1
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Abel AC, Mühlethaler T, Dessin C, Schachtsiek T, Sammet B, Sharpe T, Steinmetz MO, Sewald N, Prota AE. Bridging the maytansine and vinca sites: Cryptophycins target β-tubulin's T5-loop. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107363. [PMID: 38735475 PMCID: PMC11190709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptophycins are microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) that belong to the most potent antimitotic compounds known to date; however, their exact molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we present the 2.2 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of a potent cryptophycin derivative bound to the αβ-tubulin heterodimer. The structure addresses conformational issues present in a previous 3.3 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of cryptophycin-52 bound to the maytansine site of β-tubulin. It further provides atomic details on interactions of cryptophycins, which had not been described previously, including ones that are in line with structure-activity relationship studies. Interestingly, we discovered a second cryptophycin-binding site that involves the T5-loop of β-tubulin, a critical secondary structure element involved in the exchange of the guanosine nucleotide and in the formation of longitudinal tubulin contacts in microtubules. Cryptophycins are the first natural ligands found to bind to this new "βT5-loop site" that bridges the maytansine and vinca sites. Our results offer unique avenues to rationally design novel MTAs with the capacity to modulate T5-loop dynamics and to simultaneously engage multiple β-tubulin binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Abel
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Cedric Dessin
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schachtsiek
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benedikt Sammet
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.
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2
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Pavlicevic M, Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Immunomodulatory peptides-A promising source for novel functional food production and drug discovery. Peptides 2022; 148:170696. [PMID: 34856531 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory peptides are a complex class of bioactive peptides that encompasses substances with different mechanisms of action. Immunomodulatory peptides could also be used in vaccines as adjuvants which would be extremely desirable, especially in response to pandemics. Thus, immunomodulatory peptides in food of plant origin could be regarded both as valuable suplements of novel functional food preparation and/or as precursors or possible active ingredients for drugs design for treatment variety of conditions arising from impaired function of immune system. Given variety of mechanisms, different tests are required to assess effects of immunomodulatory peptides. Some of those effects show good correlation with in vivo results but others, less so. Certain plant peptides, such as defensins, show both immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effect, which makes them interesting candidates for preparation of functional food and feed, as well as templates for design of synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Institute for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, and Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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3
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Ahmed S, Mirzaei H, Aschner M, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A, Khan H. Marine peptides in breast cancer: Therapeutic and mechanistic understanding. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112038. [PMID: 34411915 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent invasive form of cancer in females and posing a great challenge for overcoming disease burden. The growth in global cancer deaths mandates the discovery of new efficacious natural anti-tumor treatments. In this regard, aquatic species offer a rich supply of possible drugs. Studies have shown that several marine peptides damage cancer cells by a broad range of pathways, including apoptosis, microtubule balance disturbances, and suppression of angiogenesis. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are characterized by a plethora of side effects, including immune response suppression. The discovery of novel putative anti-cancer peptides with lesser toxicity is therefore necessary and timely, especially those able to thwart multi drug resistance (MDR). This review addresses marine anti-cancer peptides for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code, 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code, 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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4
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Anselmi M, Borbély A, Figueras E, Michalek C, Kemker I, Gentilucci L, Sewald N. Linker Hydrophilicity Modulates the Anticancer Activity of RGD-Cryptophycin Conjugates. Chemistry 2021; 27:1015-1022. [PMID: 32955139 PMCID: PMC7839693 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Most anticancer agents are hydrophobic and can easily penetrate the tumor cell membrane by passive diffusion. This may impede the development of highly effective and tumor-selective treatment options. A hydrophilic β-glucuronidase-cleavable linker was used to connect the highly potent antimitotic agent cryptophycin-55 glycinate with the αv β3 integrin ligand c(RGDfK). Incorporation of the self-immolative linker containing glucuronic acid results in lower cytotoxicity than that of the free payload, suggesting that hydrophilic sugar linkers can preclude passive cellular uptake. In vitro drug-release studies and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the potential of this small molecule-drug conjugate, providing guidance for the development of therapeutics containing hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Anselmi
