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Xi S, Ban X, Kong H, Li C, Gu Z, Li Z. Conserved residues at the family and subfamily levels determine enzyme activity and substrate binding in glycoside hydrolase family 13. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126980. [PMID: 37729992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis is a valuable strategy for modifying enzymes, but the lack of understanding of conserved residues regulating glycosidase function hinders enzyme design. We analyzed 1662 enzyme sequences to identify conserved amino acids in maltohexaose-forming amylase at both family and subfamily levels. Several conserved residues at the family level (G37, P45, R52, Y57, D101, V103, H106, G230, R232, D234, E264, H330, D331, and G360) were found, mutations of which resulted in reduced enzyme activity or inactivation. At the subfamily level, several conserved residues (L65, E67, F68, D111, E114, R126, R147, F154, W156, F161, G163, D165, W218H, V342, W345, and F346) were identified, which primarily facilitate substrate binding in the enzyme's active site, as shown by molecular dynamics and kinetic assays. Our findings provide critical insights into conserved residues essential for catalysis and can inform targeted enzyme design in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Xi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haocun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Liu P, Ma L, Duan W, Gao W, Fang Y, Guo L, Yuan C, Wu Z, Cui B. Maltogenic amylase: Its structure, molecular modification, and effects on starch and starch-based products. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121183. [PMID: 37567718 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Maltogenic amylase (MAA) (EC3.2.1.133), a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 13 that mainly produces α-maltose, is widely used to extend the shelf life of bread as it softens bread, improves its elasticity, and preserves its flavor without affecting dough processing. Moreover, MAA is used as an improver in flour products. Despite its antiaging properties, the hydrolytic capacity and thermal stability of MAA can't meet the requirements of industrial application. However, genetic engineering techniques used for the molecular modification of MAA can alter its functional properties to meet application-specific requirements. This review briefly introduces the structure and functions of MAA, its application in starch modification, its effects on starch-based products, and its molecular modification to provide better insights for the application of genetically modified MAA in starch modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Wenmin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Yishan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Zhengzong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China.
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3
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Koizumi A, Miyazawa K, Ogata M, Takahashi Y, Yano S, Yoshimi A, Sano M, Hidaka M, Nihira T, Nakai H, Kimura S, Iwata T, Abe K. Cleavage of α-1,4-glycosidic linkages by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored α-amylase AgtA decreases the molecular weight of cell wall α-1,3-glucan in Aspergillus oryzae. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 3:1061841. [PMID: 37746167 PMCID: PMC10512346 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.1061841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fungi contain α-1,3-glucan with a low proportion of α-1,4-glucan as a major cell wall polysaccharide. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored α-amylases are conserved in Aspergillus fungi. The GPI-anchored α-amylase AmyD in Aspergillus nidulans has been reported to directly suppress the biosynthesis of cell wall α-1,3-glucan but not to degrade it in vivo. However, the detailed mechanism of cell wall α-1,3-glucan biosynthesis regulation by AmyD remains unclear. Here we focused on AoAgtA, which is encoded by the Aspergillus oryzae agtA gene, an ortholog of the A. nidulans amyD gene. Similar to findings in A. nidulans, agtA overexpression in A. oryzae grown in submerged culture decreased the amount of cell wall α-1,3-glucan and led to the formation of smaller hyphal pellets in comparison with the wild-type strain. We analyzed the enzymatic properties of recombinant (r)AoAgtA produced in Pichia pastoris and found that it degraded soluble starch, but not linear bacterial α-1,3-glucan. Furthermore, rAoAgtA cleaved 3-α-maltotetraosylglucose with a structure similar to the predicted boundary structure between the α-1,3-glucan main chain and a short spacer composed of α-1,4-linked glucose residues in cell wall α-1,3-glucan. Interestingly, rAoAgtA randomly cleaved only the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of 3-α-maltotetraosylglucose, indicating that AoAgtA may cleave the spacer in cell wall α-1,3-glucan. Consistent with this hypothesis, heterologous overexpression of agtA in A. nidulans decreased the molecular weight of cell wall α-1,3-glucan. These in vitro and in vivo properties of AoAgtA suggest that GPI-anchored α-amylases can degrade the spacer α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in cell wall α-1,3-glucan before its insolubilization, and this spacer cleavage decreases the molecular weight of cell wall α-1,3-glucan in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Koizumi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Filamentous Mycoses, Department of Fungal Infection, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ogata
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Takahashi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Environmental Interface Technology of Filamentous Fungi, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Microbial Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Genome Biotechnology Laboratory, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Hakusan, Japan
| | - Masafumi Hidaka
- Laboratory of Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Li W, Bilal M, Singh AK, Sher F, Ashraf SS, Franco M, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Iqbal HMN. Broadening the Scope of Biocatalysis Engineering by Tailoring Enzyme Microenvironment: A Review. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Liu Z, Wu G, Wu H. Molecular cloning, and optimized production and characterization of recombinant cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from Bacillus sp. T1. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:58. [PMID: 35186655 PMCID: PMC8816995 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTase) is an enzyme which degrades starch to produce cyclodextrins (CDs). In this study, the β-CGTase producing strain T1 was identified as Bacillus sp. by its morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The cgt-T1 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. CGTase-T1 was purified by Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose column and the molecular weight was determined as approximately 75 kDa using SDS-PAGE analysis. For the expression of soluble proteins, the optimal induction conditions were 10 h at 25 °C with OD600 at 0.8. The purified CGTase-T1 exhibited maximum activity with an optimal pH and temperature of 6.0 and 65 °C. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 7.0-10.0, retaining over 85% relative activity for 1 h. CGTase-T1 activity can be significantly enhanced by adding 1 mM Ba2+. Using a soluble starch substrate, the kinetic parameters were revealed with K M and k cat/K M values of 2.75 mg mL-1 and 1253.97 s-1 mL mg-1, respectively. Additionally, the four enzyme activities of CGTase-T1 were determined. The highest conversion rate to CDs (40.9%) was achieved from soluble starch after 8 h of enzyme reaction, where mainly β-CD was produced (79.1% of the total CDs yield), indicating that CGTase-T1 potentially has industrial application prospect. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03111-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, 1 South-Loop Road, Jingzhou, 434025 China
