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Mohd Sobri SN, Abdul Sani SF, Sabtu SN, Looi LM, Chiew SF, Pathmanathan D, Chio-Srichan S, Bradley DA. Structural Studies of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Breast Tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1997. [PMID: 32029810 PMCID: PMC7005319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
At the supramolecular level, the proliferation of invasive ductal carcinoma through breast tissue is beyond the range of standard histopathology identification. Using synchrotron small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques, determining nanometer scale structural changes in breast tissue has been demonstrated to allow discrimination between different tissue types. From a total of 22 patients undergoing symptomatic investigations, different category breast tissue samples were obtained in use of surgically removed tissue, including non-lesional, benign and malignant tumour. Structural components of the tissues were examined at momentum transfer values between q = 0.2 nm-1 and 1.5 nm-1. From the SAXS patterns, axial d-spacing and diffuse scattering intensity were observed to provide the greatest discrimination between the various tissue types, specifically in regard to the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) structural component in malignant tissue. In non-lesional tissue the axial period of collagen is within the range 63.6-63.7 nm (formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) dewaxed) and 63.4 (formalin fixed), being 0.9 nm smaller than in EMT cancer-invaded regions. The overall intensity of scattering from cancerous regions is a degree of magnitude greater in cancer-invaded regions. Present work has found that the d-spacing of the EMT positive breast cancer tissue (FFPE (dewaxed)) is within the range 64.5-64.7 nm corresponding to the 9th and 10th order peaks. Of particular note in regard to formalin fixation of samples is that no alteration is observed to occur in the relative differences in collagen d-spacing between non-lesional and malignant tissues. This is a matter of great importance given that preserved-sample and also retrospective study of samples is greatly facilitated by formalin fixation. Present results indicate that as aids in tissue diagnosis SAXS is capable of distinguishing areas of invasion by disease as well as delivering further information at the supramolecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mohd Sobri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - S F Abdul Sani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Norbaini Sabtu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - L M Looi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - S F Chiew
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Dharini Pathmanathan
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sirinart Chio-Srichan
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - D A Bradley
- Centre for Biomedical Physics, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Kuala Lumpur, 46150, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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2
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Preliminary study of human breast tissue using synchrotron radiation combining WAXS and SAXS techniques. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:799-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Risteli J, Niemi S, Kauppila S, Melkko J, Risteli L. Collagen propeptides as indicators of collagen assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17453679509157688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Risteli
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seija Niemi
- Departments of Orion Diagnostica, FIN-90460, Oulunsalo, Finland
| | - Saila Kauppila
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Melkko
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leila Risteli
- Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220, Oulu, Finland
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Conceição ALC, Antoniassi M, Poletti ME. Analysis of breast cancer by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Analyst 2009; 134:1077-82. [PMID: 19475132 DOI: 10.1039/b821434d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) images of normal breast tissue and benign and malignant breast tumour tissues, fixed in formalin, were measured at the momentum transfer range of 0.063 nm(-1) < or = q (= 4pisin(theta/2)/lambda) < or = 2.720 nm(-1). Four intrinsic parameters were extracted from the scattering profiles (1D SAXS image reduced) and, from the combination of these parameters, another three parameters were also created. All parameters, intrinsic and derived, were subject to discriminant analysis, and it was verified that parameters such as the area of diffuse scatter at the momentum transfer range 0.50 < or = q < or = 0.56 nm(-1), the ratio between areas of fifth-order axial and third-order lateral peaks and third-order axial spacing provide the most significant information for diagnosis (p < 0.001). Thus, in this work it was verified that by combining these three parameters it was possible to classify human breast tissues as normal, benign lesion or malignant lesion with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luiz Coelho Conceição
- Departamento de Física e Matemática, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Theodorakou C, Farquharson MJ. Human soft tissue analysis using x-ray or gamma-ray techniques. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:R111-49. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/11/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Ooi GJ, Fox J, Siu K, Lewis R, Bambery KR, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Fourier transform infrared imaging and small angle x-ray scattering as a combined biomolecular approach to diagnosis of breast cancer. Med Phys 2008; 35:2151-61. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2890391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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7
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Pucci-Minafra I, Albanese NN, Di Cara G, Minafra L, Marabeti MR, Cancemi P. Breast cancer cells exhibit selective modulation induced by different collagen substrates. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:252-6. [PMID: 18661354 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802147779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the invasive phase of malignant tumors, neoplastic cells break into the basal lamina and enter in contact with the underlying connective tissue, which concurrently undergoes extensive modifications. The aim of our present minireview is to focus the changes in the collagenous matrix occurring during breast cancer progression and to explore the possible effects of different collagen substrates on breast cancer cell behavior and proteomic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pucci-Minafra