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
- Department of Chemistry“G. Ciamician” University of Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Adina Borbély
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Carmela Michalek
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Isabell Kemker
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry“G. Ciamician” University of Bolognavia Selmi 240126BolognaItaly
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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5
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Maestri E, Pavlicevic M, Montorsi M, Marmiroli N. Meta-Analysis for Correlating Structure of Bioactive Peptides in Foods of Animal Origin with Regard to Effect and Stability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:3-30. [PMID: 33337011 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) sequences of 807 bioactive peptides from foods of animal origin were examined in order to correlate peptide structure with activity (antihypertensive, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antithrombotic, and opioid) and stability in vivo. Food sources, such as milk, meat, eggs, and marine products, show different frequencies of bioactive peptides exhibiting specific effects. There is a correlation of peptide structure and effect, depending on type and position of AA. Opioid peptides contain a high percentage of aromatic AA residues, while antimicrobial peptides show an excess of positively charged AAs. AA residue position is significant, with those in the first and penultimate positions having the biggest effects on peptide activity. Peptides that have activity in vivo contain a high percentage (67%) of proline residues, but the positions of proline in the sequence depend on the length of the peptide. We also discuss the influence of processing on activity of these peptides, as well as methods for predicting release from the source protein and activity of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maestri
- Dept. of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Univ. of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Food Safety, Technologies and Innovation for Agri-food (SITEIA.PARMA), Univ. of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Milica Pavlicevic
- Inst. for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michela Montorsi
- Dept. of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open Univ., Via F. Daverio 7, 20122, Milan, Italy.,Consorzio Italbiotec, Via Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy.,Inst. of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Dept. of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Univ. of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre for Food Safety, Technologies and Innovation for Agri-food (SITEIA.PARMA), Univ. of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy.,Consorzio Italbiotec, Via Fantoli, 16/15, 20138, Milano, Italy
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6
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Joshi R, Mukherjee DD, Chakrabarty S, Martin A, Jadhao M, Chakrabarti G, Sarkar A, Ghosh SK. Unveiling the Potential of Unfused Bichromophoric Naphthalimide To Induce Cytotoxicity by Binding to Tubulin: Breaks Monotony of Naphthalimides as Conventional Intercalators. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:3680-3695. [PMID: 29561610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the development of small-molecule drug candidates, naphthalimide-based compounds hold a very important position as potent anticancer agents with considerable safety in drug discoveries. Being synthetically and readily accessible, naphthalimide compounds with planar architecture have been developed mostly as DNA-targeting intercalators. However, in this article, it is demonstrated, for the first time, that an unfused naphthalimide-benzothiazole bichromophoric compound 2-(6-chlorobenzo[ d] thiazol-2-yl)-1 H-benzo[ de] isoquinoline-1,3(2 H)-dione (CBIQD), seems to expand the bioactivity of naphthalimide as anti-mitotic agent also. Preliminary studies demonstrate that CBIQD interferes with human lung cancer (A549) cell proliferation and growth and causes cellular morphological changes. However, the underlying mechanism of its antitumor action and primary cellular target in A549 cells remained skeptical. Confocal microscopy in A549 cells revealed disruption of interphase microtubule (MT) network and formation of aberrant multipolar spindle. Consistent with microscopy results, UV-vis, steady-state fluorescence, and time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) studies demonstrate that CBIQD efficiently binds to tubulin ( Kb = 2.03 × 105 M-1 ± 1.88%), inhibits its polymerization, and depolymerizes preformed microtubules (MTs). Low doses of CBIQD have also shown specificity toward tubulin protein in the presence of a nonspecific protein like bovine serum albumin as well as other cytoskeleton component, actin. The in vitro determination of binding site coupled with in silico studies suggests that CBIQD may prefer to occupy the colchicine binding site. Further, CBIQD perturbed tubulin conformation to some extent and protected ∼1.4 cysteine residues toward chemical modification by 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid. We also suggest the possible mechanism underlying CBIQD-induced cancer cell cytotoxicity: CBIQD, when bound to tubulin, may prevent it to maintain a straight conformation; consequently, the α- and β-heterodimers might be no longer available for MT growth. Thus, the consolidated spectroscopic research described herein explores the potential of CBIQD as a new paradigm in the design and development of novel unfused or nonring-fused naphthalimide-based antimitotic cancer therapeutics in medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Joshi