| | - Guogan Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Bei Zhai Road, Shanghai, 201106 China
| | - Huawei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, 1 South-Loop Road, Jingzhou, 434025 China
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, 1 South-Loop Road, Jingzhou, 434025 China
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6
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Djeujo FM, Ragazzi E, Urettini M, Sauro B, Cichero E, Tonelli M, Froldi G. Magnolol and Luteolin Inhibition of α-Glucosidase Activity: Kinetics and Type of Interaction Detected by In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020205. [PMID: 35215317 PMCID: PMC8880268 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnolol and luteolin are two natural compounds recognized in several medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine, including type 2 diabetes mellitus. This research aimed to determine the inhibitory activity of magnolol and luteolin on α-glucosidase activity. Their biological profile was studied by multispectroscopic methods along with inhibitory kinetic analysis and computational experiments. Magnolol and luteolin decreased the enzymatic activity in a concentration-dependent manner. With 0.075 µM α-glucosidase, the IC50 values were similar for both compounds (~ 32 µM) and significantly lower than for acarbose (815 μM). Magnolol showed a mixed-type antagonism, while luteolin showed a non-competitive inhibition mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that the binding of magnolol was predominantly sustained by hydrophobic interactions, while luteolin mainly exploited van der Waals contacts and hydrogen bonds. Synchronous fluorescence revealed that magnolol interacted with the target, influencing the microenvironment around tyrosine residues, and circular dichroism explained a rearrangement of the secondary structure of α-glucosidase from the initial α-helix to the final conformation enriched with β-sheet and random coil. Docking studies provided support for the experimental results. Altogether, the data propose magnolol, for the first time, as a potential α-glucosidase inhibitor and add further evidence to the inhibitory role of luteolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Medjiofack Djeujo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.M.D.); (E.R.); (M.U.); (B.S.)
| | - Eugenio Ragazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.M.D.); (E.R.); (M.U.); (B.S.)
| | - Miriana Urettini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.M.D.); (E.R.); (M.U.); (B.S.)
| | - Beatrice Sauro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.M.D.); (E.R.); (M.U.); (B.S.)
| | - Elena Cichero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16128 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-049-827-5092 (G.F.); Fax: +39-049-827-5093 (G.F.)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16128 Genova, Italy;
| | - Guglielmina Froldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (F.M.D.); (E.R.); (M.U.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-049-827-5092 (G.F.); Fax: +39-049-827-5093 (G.F.)
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Lim CH, Rasti B, Sulistyo J, Hamid MA. Comprehensive study on transglycosylation of CGTase from various sources. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06305. [PMID: 33665455 PMCID: PMC7907775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglycosylation is the in-vivo or in-vitro process of transferring glycosyl groups from a donor to an acceptor, which is usually performed by enzymatic reactions because of their simplicity, low steric hindrance, high region-specificity, low production cost, and mild processing conditions. One of the enzymes commonly used in the transglycosylation reaction is cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). The transglycosylated products, catalyzed by CGTase, are widely used in food additives, supplements, and personal care and cosmetic products. This is due to improvements in the solubility, stability, bioactivity and length of the synthesized products. This paper's focus is on the importance of enzymes used in the transglycosylation reaction, their characteristics and mechanism of action, sources and production yield, and donor and acceptor specificities. Moreover, the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the enzymatic reaction, catalysis of glycosidic linkages, and advantages of CGTase transglycosylation reactions are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hui Lim
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Babak Rasti
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joko Sulistyo
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Ngagel Jaya Selatan, Surabaya, 60294, Indonesia
| | - Mansoor Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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9
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Tao X, Wang T, Su L, Wu J. Enhanced 2- O-α-d-Glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic Acid Synthesis through Iterative Saturation Mutagenesis of Acceptor Subsite Residues in Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9052-9060. [PMID: 30091914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Low synthesis yields of the l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) derivative 2- O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) limit its application in the food industry. In this work, the AA-2G synthesis yield of Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) was improved. Nine residues within 10 Å of the catalytic residue Glu253 displaying ≤30% conservation and located in the acceptor subsite were selected for iterative saturation mutagenesis. The best mutant, K228R/M230L, produced a higher AA-2G yield with maltodextrin as the glucosyl donor than that produced by its parent wild-type. The l-AA Km values of the mutant K228R/M230L decreased by 35%, whereas the kcat/ Km increased by 2.69-fold. Kinetic analysis indicated that K228R/M230L displayed enhanced l-AA specificity. These results demonstrate that acceptor subsite residues play an important role in acceptor substrate specificity. Mutant K228R/M230L afforded the highest AA-2G concentration (211 g L-1, 624 mM) reported to date after optimization of the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue , Wuxi 214122 , China
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10
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Chen S, Xiong Y, Su L, Wang L, Wu J. Position 228 in Paenibacillus macerans cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase is critical for 2-O-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid synthesis. J Biotechnol 2017; 247:18-24. [PMID: 28219734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The markedly stable l-ascorbic acid (L-AA) derivative 2-O-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) has been widely used in the fields of food, medicine, cosmetics, and husbandry. Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is considered suitable for the large-scale production of AA-2G. In this work, Paenibacillus macerans CGTase was used to produce AA-2G and the production was 13.5g/l. An amino-acid sequence alignment of α-, β-, and α⁄β-CGTase indicated that the Phe at position 228 of P. macerans CGTase was different from the amino acids at this position in other CGTases (Met, Val, or Ile). In addition, the CGTases from Anaerobranca gottschalkii and Bacillus circulans 251, which have Val and Met at position 228, were shown to produce 28.9 and 35.7g/l AA-2G, respectively, which verified the importance of this position for AA-2G synthesis. Subsequently, P. macerans CGTase mutants F228M and F228V were constructed and shown to produce 24.8g/l and 24.0g/l AA-2G, respectively, which are 84% and 78% higher than that of wild-type P. macerans CGTase, respectively. Kinetic analysis of AA-2G synthesis showed that affinities of the two mutants for L-AA and the catalytic efficiencies increased. Meanwhile, the mutants had lower cyclization activity but higher disproportionation activities, which is beneficial for AA-2G synthesis. All these results indicated that amino acid at position 228 of P. macerans CGTase is crucial to AA-2G synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanjun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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11
