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Ibrahim M, Fransson T, Chatterjee R, Cheah MH, Hussein R, Lassalle L, Sutherlin KD, Young ID, Fuller FD, Gul S, Kim IS, Simon PS, de Lichtenberg C, Chernev P, Bogacz I, Pham CC, Orville AM, Saichek N, Northen T, Batyuk A, Carbajo S, Alonso-Mori R, Tono K, Owada S, Bhowmick A, Bolotovsky R, Mendez D, Moriarty NW, Holton JM, Dobbek H, Brewster AS, Adams PD, Sauter NK, Bergmann U, Zouni A, Messinger J, Kern J, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Untangling the sequence of events during the S 2 → S 3 transition in photosystem II and implications for the water oxidation mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12624-12635. [PMID: 32434915 PMCID: PMC7293653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000529117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, light-driven oxidation of water to molecular oxygen is carried out by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in photosystem II (PS II). Recently, we reported the room-temperature structures of PS II in the four (semi)stable S-states, S1, S2, S3, and S0, showing that a water molecule is inserted during the S2 → S3 transition, as a new bridging O(H)-ligand between Mn1 and Ca. To understand the sequence of events leading to the formation of this last stable intermediate state before O2 formation, we recorded diffraction and Mn X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) data at several time points during the S2 → S3 transition. At the electron acceptor site, changes due to the two-electron redox chemistry at the quinones, QA and QB, are observed. At the donor site, tyrosine YZ and His190 H-bonded to it move by 50 µs after the second flash, and Glu189 moves away from Ca. This is followed by Mn1 and Mn4 moving apart, and the insertion of OX(H) at the open coordination site of Mn1. This water, possibly a ligand of Ca, could be supplied via a "water wheel"-like arrangement of five waters next to the OEC that is connected by a large channel to the bulk solvent. XES spectra show that Mn oxidation (τ of ∼350 µs) during the S2 → S3 transition mirrors the appearance of OX electron density. This indicates that the oxidation state change and the insertion of water as a bridging atom between Mn1 and Ca are highly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fransson
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, SE 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rana Hussein
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Louise Lassalle
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kyle D Sutherlin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Iris D Young
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Franklin D Fuller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - In-Sik Kim
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Philipp S Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Casper de Lichtenberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, SE 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institutionen för Kemi, Kemiskt Biologiskt Centrum, Umeå Universitet, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petko Chernev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, SE 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Bogacz
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Cindy C Pham
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Allen M Orville
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE Didcot, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Saichek
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Trent Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, 679-5198 Hyogo, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, 679-5148 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, 679-5198 Hyogo, Japan
| | - Asmit Bhowmick
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert Bolotovsky
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Derek Mendez
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nigel W Moriarty
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James M Holton
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Holger Dobbek
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Paul D Adams
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Athina Zouni
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, SE 75120 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Institutionen för Kemi, Kemiskt Biologiskt Centrum, Umeå Universitet, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Vittal K Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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Alaimo AA, Koumousi ES, Cunha-Silva L, McCormick LJ, Teat SJ, Psycharis V, Raptopoulou CP, Mukherjee S, Li C, Gupta SD, Escuer A, Christou G, Stamatatos TC. Structural Diversities in Heterometallic Mn–Ca Cluster Chemistry from the Use of Salicylhydroxamic Acid: {MnIII4Ca2}, {MnII/III6Ca2}, {MnIII/IV8Ca}, and {MnIII8Ca2} Complexes with Relevance to Both High- and Low-Valent States of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:10760-10774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha A. Alaimo
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, L2S 3A1 St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Luís Cunha-Silva
- REQUIMTE-LAQV & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vassilis Psycharis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Catherine P. Raptopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Shreya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Sayak Das Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Albert Escuer
- Departament
de Quimica Inorganica and Institut de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia
(IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Theocharis C. Stamatatos
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, L2S 3A1 St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Vinyard DJ, Brudvig GW. Progress Toward a Molecular Mechanism of Water Oxidation in Photosystem II. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2017; 68:101-116. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052516-044820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Siggel U, Schmitt FJ, Messinger J. Gernot Renger (1937-2013): his life, Max-Volmer Laboratory, and photosynthesis research. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:109-127. [PMID: 27312337 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gernot Renger (October 23, 1937-January 12, 2013), one of the leading biophysicists in the field of photosynthesis research, studied and worked at the Max-Volmer-Institute (MVI) of the Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, for more than 50 years, and thus witnessed the rise and decline of photosynthesis research at this institute, which at its prime was one of the leading centers in this field. We present a tribute to Gernot Renger's work and life in the context of the history of photosynthesis research of that period, with special focus on the MVI. Gernot will be remembered for his thought-provoking questions and his boundless enthusiasm for science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Siggel