- Department of Chemistry , Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur , Maharashtra 440010 , India
| | - Dipanwita Das Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700019 , India
| | - Subhendu Chakrabarty
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700019 , India
| | - Ansie Martin
- CMBL, Department of Biological Sciences , BITS-Pilani , K.K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403726 , India
| | - Manojkumar Jadhao
- Department of Chemistry , Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur , Maharashtra 440010 , India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , University of Calcutta , 35 Ballygunge Circular Road , Kolkata , West Bengal 700019 , India
| | - Angshuman Sarkar
- CMBL, Department of Biological Sciences , BITS-Pilani , K.K. Birla Goa Campus , Zuarinagar , Goa 403726 , India
| | - Sujit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur , Maharashtra 440010 , India
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7
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Weiss C, Figueras E, Borbely AN, Sewald N. Cryptophycins: cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptides with potential for tumor targeting. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:514-531. [PMID: 28661555 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptophycins are a class of 16-membered highly cytotoxic macrocyclic depsipeptides isolated from cyanobacteria. The biological activity is based on their ability to interact with tubulin. They interfere with microtubule dynamics and prevent microtubules from forming correct mitotic spindles, which causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Their strong antiproliferative activities with 100-fold to 1000-fold potency compared with those of paclitaxel and vinblastine have been observed. Cryptophycins are highly promising drug candidates, as their biological activity is not negatively affected by P-glycoprotein, a drug efflux system commonly found in multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines and solid tumors. Cryptophycin-52 had been investigated in phase II clinical trials but failed because of its high neurotoxicity. Recently, cryptophycin conjugates with peptides and antibodies have been developed for targeted delivery in tumor therapy. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weiss
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Adina N Borbely
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Allred TK, Manoni F, Harran PG. Exploring the Boundaries of “Practical”: De Novo Syntheses of Complex Natural Product-Based Drug Candidates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11994-12051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Allred
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Patrick G. Harran
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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9
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Salvador-Reyes LA, Luesch H. Biological targets and mechanisms of action of natural products from marine cyanobacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:478-503. [PMID: 25571978 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria are an ancient group of organisms and prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds are presumably optimized by evolution over billions of years to exert high affinity for their intended biological target in the ecologically relevant organism but likely also possess activity in different biological contexts such as human cells. Screening of marine cyanobacterial extracts for bioactive natural products has largely focused on cancer cell viability; however, diversification of the screening platform led to the characterization of many new bioactive compounds. Targets of compounds have oftentimes been elusive if the compounds were discovered through phenotypic assays. Over the past few years, technology has advanced to determine mechanism of action (MOA) and targets through reverse chemical genetic and proteomic approaches, which has been applied to certain cyanobacterial compounds and will be discussed in this review. Some cyanobacterial molecules are the most-potent-in-class inhibitors and therefore may become valuable tools for chemical biology to probe protein function but also be templates for novel drugs, assuming in vitro potency translates into cellular and in vivo activity. Our review will focus on compounds for which the direct targets have been deciphered or which were found to target a novel pathway, and link them to disease states where target modulation may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth A Salvador-Reyes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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10