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Sugrue E, Carr PD, Scott C, Jackson CJ. Active Site Desolvation and Thermostability Trade-Offs in the Evolution of Catalytically Diverse Triazine Hydrolases. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6304-6313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sugrue
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Paul D. Carr
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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12
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Cyclodextrin Glycosyl Transferase (CGTase): An Overview of Their Production and Biotechnological Applications. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/b19347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Go RM, Mark AE, Malde AK, Gilbert RG. Binding of Starch Fragments to the Starch Branching Enzyme: Implications for Developing Slower-Digesting Starch. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2475-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Marc Go
- Tongji
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
| | | | | | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Tongji
School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
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14
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Melzer S, Sonnendecker C, Föllner C, Zimmermann W. Stepwise error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling changed the pH activity range and product specificity of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:528-34. [PMID: 26155461 PMCID: PMC4491590 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed random mutagenesis experiments with a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling steps were combined. Variants with a broad pH activity range could be obtained. Several variants showed increased product specificity for γ-cyclodextrin.
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (EC 2.4.1.19) from the alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G-825-6 converts starch mainly to γ-cyclodextrin (CD8). A combination of error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling was used to obtain variants of this enzyme with higher product specificity for CD8 and a broad pH activity range. The variant S54 with seven amino acid substitutions showed a 1.2-fold increase in CD8-synthesizing activity and the product ratio of CD7:CD8 was shifted to 1:7 compared to 1:3 of the wild-type enzyme. Nine amino acid substitutions of the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase were performed to generate the variant S35 active in a pH range 4.0–10.0. Compared to the wild-type enzyme which is inactive below pH 6.0, S35 retained 70% of its CD8-synthesizing activity at pH 4.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Melzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Sonnendecker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Föllner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Huang M, Li C, Gu Z, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li Z. Mutations in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans enhance β-cyclization activity and β-cyclodextrin production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11209-11214. [PMID: 25359453 DOI: 10.1021/jf503523z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19, CGTase) is used to produce cyclodextrins, which are cyclic glucans with many industrial applications. In the present study, the effects of the amino acid residue at position 577, which is located in calcium-binding site III (CaIII), on cyclization activity and cyclodextrin production were investigated by replacing Asp577 in CGTase from Bacillus circulans STB01 with glutamate, arginine, lysine, and histidine. The results showed that mutations D577E and D577R significantly increased the β-cyclization activity. The D577R mutant, in particular, displayed a 30.7% increase in the β-cyclization activity when compared to the wild-type CGTase. Furthermore, under conditions resembling industrial production processes, the D577R and D577E mutants displayed 9.1 and 2.0% enhancement in β-cyclodextrin production, respectively. More importantly, the higher β-cyclization activities resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of mutant protein required during the process. Thus, the two mutants were much more suitable for the industrial production of β-cyclodextrin than the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, ‡School of Food Science and Technology, and §Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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16
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Li Z, Ban X, Gu Z, Li C, Huang M, Hong Y, Cheng L. Mutations enhance β-cyclodextrin specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 108:112-7. [PMID: 24751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of amino acid residue at position 31 in the neighborhood of calcium binding site I (CaI) on product specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.19, CGTase) were investigated by replacing Ala31 in the CGTase from Bacillus circulans STB01 with arginine, proline, threonine, serine and glycine. The results showed that the mutations A31R, A31P, and A31T resulted in the increases in β-cyclodextrin-forming activity and β-cyclodextrin production, indicating that these mutations enhanced β-cyclodextrin specificity of the CGTase. Especially the mutant A31R displayed approximately 26% increase in β-cyclodextrin production with a concomitant 41% decrease in α-cyclodextrin production when compared to the wild-type CGTase. Thus, it was much more suitable for the industrial production of β-cyclodextrin than the wild-type enzyme. The enhanced β-cyclodextrin specificity of the mutants might be a result of stabilizing CaI, which also suggested that CaI might play an important role in cyclodextrin product specificity of CGTase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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17
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Site-saturation mutagenesis of central tyrosine 195 leading to diverse product specificities of an α-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Paenibacillus sp. 602-1. J Biotechnol 2013; 170:10-6. [PMID: 24246271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Central tyrosine 195 plays an important role in the active site of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) that is highly conservative among various CGTases. However, a detailed functional understanding of this subsite is lacking. In this study, we applied site-directed saturation mutagenesis to investigate the effect of tyrosine 195 on the hydrolytic activity and cyclization specificity of an α-CGTase. A total of 17 mutant CGTases were obtained and heterologously expressed in E. coli. The mutant Y195F α-CGTase showed similar characteristics with wild-type α-CGTase. The other mutant α-CGTases showed considerably lower activity for starch-degradation and cyclodextrin (CD) formation. Interestingly, we found that the main product of mutant Y195R α-CGTase was γ-CDs (50%), not α-CDs (35%). The mutant Y195I α-CGTase drastically altered the CD specificity of α-CGTase, which showed a switch toward the synthesis of both β- and γ-CDs with percentages of 34% and 38%, respectively. Other mutant CGTases retained the α-CD as the main product but with lower percentages than wild-type α-CGTase. Mutant Y195F, Y195I, and Y195R CGTases showed an optimal temperature of 50°C and pH 6.5. The mutants Y195I and Y195R also showed better thermostability. These findings suggested that aromatic amino acids Tyr or Phe at the 195 position were important for the amylolytic activity and cyclization specificity of α-CGTase. The mutants Y195I CGTase and Y195R CGTase have potential applications for γ-CD production in the future.