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium, TU Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Departmant of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6 (KBC huset), 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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Najafpour MM, Renger G, Hołyńska M, Moghaddam AN, Aro EM, Carpentier R, Nishihara H, Eaton-Rye JJ, Shen JR, Allakhverdiev SI. Manganese Compounds as Water-Oxidizing Catalysts: From the Natural Water-Oxidizing Complex to Nanosized Manganese Oxide Structures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2886-936. [PMID: 26812090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
All cyanobacteria, algae, and plants use a similar water-oxidizing catalyst for water oxidation. This catalyst is housed in Photosystem II, a membrane-protein complex that functions as a light-driven water oxidase in oxygenic photosynthesis. Water oxidation is also an important reaction in artificial photosynthesis because it has the potential to provide cheap electrons from water for hydrogen production or for the reduction of carbon dioxide on an industrial scale. The water-oxidizing complex of Photosystem II is a Mn-Ca cluster that oxidizes water with a low overpotential and high turnover frequency number of up to 25-90 molecules of O2 released per second. In this Review, we discuss the atomic structure of the Mn-Ca cluster of the Photosystem II water-oxidizing complex from the viewpoint that the underlying mechanism can be informative when designing artificial water-oxidizing catalysts. This is followed by consideration of functional Mn-based model complexes for water oxidation and the issue of Mn complexes decomposing to Mn oxide. We then provide a detailed assessment of the chemistry of Mn oxides by considering how their bulk and nanoscale properties contribute to their effectiveness as water-oxidizing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gernot Renger
- Institute of Chemistry, Max-Volmer-Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Hołyńska
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku , 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Carpentier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières , C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University , Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093, China
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Controlled Photobiosynthesis Laboratory, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences , Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.,Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-12, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Alaimo AA, Takahashi D, Cunha-Silva L, Christou G, Stamatatos TC. Emissive {Mn4IIICa} Clusters with Square Pyramidal Topologies: Syntheses and Structural, Spectroscopic, and Physicochemical Characterization. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:2137-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502492x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alysha A. Alaimo
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines L2S 3A1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Luís Cunha-Silva
- REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - George Christou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Pham LV, Messinger J. Electrochemically produced hydrogen peroxide affects Joliot-type oxygen-evolution measurements of photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1411-6. [PMID: 24486444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main technique employed to characterize the efficiency of water-splitting in photosynthetic preparations in terms of miss and double hit parameters and for the determination of Si (i=2,3,0) state lifetimes is the measurement of flash-induced oxygen oscillation pattern on bare platinum (Joliot-type) electrodes. We demonstrate here that this technique is not innocent. Polarization of the electrode against an Ag/AgCl electrode leads to a time-dependent formation of hydrogen peroxide by two-electron reduction of dissolved oxygen continuously supplied by the flow buffer. While the miss and double hit parameters are almost unaffected by H₂O₂, a time dependent reduction of S1 to S₋₁ occurs over a time period of 20 min. The S1 reduction can be largely prevented by adding catalase or by removing O₂ from the flow buffer with N₂. Importantly, we demonstrate that even at the shortest possible polarization times (40s in our set up) the S₂ and S₀ decays are significantly accelerated by the side reaction with H₂O₂. The removal of hydrogen peroxide leads to unperturbed S₂ state data that reveal three instead of the traditionally reported two phases of decay. In addition, even under the best conditions (catalase+N₂; 40s polarization) about 4% of S₋₁ state is observed in well dark-adapted samples, likely indicating limitations of the equal fit approach. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Vo Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Center (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Biology Center (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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What are the oxidation states of manganese required to catalyze photosynthetic water oxidation? Biophys J 2012; 103:313-22. [PMID: 22853909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic O(2) production from water is catalyzed by a cluster of four manganese ions and a tyrosine residue that comprise the redox-active components of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) of photosystem II (PSII) in all known oxygenic phototrophs. Knowledge of the oxidation states is indispensable for understanding the fundamental principles of catalysis by PSII and the catalytic mechanism of the WOC. Previous spectroscopic studies and redox titrations predicted the net oxidation state of the S(0) state to be (Mn(III))(3)Mn(IV). We have refined a previously developed photoassembly procedure that directly determines the number of oxidizing equivalents needed to assemble the Mn(4)Ca core of WOC during photoassembly, starting from free Mn(II) and the Mn-depleted apo-WOC complex. This experiment entails counting the number of light flashes required to produce the first O(2) molecules during photoassembly. Unlike spectroscopic methods, this process does not require reference to synthetic model complexes. We find the number of photoassembly intermediates required to reach the lowest oxidation state of the WOC, S(0), to be three, indicating a net oxidation state three equivalents above four Mn(II), formally (Mn(III))(3)Mn(II), whereas the O(2) releasing state, S(4), corresponds formally to (Mn(IV))(3)Mn(III). The results from this study have major implications for proposed mechanisms of photosynthetic water oxidation.