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Stabilizing versus destabilizing the microtubules: a double-edge sword for an effective cancer treatment option? Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:690916. [PMID: 26484003 PMCID: PMC4592889 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic and structural cellular components involved in several cell functions, including cell shape, motility, and intracellular trafficking. In proliferating cells, they are essential components in the division process through the formation of the mitotic spindle. As a result of these functions, tubulin and microtubules are targets for anticancer agents. Microtubule-targeting agents can be divided into two groups: microtubule-stabilizing, and microtubule-destabilizing agents. The former bind to the tubulin polymer and stabilize microtubules, while the latter bind to the tubulin dimers and destabilize microtubules. Alteration of tubulin-microtubule equilibrium determines the disruption of the mitotic spindle, halting the cell cycle at the metaphase-anaphase transition and, eventually, resulting in cell death. Clinical application of earlier microtubule inhibitors, however, unfortunately showed several limits, such as neurological and bone marrow toxicity and the emergence of drug-resistant tumor cells. Here we review several natural and synthetic microtubule-targeting agents, which showed antitumor activity and increased efficacy in comparison to traditional drugs in various preclinical and clinical studies. Cryptophycins, combretastatins, ombrabulin, soblidotin, D-24851, epothilones and discodermolide were used in clinical trials. Some of them showed antiangiogenic and antivascular activity and others showed the ability to overcome multidrug resistance, supporting their possible use in chemotherapy.
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11
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Chen JW, Wu QH, Rowley DC, Al-Kareef AMQ, Wang H. Anticancer agent-based marine natural products and related compounds. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2015; 17:199-216. [PMID: 25559315 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.996140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine natural products constitute a huge reservoir of anticancer agents. Consequently during the past decades, several marine anticancer compounds have been isolated, identified, and approved for anticancer treatment or are under trials. In this article the sources, structure, bioactivities, mode of actions, and analogs of some promising marine and derived anticancer compounds have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Chen
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , P.R. China
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12
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Prota AE, Danel F, Bachmann F, Bargsten K, Buey RM, Pohlmann J, Reinelt S, Lane H, Steinmetz MO. The Novel Microtubule-Destabilizing Drug BAL27862 Binds to the Colchicine Site of Tubulin with Distinct Effects on Microtubule Organization. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:1848-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Venghateri JB, Gupta TK, Verma PJ, Kunwar A, Panda D. Ansamitocin P3 depolymerizes microtubules and induces apoptosis by binding to tubulin at the vinblastine site. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75182. [PMID: 24124473 PMCID: PMC3790769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maytansinoid conjugates are currently under different phases of clinical trials and have been showing promising activity for various types of cancers. In this study, we have elucidated the mechanism of action of ansamitocin P3, a structural analogue of maytansine for its anticancer activity. Ansamitocin P3 potently inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, HeLa, EMT-6/AR1 and MDA-MB-231 cells in culture with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 20±3, 50±0.5, 140±17, and 150±1.1 pM, respectively. Ansamitocin P3 strongly depolymerized both interphase and mitotic microtubules and perturbed chromosome segregation at its proliferation inhibitory concentration range. Treatment of ansamitocin P3 activated spindle checkpoint surveillance proteins, Mad2 and BubR1 and blocked the cells in mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Subsequently, cells underwent apoptosis via p53 mediated apoptotic pathway. Further, ansamitocin P3 was found to bind to purified tubulin in vitro with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.3±0.7 µM. The binding of ansamitocin P3 induced conformational changes in tubulin. A docking analysis suggested that ansamitocin P3 may bind partially to vinblastine binding site on tubulin in two different positions. The analysis indicated that the binding of ansamitocin P3 to tubulin is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. In addition, weak interactions such as halogen-oxygen interactions may also contribute to the binding of ansamitocin P3 to tubulin. The study provided a significant insight in understanding the antiproliferative mechanism of action of ansamitocin P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubina B. Venghateri
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Tilak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Paul J. Verma