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18
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Daudé D, Topham CM, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Probing impact of active site residue mutations on stability and activity of Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1754-65. [PMID: 24115119 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea is a transglucosidase from the GH13 family of glycoside-hydrolases that naturally catalyzes the synthesis of α-glucans from the widely available donor sucrose. Interestingly, natural molecular evolution has modeled a dense hydrogen bond network at subsite -1 responsible for the specific recognition of sucrose and conversely, it has loosened interactions at the subsite +1 creating a highly promiscuous subsite +1. The residues forming these subsites are considered to be likely involved in the activity as well as the overall stability of the enzyme. To assess their role, a structure-based approach was followed to reshape the subsite -1. A strategy based on stability change predictions, using the FoldX algorithm, was considered to identify the best candidates for site-directed mutagenesis and guide the construction of a small targeted library. A miniaturized purification protocol was developed and both mutant stability and substrate promiscuity were explored. A range of 8 °C between extreme melting temperature values was observed and some variants were able to synthesize series of oligosaccharides with distributions differing from that of the parental enzyme. The crucial role of subsite -1 was thus highlighted and the biocatalysts generated can now be considered as starting points for further engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Daudé
- Université de Toulouse; INSA, UPS,INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France; CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400, Toulouse, France; INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400, Toulouse, France
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19
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El-Sayed AKA, Abou Dobara MI, El-Fallal AA, Omar NF. Purification, Sequencing, and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Calcium-Independent α-Amylase AmyTVE from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:483-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Goh PH, Illias RM, Goh KM. Rational mutagenesis of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase at the calcium binding regions for enhancement of thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:5307-5323. [PMID: 22754298 PMCID: PMC3382795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13055307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies related to the engineering of calcium binding sites of CGTase are limited. The calcium binding regions that are known for thermostability function were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis in this study. The starting gene-protein is a variant of CGTase Bacillus sp. G1, reported earlier and denoted as “parent CGTase” herein. Four CGTase variants (S182G, S182E, N132R and N28R) were constructed. The two variants with a mutation at residue 182, located adjacent to the Ca-I site and the active site cleft, possessed an enhanced thermostability characteristic. The activity half-life of variant S182G at 60 °C was increased to 94 min, while the parent CGTase was only 22 min. This improvement may be attributed to the formation of a shorter α-helix and the alleviation of unfavorable steric strains by glycine at the corresponding region. For the variant S182E, an extra ionic interaction at the A/B domain interface increased the half-life to 31 min, yet it reduced CGTase activity. The introduction of an ionic interaction at the Ca-I site via the mutation N132R disrupted CGTase catalytic activity. Conversely, the variant N28R, which has an additional ionic interaction at the Ca-II site, displayed increased cyclization activity. However, thermostability was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kian Mau Goh
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +607-5534346; Fax: +607-5531112
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21
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Biochemical properties and cyclodextrin production profiles of isoforms of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-010-9856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of Hydrolysis Reaction Specificity in the Transglycosylase Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420310001614333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Kumar V. Identification of the conserved spatial position of key active-site atoms in glycoside hydrolase 13 family members. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1564-9. [PMID: 20557875 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A computational study on the glycoside hydrolase 13 (GH13) family of the CAZy database has been carried out at the atomic level in order to identify the conserved positions that may be responsible for recognition of the substrate. Analysis with substrate analog-, inhibitor-, or product-bound 3D structures was carried out to find the atomic spatial arrangement of the amino acids that make -2, -1, +1, and +2 subsites and water oxygen atoms around the ligand. The identified conserved positions of subsites were independent from the nature of the amino acid. The -1 and +1 subsites have more conserved positions than the -2 and +2 subsites. Some of the clusters of the -1 and +1 subsites have atoms of the same chemical nature. A spatially conserved position for water, which is stabilized by a hydrogen bond with the carboxyl group of a proton donor (Glu) and Asp of the catalytic triad, was found in the -1 subsite of 75% of the enzymes subjected to analysis. This position could be the region of hydrolytic water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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24
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Analysis of the key active subsites of glycoside hydrolase 13 family members. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:893-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Leemhuis H, Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glucanotransferases and the impact for biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 85:823-35. [PMID: 19763564 PMCID: PMC2804789 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) are industrially important enzymes that produce cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases are also applied as catalysts in the synthesis of glycosylated molecules and can act as antistaling agents in the baking industry. To improve the performance of CGTases in these various applications, protein engineers are screening for CGTase variants with higher product yields, improved CD size specificity, etc. In this review, we focus on the strategies employed in obtaining CGTases with new or enhanced enzymatic capabilities by searching for new enzymes and improving existing enzymatic activities via protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ronan M. Kelly
- Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, NIBRT, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences, and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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26