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Chen G, Han G, Göransson E, Mamedov F, Styring S. Stability of the S3 and S2 State Intermediates in Photosystem II Directly Probed by EPR Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2011; 51:138-48. [PMID: 22112168 DOI: 10.1021/bi200627j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Chen
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Photochemistry
and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guangye Han
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Photochemistry
and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Göransson
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Photochemistry
and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Photochemistry
and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Photochemistry
and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ames W, Pantazis DA, Krewald V, Cox N, Messinger J, Lubitz W, Neese F. Theoretical evaluation of structural models of the S2 state in the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II: protonation states and magnetic interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19743-57. [PMID: 22092013 DOI: 10.1021/ja2041805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protonation states of water ligands and oxo bridges are intimately involved in tuning the electronic structures and oxidation potentials of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) in Photosystem II, steering the mechanistic pathway, which involves at least five redox state intermediates S(n) (n = 0-4) resulting in the oxidation of water to molecular oxygen. Although protons are practically invisible in protein crystallography, their effects on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of metal active sites can be probed using spectroscopy. With the twin purpose of aiding the interpretation of the complex electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic data of the OEC and of improving the view of the cluster at the atomic level, a complete set of protonation configurations for the S(2) state of the OEC were investigated, and their distinctive effects on magnetic properties of the cluster were evaluated. The most recent X-ray structure of Photosystem II at 1.9 Å resolution was used and refined to obtain the optimum structure for the Mn(4)O(5)Ca core within the protein pocket. Employing this model, a set of 26 structures was constructed that tested various protonation scenarios of the water ligands and oxo bridges. Our results suggest that one of the two water molecules that are proposed to coordinate the outer Mn ion (Mn(A)) of the cluster is deprotonated in the S(2) state, as this leads to optimal experimental agreement, reproducing the correct ground state spin multiplicity (S = 1/2), spin expectation values, and EXAFS-derived metal-metal distances. Deprotonation of Ca(2+)-bound water molecules is strongly disfavored in the S(2) state, but dissociation of one of the two water ligands appears to be facile. The computed isotropic hyperfine couplings presented here allow distinctions between models to be made and call into question the assumption that the largest coupling is always attributable to Mn(III). The present results impose limits for the total charge and the proton configuration of the OEC in the S(2) state, with implications for the cascade of events in the Kok cycle and for the water splitting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ames
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Stiftstr. 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Su JH, Cox N, Ames W, Pantazis DA, Rapatskiy L, Lohmiller T, Kulik LV, Dorlet P, Rutherford AW, Neese F, Boussac A, Lubitz W, Messinger J. The electronic structures of the S(2) states of the oxygen-evolving complexes of photosystem II in plants and cyanobacteria in the presence and absence of methanol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:829-40. [PMID: 21406177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of the Mn(4)O(x)Ca cluster in the S(2) state of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) were studied using X- and Q-band EPR and Q-band (55)Mn-ENDOR using photosystem II preparations isolated from the thermophilic cyanobacterium T. elongatus and higher plants (spinach). The data presented here show that there is very little difference between the two species. Specifically it is shown that: (i) only small changes are seen in the fitted isotropic hyperfine values, suggesting that there is no significant difference in the overall spin distribution (electronic coupling scheme) between the two species; (ii) the inferred fine-structure tensor of the only Mn(III) ion in the cluster is of the same magnitude and geometry for both species types, suggesting that the Mn(III) ion has the same coordination sphere in both sample preparations; and (iii) the data from both species are consistent with only one structural model available in the literature, namely the Siegbahn structure [Siegbahn, P. E. M. Accounts Chem. Res.2009, 42, 1871-1880, Pantazis, D. A. et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2009, 11, 6788-6798]. These measurements were made in the presence of methanol because it confers favorable magnetic relaxation properties to the cluster that facilitate pulse-EPR techniques. In the absence of methanol the separation of the ground state and the first excited state of the spin system is smaller. For cyanobacteria this effect is minor but in plant PS II it leads to a break-down of the S(T)=½ spin model of the S(2) state. This suggests that the methanol-OEC interaction is species dependent. It is proposed that the effect of small organic solvents on the electronic structure of the cluster is to change the coupling between the outer Mn (Mn(A)) and the other three Mn ions that form the trimeric part of the cluster (Mn(B), Mn(C), Mn(D)), by perturbing the linking bis-μ-oxo bridge. The flexibility of this bridging unit is discussed with regard to the mechanism of O-O bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hu Su
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Conversion of the g=4.1 EPR signal to the multiline conformation during the S(2) to S(3) transition of the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:487-93. [PMID: 20083085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II undergoes four light-induced oxidation transitions, S(0)-S(1),...,S(3)-(S(4))S(0) during its catalytic cycle. The oxidizing equivalents are stored at a (Mn)(4)Ca cluster, the site of water oxidation. EPR spectroscopy has yielded valuable information on the S states. S(2) shows a notable heterogeneity with two spectral forms; a g=2 (S=1/2) multiline, and a g=4.1 (S=5/2) signal. These oscillate in parallel during the period-four cycle. Cyanobacteria show only the multiline signal, but upon advancement to S(3) they exhibit the same characteristic g=10 (S=3) absorption with plant preparations, implying that this latter signal results from the multiline configuration. The fate of the g=4.1 conformation during advancement to S(3) is accordingly unknown. We searched for light-induced transient changes in the EPR spectra at temperatures below and above the half-inhibition temperature for the S(2) to S(3) transition (ca 230K). We observed that, above about 220K the g=4.1 signal converts to a multiline form prior to advancement to S(3). We cannot exclude that the conversion results from visible-light excitation of the Mn cluster itself. The fact however, that the conversion coincides with the onset of the S(2) to S(3) transition, suggests that it is triggered by the charge-separation process, possibly the oxidation of tyr Z and the accompanying proton relocations. It therefore appears that a configuration of (Mn)(4)Ca with a low-spin ground state advances to S(3).