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Nahrwold M, Weiß C, Bogner T, Mertink F, Conradi J, Sammet B, Palmisano R, Royo Gracia S, Preuße T, Sewald N. Conjugates of modified cryptophycins and RGD-peptides enter target cells by endocytosis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1853-64. [PMID: 23387527 DOI: 10.1021/jm301346z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor targeting anticancer drug conjugates that contain a tumor recognition motif (homing device) are of high current relevance. Cryptophycins, naturally occurring cytotoxic cyclo-depsipeptides, have been modified by total synthesis to provide analogues suitable for conjugation to peptide-based homing devices. An array of functionalized β(2)-amino acids was synthesized and incorporated into cryptophycins. All analogues proved to be highly active in the cytotoxicity assay using the human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3-1 and its multidrug-resistant subclone KB-V1. Conformational analysis of cryptophycin-52 and two synthetic analogues was performed by NMR and MD methods to obtain information on the influence of the unit C configuration on the overall conformation. An azide-functionalized cryptophycin was connected by CuAAC to an alkyne-containing fluorescently labeled cyclic RGD-peptide as the homing device for internalization studies. Confocal fluorescence microscopy proved integrin-mediated internalization by endocytosis and final lysosomal localization of the cryptophycin prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nahrwold
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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Weiss C, Sammet B, Sewald N. Recent approaches for the synthesis of modified cryptophycins. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:924-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Bioactive peptides and depsipeptides with anticancer potential: sources from marine animals. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:963-986. [PMID: 22822350 PMCID: PMC3397454 DOI: 10.3390/md10050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active compounds with different modes of action, such as, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antimicrotubule, have been isolated from marine sources, specifically algae and cyanobacteria. Recently research has been focused on peptides from marine animal sources, since they have been found as secondary metabolites from sponges, ascidians, tunicates, and mollusks. The structural characteristics of these peptides include various unusual amino acid residues which may be responsible for their bioactivity. Moreover, protein hydrolysates formed by the enzymatic digestion of aquatic and marine by-products are an important source of bioactive peptides. Purified peptides from these sources have been shown to have antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cell lines such as HeLa, AGS, and DLD-1. These characteristics imply that the use of peptides from marine sources has potential for the prevention and treatment of cancer, and that they might also be useful as molecular models in anticancer drug research. This review focuses on the latest studies and critical research in this field, and evidences the immense potential of marine animals as bioactive peptide sources.
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17
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Zhou Q, Lui VWY, Yeo W. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2011; 7:1149-67. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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18
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Cannady EA, Chien C, Jones TM, Borel AG. In vitro metabolism of the epoxide substructure of cryptophycins by cytosolic glutathione S-transferase: species differences and stereoselectivity. Xenobiotica 2007; 36:659-70. [PMID: 16891247 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600720593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme kinetics of the glutathione (GSH) conjugation of cryptophycin 52 (C52, R-stereoisomer) and cryptophycin 53 (C53, S-stereoisomer) by cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (cGSTs) from human, rat, mouse, dog and monkey liver were studied. Vmax, Km, and CLint values for glutathione conjugation of C52 (R-stereoisomer) were 0.10 +/- 0.01 nmol min-1 mg-1, 3.24 +/- 0.23 microM, and (3.15 +/- 0.09) x 10(-2) ml min-1 mg-1, respectively, in human cytosol. Due to limited solubility relative to the Km, only CLint values were determined in rat ((7.76 +/- 0.10) x 10-2 ml min-1 mg-1) and mouse ((7.61 +/- 0.50) x 10(-2) ml min-1 mg-1) cytosol. Enzyme kinetic parameters could not be determined for C53 (S-stereoisomer). Microsomal GSH conjugation in human, rat, and mouse was attributed to cytosolic contamination. No GSH conjugation was seen in any biological matrix from dog or monkey. There was little GSH conjugation of C53 by cytosol or microsomes from any species. The metabolism of C52 and C53 by epoxide hydrolase was also investigated. No diol product was observed in any biological matrix from any species. Thus, cGSTs are primarily responsible for C52 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Cannady
- Department of Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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19
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Sengupta S, Thomas SA. Drug target interaction of tubulin-binding drugs in cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2007; 6:1433-47. [PMID: 17069528 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.10.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules and their component protein, tubulin, constitute a popular target for the treatment of cancer. Many drugs that are presently used in clinics or in clinical trials and drugs that show promise as anticancer drugs bind to tubulin and microtubules. There are three conventional binding sites on beta-tubulin where many of these drugs bind. The binding properties, conformational changes upon binding, association constants and thermodynamic parameters for the drug-tubulin interaction on these three sites are discussed. The antiproliferative activities of these drugs and the possible correlation with the binding properties are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Sengupta
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Cancer Biology Division, Poojappura, Trivandrum 695014, India.