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Martin MT, Alcalde M, Plou FJ, Dijkhuizen L, Ballesteros A. Synthesis of Malto-Oligosaccharides Via the Acceptor Reaction Catalyzed by Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferases. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420109103514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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A predominant β-CGTase G1 engineered to elucidate the relationship between protein structure and product specificity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Kelly RM, Dijkhuizen L, Leemhuis H. The evolution of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase product specificity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:119-33. [PMID: 19367403 PMCID: PMC2714454 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) have attracted major interest from industry due to their unique capacity of forming large quantities of cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) from starch. CGTases produce a mixture of cyclodextrins from starch consisting of 6 (alpha), 7 (beta) and 8 (gamma) glucose units. In an effort to identify the structural factors contributing to the evolutionary diversification of product specificity amongst this group of enzymes, we selected nine CGTases from both mesophilic, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms for comparative product analysis. These enzymes displayed considerable variation regarding thermostability, initial rates, percentage of substrate conversion and ratio of alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins formed from starch. Sequence comparison of these CGTases revealed that specific incorporation and/or substitution of amino acids at the substrate binding sites, during the evolutionary progression of these enzymes, resulted in diversification of cyclodextrin product specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan M Kelly
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, the Netherlands
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29
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Wehmeier UF, Piepersberg W. Enzymology of aminoglycoside biosynthesis-deduction from gene clusters. Methods Enzymol 2009; 459:459-91. [PMID: 19362651 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The classical aminoglycosides are, with very few exceptions, typically actinobacterial secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities all mediated by inhibiting translation on the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. Some chemically related natural products inhibit glucosidases by mimicking oligo-alpha-1,4-glucosides. The biochemistry of the aminoglycoside biosynthetic pathways is still a developing field since none of the pathways has been analyzed to completeness as yet. In this chapter we treat the enzymology of aminoglycoside biosyntheses as far as it becomes apparent from recent investigations based on the availability of DNA sequence data of biosynthetic gene clusters for all major structural classes of these bacterial metabolites. We give a more general overview of the field, including descriptions of some key enzymes in various aminoglycoside pathways, whereas in Chapter 20 provides a detailed account of the better-studied enzymology thus far known for the neomycin and butirosin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo F Wehmeier
- Department of Sports Medicine, Bergische University Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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30
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Costa H, del Canto S, Ferrarotti S, de Jiménez Bonino MB. Structure-function relationship in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans DF 9R. Carbohydr Res 2008; 344:74-9. [PMID: 18922514 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases (CGTases E.C.2.4.1.19) catalyze cyclomaltooligosaccharides (cyclodextrins) production, an important industrial process. We herein report structural features of Bacillus circulans DF 9R cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase including its sequence and several aspects of enzyme structure-function relationship. Protein ethoxyformylation, under our experimental conditions, indicated that only one out of the 13 enzyme histidines was modified leading to a drastic drop in cyclizing and hydrolytic activity. Besides, tryptic digestion of the (14)C ethoxyformylated protein and studies of the peptide mixture showed that histidine 233 is the most reactive histidine residue. This is the first cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase with a known primary structure and a glutamine instead of glycine residue at position 179 in the highly conserved -6 subsite, shown to be involved in substrate binding. The presence of glycine at that position was considered as a requirement for such binding following the induced-fit mechanism already proposed. Moreover, the enzyme has all the features previously described for an alpha- or alpha/beta-cyclodextrin producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Costa
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Rutas 5 y 7 (6700) Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Kelly RM, Leemhuis H, Gätjen L, Dijkhuizen L. Evolution toward Small Molecule Inhibitor Resistance Affects Native Enzyme Function and Stability, Generating Acarbose-insensitive Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase Variants. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10727-34. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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van der Kaaij RM, Yuan XL, Franken A, Ram AFJ, Punt PJ, van der Maarel MJEC, Dijkhuizen L. Two novel, putatively cell wall-associated and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored alpha-glucanotransferase enzymes of Aspergillus niger. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1178-88. [PMID: 17496125 PMCID: PMC1951109 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00354-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the genome sequence of Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88, three genes were identified with high similarity to fungal alpha-amylases. The protein sequences derived from these genes were different in two ways from all described fungal alpha-amylases: they were predicted to be glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored, and some highly conserved amino acids of enzymes in the alpha-amylase family were absent. We expressed two of these enzymes in a suitable A. niger strain and characterized the purified proteins. Both enzymes showed transglycosylation activity on donor substrates with alpha-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds and at least five anhydroglucose units. The enzymes, designated AgtA and AgtB, produced new alpha-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds and therefore belong to the group of the 4-alpha-glucanotransferases (EC 2.4.1.25). Their reaction products reached a degree of polymerization of at least 30. Maltose and larger maltooligosaccharides were the most efficient acceptor substrates, although AgtA also used small nigerooligosaccharides containing alpha-(1,3)-glycosidic bonds as acceptor substrate. An agtA knockout of A. niger showed an increased susceptibility towards the cell wall-disrupting compound calcofluor white, indicating a cell wall integrity defect in this strain. Homologues of AgtA and AgtB are present in other fungal species with alpha-glucans in their cell walls, but not in yeast species lacking cell wall alpha-glucan. Possible roles for these enzymes in the synthesis and/or maintenance of the fungal cell wall are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M van der Kaaij
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing, TNO-University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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33