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Sugiura M, Rappaport F, Hillier W, Dorlet P, Ohno Y, Hayashi H, Boussac A. Evidence that D1-His332 in photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus elongatus interacts with the S3-state and not with the S2-state. Biochemistry 2009; 48:7856-66. [PMID: 19624137 DOI: 10.1021/bi901067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution by Photosystem II (PSII) is catalyzed by a Mn(4)Ca cluster. Thus far, from the crystallographic three-dimensional (3D) structures, seven amino acid residues have been identified as possible ligands of the Mn(4)Ca cluster. Among them, there is only one histidine, His332, which belongs to the D1 polypeptide. The relationships of the D1-His332 amino acid with kinetics and thermodynamic properties of the Mn(4)Ca cluster in the S(2)- and S(3)-states of the catalytic cycle were investigated in purified PSII from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. This was done by examining site-directed D1-His332Gln and D1-His332Ser mutants by a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as time-resolved UV-visible absorption change spectroscopy, cw- and pulse-EPR, thermoluminescence, and measurement of substrate water exchange. Both mutants grew photo-autotrophically and active PSII could be purified. On the basis of the parameters assessed in this work, the D1-His332(Gln, Ser) mutations had no effect in the S(2)-state. Electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy also showed that possible interactions between the nuclear spin of the nitrogen(s) of D1-His332 with the electronic spin S = 1/2 of the Mn(4)Ca cluster in the S(2)-state were not detectable and that the D1-His332Ser mutation did not affect the detected hyperfine couplings. In contrast, the following changes were observed in the S(3)-state of the D1-His332 mutants: (1) The redox potential of the S(3)/S(2) couple was slightly increased by < or = 20 meV, (2) The S(3)-EPR spectrum was slightly modified, (3) The D1-His332Gln mutation resulted in a approximately 3 fold decrease of the slow (tightly bound) exchange rate and a approximately 2 fold increase of the fast exchange rate of the water substrate molecules. All these results suggest that the D1-His332 would be more involved in S(3) than in S(2). This could be one element of the conformational changes put forward in the S(2) to S(3) transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sugiura
- Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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Renger G, Renger T. Photosystem II: The machinery of photosynthetic water splitting. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:53-80. [PMID: 18830685 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on the structural organization and functional pattern of photosynthetic water splitting in the multimeric Photosystem II (PS II) complex, which acts as a light-driven water: plastoquinone-oxidoreductase. The overall process comprises three types of reaction sequences: (1) photon absorption and excited singlet state trapping by charge separation leading to the ion radical pair [Formula: see text] formation, (2) oxidative water splitting into four protons and molecular dioxygen at the water oxidizing complex (WOC) with P680+* as driving force and tyrosine Y(Z) as intermediary redox carrier, and (3) reduction of plastoquinone to plastoquinol at the special Q(B) binding site with Q(A)-* acting as reductant. Based on recent progress in structure analysis and using new theoretical approaches the mechanism of reaction sequence (1) is discussed with special emphasis on the excited energy transfer pathways and the sequence of charge transfer steps: [Formula: see text] where (1)(RC-PC)* denotes the excited singlet state (1)P680* of the reaction centre pigment complex. The structure of the catalytic Mn(4)O(X)Ca cluster of the WOC and the four step reaction sequence leading to oxidative water splitting are described and problems arising for the electronic configuration, in particular for the nature of redox state S(3), are discussed. The unravelling of the mode of O-O bond formation is of key relevance for understanding the mechanism of the process. This problem is not yet solved. A multistate model is proposed for S(3) and the functional role of proton shifts and hydrogen bond network(s) is emphasized. Analogously, the structure of the Q(B) site for PQ reduction to PQH(2) and the energetic and kinetics of the two step redox reaction sequence are described. Furthermore, the relevance of the protein dynamics and the role of water molecules for its flexibility are briefly outlined. We end this review by presenting future perspectives on the water oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Renger
- Max Volmer Laboratory for Biophysical Chemistry, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
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Nöring B, Shevela D, Renger G, Messinger J. Effects of methanol on the Si-state transitions in photosynthetic water-splitting. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:251-260. [PMID: 18819015 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
From a chemical point of view methanol is one of the closest analogues of water. Consistent with this idea EPR spectroscopy studies have shown that methanol binds at-or at least very close to-the Mn(4)O(x)Ca cluster of photosystem II (PSII). In contrast, Clark-type oxygen rate measurements demonstrate that the O(2) evolving activity of PSII is surprisingly unaffected by methanol concentrations of up to 10%. Here we study for the first time in detail the effect of methanol on photosynthetic water-splitting by employing a Joliot-type bare platinum electrode. We demonstrate a linear dependence of the miss parameter for S( i ) state advancement on the methanol concentrations in the range of 0-10% (v/v). This finding is consistent with the idea that methanol binds in PSII with similar affinity as water to one or both substrate binding sites at the Mn(4)O(x)Ca cluster. The possibility is discussed that the two substrate water molecules bind at different stages of the cycle, one during the S(4) --> S(0) and the other during the S(2) --> S(3) transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Nöring