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20
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Mahboobi S, Sellmer A, Beckers T. Development of Tubulin Inhibitors as Antimitotic Agents for Cancer Therapy. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(06)80038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Li Q, Sham HL. Discovery and development of antimitotic agents that inhibit tubulin polymerisation for the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.11.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Studies on vinca domain binding drugs were done in great details by a number of workers as it is recognized as a potential target for anticancer drug development. Their structures, properties, mode of action, success and failures as potential anticancer drug have been discussed in short details in this review. Among these drugs rhizoxin and maytansine are competitive inhibitors, and bind at the vinblastine binding site of tubulin where as others are non-competitive inhibitors. Besides binding, these drugs also differ in the extent of GTP hydrolysis, GTP exchange and in the stabilization of colchicine binding site. The toxicity level of these drugs towards the host cells and the extent of efflux of drugs by the P-glycoprotein mediated pump are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvroma Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, Calcutta, India
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23
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Al-awar RS, Corbett TH, Ray JE, Polin L, Kennedy JH, Wagner MM, Williams DC. Biological evaluation of cryptophycin 52 fragment A analogues: Effect of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette transporters on antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1061.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cryptophycin 52 (LY355703) is a potent antiproliferative analogue of the marine natural product cryptophycin 1. It has been shown to have a broad range of antitumor activity against human tumor xenografts and murine tumors including tumors resistant to Taxol and Adriamycin. Its mechanism of action involves arresting cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle by binding to microtubules and suppressing their dynamics. This 16-membered depsipeptide can be divided into four major subunits or fragments (A–D). We reported previously on our synthetic efforts around fragment A and discovered that this region of the molecule was amenable to a structure-activity relationship study that resulted in highly active antiproliferative agents when evaluated in the CEM leukemia cell line. The synthetic analogues were designed to help improve the efficacy and aqueous solubility of the parent compound; therefore, many in this series contained ionizable functional groups such as an amino group, a hydroxy group, or a carboxylic acid. Although several of these analogues showed improvements in potency over cryptophycin 52 in drug-sensitive tumor xenograft models, many lost their activity against Adriamycin-resistant tumor lines. It was discovered on additional in vitro evaluation that these analogues became good substrates of the multidrug resistance transporter P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima S. Al-awar
- 1Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana and
| | - Thomas H. Corbett
- 2Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - James E. Ray
- 1Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana and
| | - Lisa Polin
- 2Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Joseph H. Kennedy
- 1Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana and
| | - Margaret M. Wagner
- 1Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana and
| | - Daniel C. Williams
- 1Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana and
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24
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Bai R, Covell DG, Taylor GF, Kepler JA, Copeland TD, Nguyen NY, Pettit GR, Hamel E. Direct photoaffinity labeling by dolastatin 10 of the amino-terminal peptide of beta-tubulin containing cysteine 12. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:30731-40. [PMID: 15123603 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulin with bound [5-3H]dolastatin 10 was exposed to ultraviolet light, and 8-10% of the bound drug cross-linked to the protein, most of it specifically. The primary cross-link was to the peptide spanning amino acid residues 2-31 of beta-tubulin, but the specific amino acid could not be identified. Indirect studies indicated that cross-link formation occurred between cysteine 12 and the thiazole moiety of dolastatin 10. An equipotent analog of dolastatin 10, lacking the thiazole ring, did not form an ultraviolet light-induced cross-link to beta-tubulin. Preillumination of tubulin with ultraviolet light, known to induce cross-link formation between cysteine 12 and