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Wang F, Du G, Li Y, Chen J. Regulation of CCR in the γ-CGTase production from Bacillus macorous by the specific cell growth rate control. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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van Hijum SAFT, Kralj S, Ozimek LK, Dijkhuizen L, van Geel-Schutten IGH. Structure-function relationships of glucansucrase and fructansucrase enzymes from lactic acid bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:157-76. [PMID: 16524921 PMCID: PMC1393251 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.70.1.157-176.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) employ sucrase-type enzymes to convert sucrose into homopolysaccharides consisting of either glucosyl units (glucans) or fructosyl units (fructans). The enzymes involved are labeled glucansucrases (GS) and fructansucrases (FS), respectively. The available molecular, biochemical, and structural information on sucrase genes and enzymes from various LAB and their fructan and alpha-glucan products is reviewed. The GS and FS enzymes are both glycoside hydrolase enzymes that act on the same substrate (sucrose) and catalyze (retaining) transglycosylation reactions that result in polysaccharide formation, but they possess completely different protein structures. GS enzymes (family GH70) are large multidomain proteins that occur exclusively in LAB. Their catalytic domain displays clear secondary-structure similarity with alpha-amylase enzymes (family GH13), with a predicted permuted (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structure for which detailed structural and mechanistic information is available. Emphasis now is on identification of residues and regions important for GS enzyme activity and product specificity (synthesis of alpha-glucans differing in glycosidic linkage type, degree and type of branching, glucan molecular mass, and solubility). FS enzymes (family GH68) occur in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and synthesize beta-fructan polymers with either beta-(2-->6) (inulin) or beta-(2-->1) (levan) glycosidic bonds. Recently, the first high-resolution three-dimensional structures have become available for FS (levansucrase) proteins, revealing a rare five-bladed beta-propeller structure with a deep, negatively charged central pocket. Although these structures have provided detailed mechanistic insights, the structural features in FS enzymes dictating the synthesis of either beta-(2-->6) or beta-(2-->1) linkages, degree and type of branching, and fructan molecular mass remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha A F T van Hijum
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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35
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Lo HF, Chen YH, Hsiao NW, Chen HL, Hu HY, Hsu WH, Lin LL. Stabilization of a truncated Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 α-amylase by replacing histidine-436 with aspartate. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-004-1764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Qi Q, Zimmermann W. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase: from gene to applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 66:475-85. [PMID: 15630515 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is an important industrial enzyme which is used to produce cyclodextrins. CGTase genes from more than 30 bacteria have been isolated and several of the enzymes have been identified and biochemically characterized. For a better understanding of the reaction mechanism and function of CGTase, the enzyme has been analyzed at gene level and protein level with regard to its structure and the similarity of different CGTase subgroups. The biological role of the enzyme is proposed based on the genetic and enzymatic analyses. Methods to enhance the production of active CGTase by bacteria are compared. The enzyme can be applied in biotechnology for the production of cyclodextrins and oligosaccharides with novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Qi
- Life Science School, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P.R. China.
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37
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Kanai R, Haga K, Akiba T, Yamane K, Harata K. Role of Phe283 in enzymatic reaction of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp.1011: Substrate binding and arrangement of the catalytic site. Protein Sci 2004; 13:457-65. [PMID: 14739329 PMCID: PMC2286706 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03408504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) belonging to the alpha-amylase family mainly catalyzes transglycosylation and produces cyclodextrins from starch and related alpha-1,4-glucans. The catalytic site of CGTase specifically conserves four aromatic residues, Phe183, Tyr195, Phe259, and Phe283, which are not found in alpha-amylase. To elucidate the structural role of Phe283, we determined the crystal structures of native and acarbose-complexed mutant CGTases in which Phe283 was replaced with leucine (F283L) or tyrosine (F283Y). The temperature factors of the region 259-269 in native F283L increased >10 A(2) compared with the wild type. The complex formation with acarbose not only increased the temperature factors (>10 A(2)) but also changed the structure of the region 257-267. This region is stabilized by interactions of Phe283 with Phe259 and Leu260 and plays an important role in the cyclodextrin binding. The conformation of the side-chains of Glu257, Phe259, His327, and Asp328 in the catalytic site was altered by the mutation of Phe283 with leucine, and this indicates that Phe283 partly arranges the structure of the catalytic site through contacts with Glu257 and Phe259. The replacement of Phe283 with tyrosine decreased the enzymatic activity in the basic pH range. The hydroxyl group of Tyr283 forms hydrogen bonds with the carboxyl group of Glu257, and the pK(a) of Glu257 in F283Y may be lower than that in the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kanai
- Biological Information Research Center, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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38
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Martins RF, Hatti-Kaul R. Bacillus agaradhaerens LS-3C cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase: activity and stability features. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Alcalde M, Plou FJ, Pérez-Boada M, Garcı́a-Arellano H, Valdés I, Méndez E, Ballesteros A. Chemical modification of carboxylic residues in a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and its implication in the hydrolysis/transglycosylation ratio of the α-amylase family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(03)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Kaulpiboon J, Pongsawasdi P. Identification of essential histidines in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase isoform 1 from Paenibacillus sp. A11. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 36:409-16. [PMID: 12895301 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2003.36.4.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The isoform 1 of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) from Paenibacillus sp. A11 was purified by a preparative gel electrophoresis. The importance of histidine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and carboxylic amino acids for isoform 1 activity is suggested by the modification of the isoform 1 with various group-specific reagents. Activity loss, when incubated with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP), a histidine modifying reagent, could be protected by adding 25 mM methyl-beta-cyclodextrin substrate prior to the modification. Inactivation kinetics of isoform 1 with DEP resulted in second-order rate constants (k(inactivation)) of 29.5 M(-1)s(-1). The specificity of the DEP-modified reaction for the histidine residue was shown by the correlation between the loss of isoform activity and the increase in the absorbance at 246 nm of N-carbethoxyhistidine. The number of histidines that were modified by DEP in the absence and presence of a protective substrate was estimated from the increase in the absorbance using a specific extinction coefficient of N-carbethoxyhistidine of 3,200 M(-1)cm(-1). It was discovered that methyl-beta-CD protected per mole of isoform 1, two histidine residues from the modification by DEP. To localize essential histidines, the native, the DEP-modified, and the protected forms of isoform 1 were digested by trypsin. The resulting peptides were separated by HPLC. The peptides of interest were those with R(t) 11.34 and 40.93 min. The molecular masses of the two peptides were 5,732 and 2,540 daltons, respectively. When the data from the peptide analysis were checked with the sequence of CGTase, then His-140 and His-327 were identified as essential histidines in the active site of isoform 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Kaulpiboon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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41
