on observed changes, have been plotted. There is an indication of aggregate formation at low pH values (pH < 5). The presence of 5% FCS results in a shift of the titration curve, from an inflection point at about 6.5 to one at about 7.6. Pronounced spectral changes of the fluorescence emission spectra of protein-bound chlorin e6 (change of spectral shape, decrease of peak intensity) are also observed. The partition coefficients in the 1-octanol-water system increase with decreasing pH. Thus, relatively more of the drug is incorporated in the octanol phase at low pH. Cellular uptake of chlorin e6 in the presence of serum is significantly higher at pH 6.7 as compared with that at 7.3 and 7.6. We conclude that a change in the pH value of the surrounding medium leads to a change in the lipophilicity of chlorin e6. Such a change is likely to influence its binding to the serum proteins as well as its interaction with the plasma membrane of cells and may also be related to the selective tumor uptake of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cunderlíková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maman N, Dhami S, Phillips D, Brault D. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of incorporation of di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine into unilamellar vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1420:168-78. [PMID: 10446300 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of cis-di-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (PcS(2)Al) with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) unilamellar vesicles have been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. At pH 7.0, PcS(2)Al incorporates into the vesicles with a high affinity constant (2.7x10(6) M(-1), in terms of phospholipid concentration). The fluorescence changes following rapid mixing of PcS(2)Al with vesicles are biphasic. The first phase is attributed to the entry of PcS(2)Al into the vesicles, as deduced from the linear dependence of the rate upon lipid concentration. More surprisingly, this rate is strongly pH dependent with a marked maximum around pH 7.3, a result interpreted in terms of the coordination state of the aluminum ion in aqueous solutions. At this pH, a hydroxide ion neutralizes the residual positive charge of the metal ion that remains unbalanced after coordination by the phthalocyanine cycle. A water molecule is likely to complete the metal coordination sphere. Only this form, PcAl(+)(OH(-))(OH(2)), with an uncharged core is quickly incorporated into the vesicles. The protonation of OH(-) or the deprotonation of the coordinated H(2)O leading to a positively or negatively charged core, respectively, account for the observed pH effect. Studies on the effect of cholesterol addition and exchange of PcS(2)Al between vesicles and albumin all indicate the absence of transfer of the phthalocyanine between the vesicle hemileaflets, a result expected from the presence of the two negatively charged sulfonated groups at the ring periphery. Instead, the slower kinetic phase is likely due to the movement of the phthalocyanine becoming more buried within the outer leaflet upon the loss of the water molecule coordinated to the aluminum ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Maman
- Laboratoires de Photobiologie et de Biophysique, CNRS UMR 8646, INSERM U. 201, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang J, Matteucci MD. Synthesis of a N-acylsulfamide linked dinucleoside and its incorporation into an oligonucleotide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2213-6. [PMID: 10465548 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A N-acylsulfamide linked thymidine dinucleoside was synthesized and incorporated into an oligonucleotide (ON). The interest is in a linkage analog that has a higher pKa relative to a phosphodiester and when incorporated into ONs is capable of helix formation with complementary RNA. The hybridization property of the resultant ON with RNA was shown to result in significant destabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bárdos-Nagy I, Galántai R, Kaposi AD, Fidy J. Difference in the transport of metal and free-base porphyrins steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies. Int J Pharm 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(98)00294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Maman N, Brault D. Kinetics of the interactions of a dicarboxylic porphyrin with unilamellar lipidic vesicles: interplay between bilayer thickness and pH in rate control. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1414:31-42. [PMID: 9804879 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a dicarboxylic porphyrin from phosphatidylcholine fluid-phase unilamellar vesicles towards albumin is studied focusing on bilayer thickness and pH effects. The kinetics of this process yield the rate constants for the porphyrin flip-flop from the inner to the outer hemileaflet and its exit towards aqueous medium. Phospholipids with monounsaturated 14-22 carbon chains are used. Interplay between bilayer thickness and pH for the control of the rate constants is observed. This results in the amplification, at physiological pH, of the effect of membrane thickness on the flip-flop and exit rates as compared to pH 8.5 and 6.5. These data are explained by the degree of porphyrin burying within the bilayer resulting from a compromise between favorable hydrophobic interactions with the hydrocarbon phase and unfavorable penetration of the polar carboxylic chains. The balance between the two effects depends particularly on the neutralization of one carboxylic chain. Considering the bilayer hydrophobicity profile and the porphyrin size, the optimization of hydrophobic interactions appears dependent on the bilayer thickness. The flip-flop and the exit are governed by neutralization and deprotonation of the carboxylic chains, respectively, the rate of these proton exchanges being dependent on the porphyrin location within the bilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Maman
- Laboratoires de Photobiologie et de Biophysique, CNRS UA 481, INSERM U. 201, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kuszaj S, Kaszycki P, Wasylewski Z. A fluorescence quenching study on protoporphyrin IX in a model membrane system. Chem Phys Lipids 1996; 83:153-60. [PMID: 8885370 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of protoporphyrin IX (3,7,12,15-tetramethyl-8, 13-divinyl-2,18-porphyrine-dipropionic acid) (PPIX) with unilamellar dimyristoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) phospholipid vesicles has been studied by means of steady-state fluorescence quenching spectroscopy. The method of fluorescence-quenching-resolved spectroscopy has been applied in order to resolve the complex emission spectrum of a membrane-bound PPIX into two component spectra, attributed to distinct fluorophore species with different accessibilities to the iodide quencher. It is shown that PPIX associated with liposomes exists in two different microenvironments. One part of the fluorophore is embedded inside the lipid bilayer and is inaccessible to iodide. Its fluorescence spectrum exhibits the maximum characteristic of protoporphyrin found in the apolar medium. The other fraction of PPIX is located near the membrane surface, close to the polar phospholipid heads. Its emission is blue-shifted, resembling that of PPIX in a polar environment. It is quenched by iodide, although it reveals significant shielding from the quencher as compared to a buffer PPIX solution. Fluorescence quenching using 1-oxyl-4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine (TEMPONE) does not discriminate between the two protoporphyrin species. However, the accessibility of protoporphyrin IX to this quencher is much lower in a liposome system than in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kuszaj
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|