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Shevela D, Su JH, Klimov V, Messinger J. Hydrogencarbonate is not a tightly bound constituent of the water-oxidizing complex in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:532-9. [PMID: 18439416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the end of the 1950s hydrogencarbonate ('bicarbonate') is discussed as a possible cofactor of photosynthetic water-splitting, and in a recent X-ray crystallography model of photosystem II (PSII) it was displayed as a ligand of the Mn(4)O(x)Ca cluster. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and isotope labelling we confirm the release of less than one (~0.3) HCO(3)(-) per PSII upon addition of formate. The same amount of HCO(3)(-) release is observed upon formate addition to Mn-depleted PSII samples. This suggests that formate does not replace HCO(3)(-) from the donor side, but only from the non-heme iron at the acceptor side of PSII. The absence of a firmly bound HCO(3)(-) is corroborated by showing that a reductive destruction of the Mn(4)O(x)Ca cluster inside the MIMS cell by NH(2)OH addition does not lead to any CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) release. We note that even after an essentially complete HCO(3)(-)/CO(2) removal from the sample medium by extensive degassing in the MIMS cell the PSII samples retain > or =75% of their initial flash-induced O(2)-evolving capacity. We therefore conclude that HCO(3)(-) has only 'indirect' effects on water-splitting in PSII, possibly by being part of a proton relay network and/or by participating in assembly and stabilization of the water-oxidizing complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, D 45470 Mülheim an der an Ruhr, Germany
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18
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Shevela D, Klimov V, Messinger J. Interactions of photosystem II with bicarbonate, formate and acetate. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:247-64. [PMID: 17653834 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we probe the effects of bicarbonate (hydrogencarbonate), BC, removal from photosystem II in spinach thylakoids by measuring flash-induced oxygen evolution patterns (FIOPs) with a Joliot-type electrode. For this we compared three commonly employed methods: (1) washing in BC-free medium, (2) formate addition, and (3) acetate addition. Washing of the samples with buffers depleted of BC and CO2 by bubbling with argon (Method 1) under our conditions leads to an increase in the double hit parameter of the first flash (beta 1), while the miss parameter and the overall activity remain unchanged. In contrast, addition of 40-50 mM formate or acetate results in a significant increase in the miss parameter and to an approximately 50% (formate) and approximately 10% (acetate) inhibition of the overall oxygen evolution activity, but not to an increased beta 1 parameter. All described effects could be reversed by washing with formate/acetate free buffer and/or addition of 2-10 mM bicarbonate. The redox potential of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) in samples treated by Method 1 is compared to samples containing 2 mM bicarbonate in two ways: (1) The lifetimes of the S0, S2, and S3 states were measured, and no differences were found between the two sample types. (2) The S1, S0, S(-1), and S(-2) states were probed by incubation with small concentrations of NH2OH. These experiments displayed a subtle, yet highly reproducible difference in the apparent Si/S(-i) state distribution which is shown to arise from the interaction of BC with PSII in the already reduced states of the WOC. These data are discussed in detail by also taking into account the CO2 concentrations present in the buffers after argon bubbling and during the measurements. These values were measured by membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- My Hang V Huynh
- DE-1: High Explosive Science and Technology Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Renger G. Oxidative photosynthetic water splitting: energetics, kinetics and mechanism. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:407-25. [PMID: 17647091 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This minireview is an attempt to summarize our current knowledge on oxidative water splitting in photosynthesis. Based on the extended Kok model (Kok, Forbush, McGloin (1970) Photochem Photobiol 11:457-476) as a framework, the energetics and kinetics of two different types of reactions comprising the overall process are discussed: (i) P680+* reduction by the redox active tyrosine YZ of polypeptide D1 and (ii) Yz (ox) induced oxidation of the four step sequence in the water oxidizing complex (WOC) leading to the formation of molecular oxygen. The mode of coupling between electron transport (ET) and proton transfer (PT) is of key mechanistic relevance for the redox turnover of YZ and the reactions within the WOC. The peculiar energetics of the oxidation steps in the WOC assure that redox state S1 is thermodynamically most stable. This is a general feature in all oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms and assumed to be of physiological relevance. The reaction coordinate of oxidative water splitting is discussed on the basis of the available information about the Gibbs energy differences between the individual redox states Si+1 and Si and the data reported for the activation energies of the individual oxidation steps in the WOC. Finally, an attempt is made to cast our current state of knowledge into a mechanism of oxidative water splitting with special emphasis on the formation of the essential O-O bond and on the active role of the protein in tuning the local proton activity that depends on time and redox state Si. The O-O linkage is assumed to take place at the level of a complexed peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Renger