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Applicazioni Cliniche, Universita di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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8
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Pucci-Minafra I, Cancemi P, Di Cara G, Minafra L, Feo S, Forlino A, Tira ME, Tenni R, Martini D, Ruggeri A, Minafra S. Decorin transfection induces proteomic and phenotypic modulation in breast cancer cells 8701-BC. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:30-41. [PMID: 18293176 DOI: 10.1080/03008200701820443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a prototype member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family widely distributed in the extracellular matrices of many connective tissues, where it has been shown to play multiple important roles in the matrix assembly process, as well as in some cellular activities. A major interest for decorin function concerns its role in tumorigenesis, as growth-inhibitor of different neoplastic cells, and potential antimetastatic agent. The aim of our research was to investigate wide-ranged effects of transgenic decorin on breast cancer cells. To this purpose we utilized the well-characterized 8701-BC cell line, isolated from a ductal infiltrating carcinoma of the breast, and two derived decorin-transfected clones, respectively, synthesizing full decorin proteoglycan or its protein core. The responses to the ectopic decorin production were examined by studying morphological changes, cell proliferation rates, and proteome modulation. The results revealed new important antioncogenic potentialities, likely exerted by decorin through a variety of distinct biochemical pathways. Major effects included the downregulation of several potential breast cancer biomarkers, the reduction of membrane ruffling, and the increase of cell-cell adhesiveness. These results disclose original aspects related to the reversion of malignant traits of a prototype of breast cancer cells induced by decorin. They also raise additional interest for the postulated clinical application of decorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Pucci-Minafra
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Applicazioni Cliniche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Falzon G, Pearson S, Murison R, Hall C, Siu K, Evans A, Rogers K, Lewis R. Wavelet-based feature extraction applied to small-angle x-ray scattering patterns from breast tissue: a tool for differentiating between tissue types. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:2465-77. [PMID: 16675863 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/10/007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the application of wavelet decomposition to small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns from human breast tissue produced by a synchrotron source. The pixel intensities of SAXS patterns of normal, benign and malignant tissue types were transformed into wavelet coefficients. Statistical analysis found significant differences between the wavelet coefficients describing the patterns produced by different tissue types. These differences were then correlated with position in the image and have been linked to the supra-molecular structural changes that occur in breast tissue in the presence of disease. Specifically, results indicate that there are significant differences between healthy and diseased tissues in the wavelet coefficients that describe the peaks produced by the axial d-spacing of collagen. These differences suggest that a useful classification tool could be based upon the spectral information within the axial peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Falzon
- Department of Physics and Electronics, School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Fernández M, Keyriläinen J, Serimaa R, Torkkeli M, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Tenhunen M, Thomlinson W, Urban V, Suortti P. Small-angle x-ray scattering studies of human breast tissue samples. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47:577-92. [PMID: 11900192 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/47/4/303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns are recorded from thin breast tissue samples containing healthy and cancerous regions. The SAXS patterns are compared with histo-pathological observations. The information available from SAXS is reviewed, and a model for scattering from collagen is presented. Scattering patterns of collagen at regions far from the tumours are essentially different from those at tumours. The axial period of collagen fibrils is 65.0 +/- 0.1 nm in healthy regions, and 0.3 nm larger in cancer-invaded regions. The average intensity of scattering from cancerous regions is an order of magnitude higher than the intensity from healthy regions. This is interpreted to arise from an increase of the specific surface area of the scatterers, which is due to a disruption of the molecular and supra-molecular structures in cancerous regions and invasion of new types of cells. The differences of the SAXS patterns are large and distinctive enough to suggest that these phenomena may be utilized in mammography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernández
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Bailey AJ, Sims TJ, Knott L. Phenotypic expression of osteoblast collagen in osteoarthritic bone: production of type I homotrimer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34:176-82. [PMID: 11809420 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism and total amount of the collagen of subchondral bone are increased several fold in osteoathritic femurs compared with controls. We now report for the first time that the quality of the collagen is modified by the formation of type I homotrimer. The homotrimer fibre has been reported to possess a reduced mechanical strength and mineralisation in bone. The presence of the latter therefore accounts for narrower disorganised collagen fibres and decreased mineralisation, and a reduction in mechanical stability of the osteoarthritic femoral head. These changes in the subchondral bone are likely to be of considerable importance in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen J Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Collagen Research Group, University of Bristol, Churchill Building, Bristol BS40 5DS, UK.