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Leemhuis H, Rozeboom HJ, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. The fully conserved Asp residue in conserved sequence region I of the alpha-amylase family is crucial for the catalytic site architecture and activity. FEBS Lett 2003; 541:47-51. [PMID: 12706817 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-amylase family is a large group of starch processing enzymes [Svensson, B. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 141-157]. It is characterized by four short sequence motifs that contain the seven fully conserved amino acid residues in this family: two catalytic carboxylic acid residues and four substrate binding residues. The seventh conserved residue (Asp135) has no direct interactions with either substrates or products, but it is hydrogen-bonded to Arg227, which does bind the substrate in the catalytic site. Using cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase as an example, this paper provides for the first time definite biochemical and structural evidence that Asp135 is required for the proper conformation of several catalytic site residues and therefore for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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42
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Zhang D, Li X, Zhang LH. Isomaltulose synthase from Klebsiella sp. strain LX3: gene cloning and characterization and engineering of thermostability. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2676-82. [PMID: 12039719 PMCID: PMC123955 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.6.2676-2682.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2001] [Accepted: 03/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene (palI) encoding isomaltulose synthase (PalI) from a soil bacterial isolate, Klebsiella sp. strain LX3, was cloned and characterized. PalI converts sucrose into isomaltulose, trehalulose, and trace amounts of glucose and fructose. Sequence domain analysis showed that PalI contains an alpha-amylase domain and (beta/alpha)(8)-barrel structures, suggesting that it belongs to the alpha-amylase family. Sequence alignment indicated that the five amino acid residues of catalytic importance in alpha-amylases and glucosyltransferases (Asp(241), Glu(295), Asp(369), His(145), and His(368)) are conserved in PalI. Purified recombinant PalI displayed high catalytic efficiency, with a Km of 54.6 +/- 1.7 mM for sucrose, and maximum activity (approximately 328.0 +/- 2.5 U/mg) at pH 6.0 and 35 degrees C. PalI activity was strongly inhibited by Fe3+ and Hg2+ and was enhanced by Mn2+ and Mg2+. The half-life of PalI was 1.8 min at 50 degrees C. Replacement of selected amino acid residues by proline significantly increased the thermostability of PalI. Simultaneous replacement of Glu(498) and Arg(310) with proline resulted in an 11-fold increase in the half-life of PalI at 50 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosignals and Bioengineering, Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, Singapore 117604
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43
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van der Maarel MJEC, van der Veen B, Uitdehaag JCM, Leemhuis H, Dijkhuizen L. Properties and applications of starch-converting enzymes of the alpha-amylase family. J Biotechnol 2002; 94:137-55. [PMID: 11796168 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(01)00407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a major storage product of many economically important crops such as wheat, rice, maize, tapioca, and potato. A large-scale starch processing industry has emerged in the last century. In the past decades, we have seen a shift from the acid hydrolysis of starch to the use of starch-converting enzymes in the production of maltodextrin, modified starches, or glucose and fructose syrups. Currently, these enzymes comprise about 30% of the world's enzyme production. Besides the use in starch hydrolysis, starch-converting enzymes are also used in a number of other industrial applications, such as laundry and porcelain detergents or as anti-staling agents in baking. A number of these starch-converting enzymes belong to a single family: the alpha-amylase family or family13 glycosyl hydrolases. This group of enzymes share a number of common characteristics such as a (beta/alpha)(8) barrel structure, the hydrolysis or formation of glycosidic bonds in the alpha conformation, and a number of conserved amino acid residues in the active site. As many as 21 different reaction and product specificities are found in this family. Currently, 25 three-dimensional (3D) structures of a few members of the alpha-amylase family have been determined using protein crystallization and X-ray crystallography. These data in combination with site-directed mutagenesis studies have helped to better understand the interactions between the substrate or product molecule and the different amino acids found in and around the active site. This review illustrates the reaction and product diversity found within the alpha-amylase family, the mechanistic principles deduced from structure-function relationship structures, and the use of the enzymes of this family in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J E C van der Maarel
- Microbial Physiology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, Haren, The Netherlands.
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44
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Uitdehaag JC, van der Veen BA, Dijkhuizen L, Dijkstra BW. Catalytic mechanism and product specificity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, a prototypical transglycosylase from the α-amylase family. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Leemhuis H, Uitdehaag JCM, Rozeboom HJ, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. The remote substrate binding subsite -6 in cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase controls the transferase activity of the enzyme via an induced-fit mechanism. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:1113-9. [PMID: 11696539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106667200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes the formation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins (cyclic alpha-(1,4)-linked oligosaccharides of 6, 7, or 8 glucose residues, respectively) from starch. Nine substrate binding subsites were observed in an x-ray structure of the CGTase from Bacillus circulans strain 251 complexed with a maltononaose substrate. Subsite -6 is conserved in CGTases, suggesting its importance for the reactions catalyzed by the enzyme. To investigate this in detail, we made six mutant CGTases (Y167F, G179L, G180L, N193G, N193L, and G179L/G180L). All subsite -6 mutants had decreased k(cat) values for beta-cyclodextrin formation, as well as for the disproportionation and coupling reactions, but not for hydrolysis. Especially G179L, G180L, and G179L/G180L affected the transglycosylation activities, most prominently for the coupling reactions. The results demonstrate that (i) subsite -6 is important for all three CGTase-catalyzed transglycosylation reactions, (ii) Gly-180 is conserved because of its importance for the circularization of the linear substrates, (iii) it is possible to independently change cyclization and coupling activities, and (iv) substrate interactions at subsite -6 activate the enzyme in catalysis via an induced-fit mechanism. This article provides for the first time definite biochemical evidence for such an induced-fit mechanism in the alpha-amylase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Leemhuis
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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46