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McEvoy
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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Renger G, Kühn P. Reaction pattern and mechanism of light induced oxidative water splitting in photosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1767:458-71. [PMID: 17428439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini review is an attempt to briefly summarize our current knowledge on light driven oxidative water splitting in photosynthesis. The reaction leading to molecular oxygen and four protons via photosynthesis comprises thermodynamic and kinetic constraints that require a balanced fine tuning of the reaction coordinates. The mode of coupling between electron (ET) and proton transfer (PT) reactions is shown to be of key mechanistic relevance for the redox turnover of Y(Z) and the reactions within the WOC. The WOC is characterized by peculiar energetics of its oxidation steps in the WOC. In all oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms the redox state S(1) is thermodynamically most stable and therefore this general feature is assumed to be of physiological relevance. Available information on the Gibbs energy differences between the individual redox states S(i+1) and S(i) and on the activation energies of their oxidative transitions are used to construct a general reaction coordinate of oxidative water splitting in photosystem II (PS II). Finally, an attempt is presented to cast our current state of knowledge into a mechanism of oxidative water splitting with special emphasis on the formation of the essential O-O bond and the active role of the protein environment in tuning the local proton activity that depends on time and redox state S(i). The O-O linkage is assumed to take place within a multistate equilibrium at the redox level of S(3), comprising both redox isomerism and proton tautomerism. It is proposed that one state, S(3)(P), attains an electronic configuration and nuclear geometry that corresponds with a hydrogen bonded peroxide which acts as the entatic state for the generation of complexed molecular oxygen through S(3)(P) oxidation by Y(Z)(ox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Renger
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Strasse des 17.Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Gauthier A, Govindachary S, Harnois J, Carpentier R. Interaction of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine with photosystem II as revealed by thermoluminescence: reduction of the higher oxidation states of the Mn cluster and displacement of plastoquinone from the Q(B) niche. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1757:1547-56. [PMID: 17064657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The flash-induced thermoluminescence (TL) technique was used to investigate the action of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) on charge recombination in photosystem II (PSII). Addition of low concentrations (muM range) of TMPD to thylakoid samples strongly decreased the yield of TL emanating from S(2)Q(B)(-) and S(3)Q(B)(-) (B-band), S(2)Q(A)(-) (Q-band), and Y(D)(+)Q(A)(-) (C-band) charge pairs. Further, the temperature-dependent decline in the amplitude of chlorophyll fluorescence after a flash of white light was strongly retarded by TMPD when measured in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). Though the period-four oscillation of the B-band emission was conserved in samples treated with TMPD, the flash-dependent yields (Y(n)) were strongly declined. This coincided with an upshift in the maximum yield of the B-band in the period-four oscillation to the next flash. The above characteristics were similar to the action of the ADRY agent, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Simulation of the B-band oscillation pattern using the integrated Joliot-Kok model of the S-state transitions and binary oscillations of Q(B) confirmed that TMPD decreased the initial population of PSII centers with an oxidized plastoquinone molecule in the Q(B) niche. It was deduced that the action of TMPD was similar to CCCP, TMPD being able to compete with plastoquinone for binding at the Q(B)-site and to reduce the higher S-states of the Mn cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Gauthier
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale (GRBV), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P.500 Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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Shevela DN, Khorobrykh AA, Klimov VV. Effect of bicarbonate on the water-oxidizing complex of photosystem II in the super-reduced S-states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:253-61. [PMID: 16797261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that the hydrazine-induced transition of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) to super-reduced S-states depends on the presence of bicarbonate in the medium so that after a 20 min treatment of isolated spinach thylakoids with 3 mM NH(2)NH(2) at 20 degrees C in the CO(2)/HCO(3)(-)-depleted buffer the S-state populations are: 42% of S(-3), 42% of S(-2), 16% of S(-1) and even formal S(-4) state is reached, while in the presence of 2 mM NaHCO(3), the same treatment produces 30% of S(-3), 38% of S(-2), and 32% of S(-1) and there is no indication of the S(-4) state. Bicarbonate requirement for the oxygen-evolving activity, very low in untreated thylakoids, considerably increases upon the transition of the WOC to the super-reduced S-states, and the requirement becomes low again when the WOC returns back to the normal S-states using pre-illumination. The results are discussed as a possible indication of ligation of bicarbonate to manganese ions within the WOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy N Shevela