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12
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Pucci-Minafra I, Minafra S, La Rocca G, Barranca M, Fontana S, Alaimo G, Okada Y. Zymographic analysis of circulating and tissue forms of colon carcinoma gelatinase A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) separated by mono- and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Matrix Biol 2001; 20:419-27. [PMID: 11691582 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(01)00146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase A (MMP-2) and gelatinase B (MMP-9) play a key role in the proteolytic cascade leading to ECM degradation during invasion and metastasis. The enzyme activity is regulated both at the intra- and extra-cellular level. Extracellular regulation is achieved mainly through the balance between proenzyme activation and inhibition, which appears to be altered in cancer patients. One of the mechanisms of MMP inhibition is the binding of the enzymes to appropriate tissue inhibitors (TIMP). In the recent literature, it has been suggested that MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 are indeed over-produced in many carcinomas, while the identity of the various enzymatic forms (latent, activated and enzyme/inhibitor complexes) remains to be elucidated. In this study we have analyzed the circulating forms of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in serum samples of patients with colon carcinoma, as well as the enzymatic activities present in tissue extracts from surgical fragments (primary tumor and its paired healthy tissue). Proteins were separated by means of mono-dimensional or bidimensional electrophoresis, and the enzymes detected by gelatin zymography and immunological assays. The results of densitometric analyses demonstrate that proMMP-9, but not proMMP-2, is significantly higher in the oncologic sera vs. the normal sera. In addition, several oligomeric circulating and tissue forms of MMP-9 are preferentially found in the oncologic samples, both in mono- and second-dimension zymograms. The activated forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are uniquely present in the primary tumor extracts, thus confirming the involvement of the tissue microenvironment in gelatinase activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Pucci-Minafra
- Center of Experimental Oncobiology, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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13
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Pucci-Minafra I, Carella C, Cirincione R, Chimenti S, Minafra S, Luparello C. Type V collagen induces apoptosis of 8701-BC breast cancer cells and enhances m-calpain expression. Breast Cancer Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1186/bcr60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Deyl Z, Miksík I. Advanced separation methods for collagen parent alpha-chains, their polymers and fragments. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 739:3-31. [PMID: 10744310 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current techniques used for collagen alpha-chains and their CNBr fragments are reviewed. Ion exchange, gel permeation, reversed-phase and affinity chromatography are discussed mainly from the preparative aspects as these are both the techniques of choice to remove biological matrix contaminants always present in collagen preparations and techniques routinely used for preparative purposes. Among electromigration procedures gel electrophoresis is widely used both for intact collagen alpha-chains and their fragments. Recently this technique was applied also for miniaturised preparations. Immunoblotting techniques serve more specific detection of otherwise hard to distinguish different collagen polypeptide chains. Capillary electromigration techniques brought recently new aspects of understanding the behaviour of collagen proteins upon different separation modes and seem to represent a smart perspective for better quantitation of individual collagen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Deyl
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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15
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Basiricò L, Bini L, Fontana S, Pallini V, Minafra S, Pucci-Minafra I. Proteome analysis of breast cancer cells (8701-BC) cultured from primary ductal infiltrating carcinoma: relation to correspondent breast tissues. Breast Cancer Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1186/bcr31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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16
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Luparello C, Schilling T, Cirincione R, Pucci-Minafra I. Extracellular matrix regulation of PTHrP and PTH/PTHrP receptor in a human breast cancer cell line. FEBS Lett 1999; 463:265-9. [PMID: 10606734 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that 8701-BC breast cancer cells express the gene for parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and its cognate receptor (PTHrP-R), and release immunoreactive PTHrP in the extracellular medium; it was also found that PTHrP, in turn, exerts a role on the proliferative and invasive behavior in vitro of the same cell line. On the other hand, evidence has been produced that adhesion of 8701-BC cells onto different collagen substrates influences in various ways a number of phenotypic expressions, such as cell growth, motility, invasion of reconstituted basement membrane and production of lytic enzymes of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In light of these previous data, we have examined whether substrates of either reconstituted basement membrane or representative collagen components of the breast tumor stroma (type I, V and OF/LB) might (i) regulate the PTHrP promoter usage and mRNA splicing patterns, (ii) modulate quantitatively the extracellular release of immunoreactive PTHrP (iPTHrP), and (iii) affect the expression of PTHrP-R. The results obtained give evidence that (i) 8701-BC cells are able to utilize different start sites and mRNA splicing patterns for PTHrP transcription; (ii) 'structural' components of the stroma, such as collagens, are by themselves capable of controlling both the expression pattern of the PTHrP gene and the extent of extracellular release of iPTHrP, and (iii) PTHrP-R expression can be up- or down-regulated in response to the ECM substrate present. These data demonstrate that PTHrP and PTHrP-R expression by 8701-BC neoplastic cells can be modulated by ECM molecules, indirectly supporting the active participation of stromal collagen composition in the regulation of PTHrP-controlled circuits which may play a role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luparello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