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van der Veen BA, Leemhuis H, Kralj S, Uitdehaag JC, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Hydrophobic amino acid residues in the acceptor binding site are main determinants for reaction mechanism and specificity of cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44557-62. [PMID: 11555657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107533200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin-glycosyltransferases (CGTases) (EC ) preferably catalyze transglycosylation reactions with glucosyl residues as acceptor, whereas the homologous alpha-amylases catalyze hydrolysis reactions using water as acceptor. This difference in reaction specificity is most likely caused by the acceptor binding site. To investigate this in detail we altered the acceptor site residues Lys-232, Phe-183, Phe-259, and Glu-264 of Bacillus circulans strain 251 CGTase using site-directed mutagenesis. Lys-232 is of general importance for catalysis, which appears to result mainly from stabilization of the conformation of the loop containing the catalytic nucleophile Asp-229 and His-233, a residue that has been implied in transition state stabilization. Glu-264 contributes to the disproportionation reaction only, where it is involved in initial binding of the (maltose) acceptor. Phe-183 and Phe-259 play important and distinct roles in the transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by CGTase. Mutation of Phe-183 affects especially the cyclization and coupling reactions, whereas Phe-259 is most important for the cyclization and disproportionation reactions. Moreover, the hydrophobisity of Phe-183 and Phe-259 limits the hydrolyzing activity of the enzyme. Hydrolysis can be enhanced by making these residues more polar, which concomitantly results in a lower transglycosylation activity. A double mutant was constructed that yielded an enzyme preferring hydrolysis over cyclization (15:1), whereas the wild type favors cyclization over hydrolysis (90:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- B A van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Hemker M, Stratmann A, Goeke K, Schröder W, Lenz J, Piepersberg W, Pape H. Identification, cloning, expression, and characterization of the extracellular acarbose-modifying glycosyltransferase, AcbD, from Actinoplanes sp. strain SE50. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:4484-92. [PMID: 11443082 PMCID: PMC95342 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.15.4484-4492.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular enzyme activity in the culture supernatant of the acarbose producer Actinoplanes sp. strain SE50 catalyzes the transfer of the acarviosyl moiety of acarbose to malto-oligosaccharides. This acarviosyl transferase (ATase) is encoded by a gene, acbD, in the putative biosynthetic gene cluster for the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose. The acbD gene was cloned and heterologously produced in Streptomyces lividans TK23. The recombinant protein was analyzed by enzyme assays. The AcbD protein (724 amino acids) displays all of the features of extracellular alpha-glucosidases and/or transglycosylases of the alpha-amylase family and exhibits the highest similarities to several cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases). However, AcbD had neither alpha-amylase nor CGTase activity. The AcbD protein was purified to homogeneity, and it was identified by partial protein sequencing of tryptic peptides. AcbD had an apparent molecular mass of 76 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.0 and required Ca(2+) ions for activity. The enzyme displayed maximal activity at 30 degrees C and between pH 6.2 and 6.9. The K(m) values of the ATase for acarbose (donor substrate) and maltose (acceptor substrate) are 0.65 and 0.96 mM, respectively. A wide range of additional donor and acceptor substrates were determined for the enzyme. Acceptors revealed a structural requirement for glucose-analogous structures conserving only the overall stereochemistry, except for the anomeric C atom, and the hydroxyl groups at positions 2, 3, and 4 of D-glucose. We discuss here the function of the enzyme in the extracellular formation of the series of acarbose-homologous compounds produced by Actinoplanes sp. strain SE50.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hemker
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Correnstr. 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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48
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Uitdehaag JC, van der Veen BA, Dijkhuizen L, Elber R, Dijkstra BW. Enzymatic circularization of a malto-octaose linear chain studied by stochastic reaction path calculations on cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase. Proteins 2001; 43:327-35. [PMID: 11288183 DOI: 10.1002/prot.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) is an enzyme belonging to the alpha-amylase family that forms cyclodextrins (circularly linked oligosaccharides) from starch. X-ray work has indicated that this cyclization reaction of CGTase involves a 23-A movement of the nonreducing end of a linear malto-oligosaccharide from a remote binding position into the enzyme acceptor site. We have studied the dynamics of this sugar chain circularization through reaction path calculations. We used the new method of the stochastic path, which is based on path integral theory, to compute an approximate molecular dynamics trajectory of the large (75-kDa) CGTase from Bacillus circulans strain 251 on a millisecond time scale. The result was checked for consistency with site-directed mutagenesis data. The combined data show how aromatic residues and a hydrophobic cavity at the surface of CGTase actively catalyze the sugar chain movement. Therefore, by using approximate trajectories, reaction path calculations can give a unique insight into the dynamics of complex enzyme reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Uitdehaag
- BIOSON Research Institute and Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Carbohydrate Bioengineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Alcalde M, Plou FJ, Teresa Martín M, Valdés I, Méndez E, Ballesteros A. Succinylation of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. 501 enhances its transferase activity using starch as donor. J Biotechnol 2001; 86:71-80. [PMID: 11223146 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple modification procedure, the succinylation of amino groups, was suitable to increase the transferase (disproportionation) activity of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from Thermoanaerobacter sp. 501 using different linear oligosaccharides as acceptors. On the contrary, the synthesis of cyclodextrins (CDs), the coupling of CDs with oligosaccharides, and the hydrolysis of starch decreased after chemical modification. The degree of succinylation of amino groups (45%) was accurately determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The formation of CDs under industrial conditions was analyzed for native and succinylated CGTases, showing similar selectivity to alpha-, beta-, gamma-CD. The acceptor reaction with D-glucose using soluble starch as glucosyl donor was studied at 60 degrees C and pH 5.5. Malto-oligosaccharides (MOS) production was notably higher using the semisynthetic enzyme at different ratios (w/w) starch:D-glucose. Thus, more than 90% of the initial starch was converted into MOS (G2-G7) in 48 h employing a ratio donor:acceptor 1:2 (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alcalde
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis, C.S.I.C., Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Uitdehaag JC, Dijkstra BW, Dijkhuizen L. Engineering of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase reaction and product specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1543:336-360. [PMID: 11150613 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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