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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Razeghifard MR, Kuzek D, Pace RJ. EPR kinetic studies of the S−1 state in spinach thylakoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:35-41. [PMID: 15882837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 03/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Y(Z)* decay kinetics in a formal S(-1) state, regarded as a reduced state of the oxygen evolving complex, was determined using time-resolved EPR spectroscopy. This S(-1) state was generated by biochemical treatment of thylakoid membranes with hydrazine. The steady-state oxygen evolution of the sample was used to optimize the biochemical procedure for performing EPR experiments. A high yield of the S(-1) state was generated as judged by the two-flash delay in the first maximum of oxygen evolution in Joliot flash-type experiments. We have shown that the Y(Z)* re-reduction rate by the S(-1) state is much slower than that of any other S-state transition in hydrazine-treated samples. This slow reduction rate in the S(-1) to S(0) transition, which is in the order of the S(3) to S(0) transition rate, suggests that this transition is accompanied by some structural rearrangements. Possible explanations of this unique, slow reduction rate in the S(-1) to S(0) transition are considered, in light of earlier observations by others on hydrazine/hydroxylamine reduced PS II samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Razeghifard
- Photobioenergetics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia.
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26
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Mukhopadhyay S, Mandal SK, Bhaduri S, Armstrong WH. Manganese clusters with relevance to photosystem II. Chem Rev 2005; 104:3981-4026. [PMID: 15352784 DOI: 10.1021/cr0206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Eugene F Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, USA
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Shinkarev VP. Flash-induced oxygen evolution in photosynthesis: simple solution for the extended S-state model that includes misses, double-hits, inactivation, and backward-transitions. Biophys J 2005; 88:412-21. [PMID: 15475587 PMCID: PMC1305018 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.050898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flash-induced oxygen evolution in higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria exhibits damped period-four oscillations. To explain such oscillations, Kok suggested a simple phenomenological S-state model, in which damping is due to empirical misses and double-hits. Here we developed an analytical solution for the extended Kok model that includes misses, double-hits, inactivation, and backward-transitions. The solution of the classic Kok model (with misses and double-hits only) can be obtained as a particular case of this solution. Simple equations describing the flash-number dependence of individual S-states and oxygen evolution in both cases are almost identical and, therefore, the classic Kok model does not have a significant advantage in its simplicity over the extended version considered in this article. Developed equations significantly simplify the fitting of experimental data via standard nonlinear regression analysis and make unnecessary the use of many previously developed methods for finding parameters of the model. The extended Kok model considered here can provide additional insight into the effect of dark relaxation between flashes and inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir P Shinkarev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Barber J, Ferreira K, Maghlaoui K, Iwata S. Structural model of the oxygen-evolving centre of photosystem II with mechanistic implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b407981g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Feyziyev Y, Rotterdam BJ, Bernát G, Styring S. Electron transfer from cytochrome b559 and tyrosineD to the S2 and S3 states of the water oxidizing complex in photosystem II. Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(03)00322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Higuchi M, Noguchi T, Sonoike K. Over-reduced states of the Mn-cluster in cucumber leaves induced by dark-chilling treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1604:151-8. [PMID: 12837547 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(03)00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution is inhibited when leaves of chilling-sensitive plants like cucumber are treated at 0 degrees C in the dark. The activity is restored by moderate illumination at room temperature. We examined the changes in the redox state of the Mn-cluster in cucumber leaves in the processes of dark-chilling inhibition and subsequent light-induced reactivation by means of thermoluminescence (TL). A TL B-band arising from S(2)Q(B)(-) charge recombination in PSII was observed upon single-flash illumination of untreated leaves, whereas four flashes were required to yield the B-band after dark-chilling treatment for 24 h. This three-step delay indicates that over-reduced states of the Mn-cluster such as the S(-2) state were formed during the treatment. Fitting analysis of the flash-number dependence of the TL intensities showed that the Mn-cluster was more reduced with a longer period of the treatment and that S(-3) was the lowest S-state detectable in the dark-chilled leaves. Measurements of the Mn content by atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that Mn atoms were gradually released from PSII during the dark-chilling treatment but re-bound to PSII by illumination at 30 degrees C. Thus, dark-chilling inhibition of oxygen evolution can be ascribed to the disintegration of the Mn-cluster due to its over-reduction. The observation of the S(-3) state in the present in vivo system strongly suggests that S(-3), which has been observed only by addition of exogenous reductants into in vitro preparations, is indeed a redox intermediate of the Mn-cluster in the processes of its disintegration and photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Higuchi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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31