exchangeable site nucleotide, inhibited the binding of [5-3H]dolastatin 10 and cross-link formation more potently than it inhibited the binding of colchicine or vinblastine to tubulin. Conversely, binding of dolastatin 10 to tubulin inhibited formation of the cross-link between cysteine 12 and the exchangeable site nucleotide. Dithiothreitol inhibited formation of the beta-tubulin/dolastatin 10 cross-link but not the beta-tubulin/exchangeable site nucleotide cross-link. Modeling studies revealed a highly favored binding site for dolastatin 10 at the + end of beta-tubulin in proximity to the exchangeable site GDP. Computational docking of an energy-minimized dolastatin 10 conformation at this site placed the thiazole ring of dolastatin 10 8-9 A from the sulfur atom of cysteine 12. Dolastatin 15 and cryptophycin 1 could also be docked into positions that overlapped more extensively with the docked dolastatin 10 than with each other. This result was consistent with the observed binding properties of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Jordan
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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26
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Cruz-Monserrate Z, Mullaney JT, Harran PG, Pettit GR, Hamel E. Dolastatin 15 binds in the vinca domain of tubulin as demonstrated by Hummel-Dreyer chromatography. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3822-8. [PMID: 12950266 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimitotic depsipeptide dolastatin 15 was radiolabeled with tritium in its amino-terminal dolavaline residue. Dolastatin 15, although potently cytotoxic, is a relatively weak inhibitor of tubulin assembly and does not inhibit the binding of any other ligand to tubulin. The only methodology found to demonstrate an interaction between the depsipeptide and tubulin was Hummel-Dreyer equilibrium chromatography on Sephadex G-50 superfine. The average apparent Kd value obtained in these studies was about 30 microM, with no difference observed when column size or tubulin concentration was varied. This relatively high dissociation constant is consistent with the apparent weak interaction of dolastatin 15 with tubulin demonstrated indirectly in the assembly assay. We attempted to gain insight into the binding site for dolastatin 15 on tubulin by studying inhibitory effects of other drugs when the gel filtration column was equilibrated with both [3H]dolastatin 15 and a second, nonradiolabeled drug. No inhibition was detected with either the colchicine site agent combretastatin A-4 or with an analog of the antimitotic marine peptide diazonamide A (both the analog and diazonamide A are potent inhibitors of tubulin assembly). Weak inhibition was observed with cemadotin, a structural analog of dolastatin 15, and with the depsipeptide cryptophycin 1. Moderate inhibition occurred with vinblastine and vincristine, and strong inhibition with maytansine, halichondrin B, and the peptides dolastatin 10 and phomopsin A. These observations suggest that the binding site(s) for peptide and depsipeptide antimitotic drugs may consist of a series of overlapping domains rather than a well-defined locus on the surface of beta-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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28
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Abstract
During 2000, marine antitumor pharmacology research aimed at the discovery of novel antitumor agents was published in 85 peer-reviewed articles. The purpose of this article is to present a structured review of the antitumor and cytotoxic properties of 143 marine natural products, many of them novel compounds that belong to diverse structural classes, including polyketides, terpenes, steroids and peptides. The organisms yielding these bioactive compounds comprised a taxonomically diverse group of marine invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Antitumor pharmacological studies were conducted with 19 marine natural products in a number of experimental and clinical models that defined or further characterized their mechanisms of action. Potentially promising in vitro cytotoxicity data generated with murine and human tumor cell lines were reported for 124 novel marine chemicals with as yet undetermined mechanisms of action. Noteworthy is the fact that marine anticancer research clearly remains a multinational effort, involving researchers from Austria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, England, France, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, the Netherlands and the United States. Finally, this 2000 overview of the marine pharmacology literature highlights the fact that the discovery of novel marine antitumor agents continued at the same high level of research activity as during 1998 and 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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29