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Bailey AJ, Knott L. Molecular changes in bone collagen in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:337-51. [PMID: 10433388 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Bailey
- Collagen Research Group, Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
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18
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The mechanisms and consequences of the maturation and ageing of collagen. J CHEM SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02869896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rogers KD, Lewis RA, Hall C, Towns-andrews E, Slawson S, Evans A, Pinder S, Ellis I, Boggis C, Hufton A. Preliminary observations of breast tumor collagen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/08940889908260969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Minafra S, Giambelluca C, Andriolo M, Pucci-Minafra I. Cell-cell and cell-collagen interactions influence gelatinase production by human breast-carcinoma cell line 8701-BC. Int J Cancer 1995; 62:777-83. [PMID: 7558430 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910620622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously produced evidence that the human mammary-carcinoma cell line 8701-BC expresses several metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -9, and -10) and their tissue inhibitors). In order to obtain a better understanding of the environmental control over gelatinolytic activities, we have tested the enzyme production of 8701-BC cells, at time intervals after plating on different collagen substrates, i.e., types I, III, IV, V and OF/LB, used as films in culture dishes. Proteinase activities, released in the conditioned culture media, were tested by zymography on SDS-PAGE, and by quantificative analyses, using 14C carboxymethylated transferrin as substrate in a liquid incubation medium. Enzymatic activities varied with time and were inversely related to cell densities, with minimum values at cell confluence. The enzymatic activity was positively supported by collagen substrates, with a maximal increase in activity when OF/LB collagen was used. In addition to the known MMPs, we found a proteinase with an M(r) of about 20 kDa, which displayed higher activity at 48 hr after cell plating and gradually decreased with cell increment. In contrast to the other MMPs, this proteinase is inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor, but it does not display a complete identity with trypsin, since it does not digest casein and is not inhibited by other serine proteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minafra
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Virus-mediated cell-cell fusion with Moloney MLV and SC-1 cells was characterized. The level of fusion was highly dependent on the cell line used for propagation of the virus. Efficient fusion appeared to be very sensitive to negative charges on the cell surface and surroundings. Addition of polycations, removal of serum, and treatment with neuraminidase or hyaluronidase all stimulated fusion. Conversely, fusion was inhibited by fibronectin. Kinetic results and the time of action of inhibitors indicated that virus particles (or virus material) on the cell surface lead directly to fusion. The fusion then proceeded rapidly and required actin movement as shown by cytochalasin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Andersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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Thompson EW, Yu M, Bueno J, Jin L, Maiti SN, Palao-Marco FL, Pulyaeva H, Tamborlane JW, Tirgari R, Wapnir I. Collagen induced MMP-2 activation in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1994; 31:357-70. [PMID: 7881112 DOI: 10.1007/bf00666168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a zymogen requiring proteolytic activation for catalytic activity, has been implicated broadly in the invasion and metastasis of many cancer model systems, including human breast cancer (HBC). MMP-2 has been immunolocalized to carcinomatous human breast, where the degree of activation of MMP-2 correlates well with tumor grade and patient prognosis. Using Matrigel assays, we have stratified HBC cell lines for invasiveness in vitro, and compared this to their potential for metastatic spread in nude mice. HBC cell lines expressing the mesenchymal marker protein vimentin were found to be highly invasive in vitro, and tended to form metastases in nude mice. We have further discovered that culture on collagen-I gels (Vitrogen; Vg) induces MMP-2-activator in highly invasive but not poorly invasive HBC cell lines. As seen for other MMP-2-activator inducing regimens, this induction requires protein synthesis and an intact MMP-2 hemopexin-like domain, appears to be mediated by a cell surface activity, and can be inhibited by metalloproteinase inhibitors. The induction is highly specific to collagen I, and is not seen with thin coatings of collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, or fibronectin, or with 3-dimensional gels of laminin, Matrigel, or gelatin. This review focuses on collagen I and MMP-2, their localization and source in HBC, and their relationship(s) to MMP-2 activation and HBC metastasis. The relevance of collagen I in activation of MMP-2 in vivo is discussed in terms of stromal cell: tumor cell interaction for collagen I deposition, MMP-2 production, and MMP-2-activation. Such cooperativity may exist in vivo for MMP-2 participation in HBC dissemination. A more complete understanding of the regulation of MMP-2-activator by type I collagen may provide new avenues for improved diagnosis and prognosis of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Thompson
- Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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