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Cruz-Monserrate Z, Vervoort HC, Bai R, Newman DJ, Howell SB, Los G, Mullaney JT, Williams MD, Pettit GR, Fenical W, Hamel E. Diazonamide A and a synthetic structural analog: disruptive effects on mitosis and cellular microtubules and analysis of their interactions with tubulin. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:1273-80. [PMID: 12761336 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.6.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine ascidian Diazona angulata was the source organism for the complex cytotoxic peptide diazonamide A. The molecular structure of this peptide was recently revised after synthesis of a biologically active analog of diazonamide A in which a single nitrogen atom was replaced by an oxygen atom. Diazonamide A causes cells to arrest in mitosis, and, after exposure to the drug, treated cells lose both interphase and spindle microtubules. Both diazonamide A and the oxygen analog are potent inhibitors of microtubule assembly, equivalent in activity to dolastatin 10 and therefore far more potent than dolastatin 15. This inhibition of microtubule assembly is accompanied by potent inhibition of tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis, also comparable with the effects observed with dolastatin 10. However, the remaining biochemical properties of diazonamide A and its analog differ markedly from those of dolastatin 10 and closely resemble the properties of dolastatin 15. Neither diazonamide A nor the analog inhibited the binding of [3H]vinblastine, [3H]dolastatin 10, or [8-14C]GTP to tubulin. Nor were they able to stabilize the colchicine binding activity of tubulin. These observations indicate either that diazonamide A and the analog have a unique binding site on tubulin differing from the vinca alkaloid and dolastatin 10 binding sites, or that diazonamide A and the analog bind weakly to unpolymerized tubulin but strongly to microtubule ends. If the latter is correct, diazonamide A and its oxygen analog should have uniquely potent inhibitory effects on the dynamic properties of microtubules.
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30
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Vidya R, Eggen M, Georg GI, Himes RH. Cryptophycin affinity labels: synthesis and biological activity of a benzophenone analogue of cryptophycin-24. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:757-60. [PMID: 12639575 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)01023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of a C16 side chain benzophenone analogue of cryptophycin-24 using a crotylboration reaction and Heck coupling as key steps is described. In an in vitro tubulin assembly assay, the benzophenone analogue of the beta isomer (IC(50)=7.4 microM) is twice as active as cryptophycin-24 (IC(50)=15 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Vidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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31
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Abstract
Tubulin is the target for an ever increasing number of structurally unusual peptides and depsipeptides isolated from a wide range of organisms. Since tubulin is the subunit protein of microtubules, the compounds are usually potently toxic to mammalian cells. Without exception, these (depsi)peptides disrupt cellular microtubules and prevent spindle formation. This causes cells to accumulate at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle through inhibition of mitosis. In biochemical assays, the compounds inhibit microtubule assembly from tubulin and suppress microtubule dynamics at low concentrations. Most of the (depsi)peptides inhibit the binding of Catharanthus alkaloids to tubulin in a noncompetitive manner, GTP hydrolysis by tubulin, and nucleotide turnover at the exchangeable GTP site on beta-tubulin. In general, the (depsi)peptides induce the formation of tubulin oligomers of aberrant morphology. In all cases tubulin rings appear to be formed, but these rings differ in diameter, depending on the (depsi)peptide present during their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702, USA.
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32
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Smith AB, Cho YS, Zawacki LE, Hirschmann R, Pettit GR. First generation design, synthesis, and evaluation of azepine-based cryptophycin analogues. Org Lett 2001; 3:4063-6. [PMID: 11735585 DOI: 10.1021/ol016799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Azepine-based cryptophycin mimics (+)-4 and (+)-5 have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation revealed modest in vitro activity against several human tumor cell lines, thereby supporting the utility of novel scaffolds for the design and synthesis of cryptophycin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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