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Goussias C, Boussac A, Rutherford AW. Photosystem II and photosynthetic oxidation of water: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002; 357:1369-81; discussion 1419-20. [PMID: 12437876 PMCID: PMC1693055 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conceptually, photosystem II, the oxygen-evolving enzyme, can be divided into two parts: the photochemical part and the catalytic part. The photochemical part contains the ultra-fast and ultra-efficient light-induced charge separation and stabilization steps that occur when light is absorbed by chlorophyll. The catalytic part, where water is oxidized, involves a cluster of Mn ions close to a redox-active tyrosine residue. Our current understanding of the catalytic mechanism is mainly based on spectroscopic studies. Here, we present an overview of the current state of knowledge of photosystem II, attempting to delineate the open questions and the directions of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Goussias
- Service de Bioénergétique, URA CNRS 2096, Bat 532, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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32
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Messinger J, Robblee JH, Bergmann U, Fernandez C, Glatzel P, Visser H, Cinco RM, McFarlane KL, Bellacchio E, Pizarro SA, Cramer SP, Sauer K, Klein MP, Yachandra VK. Absence of Mn-centered oxidation in the S(2) --> S(3) transition: implications for the mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2001. [PMID: 11493054 DOI: 10.1021/ja004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key question for the understanding of photosynthetic water oxidation is whether the four oxidizing equivalents necessary to oxidize water to dioxygen are accumulated on the four Mn ions of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), or whether some ligand-centered oxidations take place before the formation and release of dioxygen during the S(3) --> [S(4)] --> S(0) transition. Progress in instrumentation and flash sample preparation allowed us to apply Mn Kbeta X-ray emission spectroscopy (Kbeta XES) to this problem for the first time. The Kbeta XES results, in combination with Mn X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data obtained from the same set of samples, show that the S(2) --> S(3) transition, in contrast to the S(0) --> S(1) and S(1) --> S(2) transitions, does not involve a Mn-centered oxidation. On the basis of new structural data from the S(3)-state, manganese mu-oxo bridge radical formation is proposed for the S(2) --> S(3) transition, and three possible mechanisms for the O-O bond formation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Messinger
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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33
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Messinger J, Robblee JH, Bergmann U, Fernandez C, Glatzel P, Visser H, Cinco RM, McFarlane KL, Bellacchio E, Pizarro SA, Cramer SP, Sauer K, Klein MP, Yachandra VK. Absence of Mn-centered oxidation in the S(2) --> S(3) transition: implications for the mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7804-20. [PMID: 11493054 PMCID: PMC3965774 DOI: 10.1021/ja004307+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key question for the understanding of photosynthetic water oxidation is whether the four oxidizing equivalents necessary to oxidize water to dioxygen are accumulated on the four Mn ions of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), or whether some ligand-centered oxidations take place before the formation and release of dioxygen during the S(3) --> [S(4)] --> S(0) transition. Progress in instrumentation and flash sample preparation allowed us to apply Mn Kbeta X-ray emission spectroscopy (Kbeta XES) to this problem for the first time. The Kbeta XES results, in combination with Mn X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data obtained from the same set of samples, show that the S(2) --> S(3) transition, in contrast to the S(0) --> S(1) and S(1) --> S(2) transitions, does not involve a Mn-centered oxidation. On the basis of new structural data from the S(3)-state, manganese mu-oxo bridge radical formation is proposed for the S(2) --> S(3) transition, and three possible mechanisms for the O-O bond formation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Messinger
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - John H. Robblee
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carmen Fernandez
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hendrik Visser
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Roehl M. Cinco
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Karen L. McFarlane
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Shelly A. Pizarro
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Stephen P. Cramer
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Applied Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kenneth Sauer
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Melvin P. Klein
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Melvin Calvin Laboratory, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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34
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Renger G. Photosynthetic water oxidation to molecular oxygen: apparatus and mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1503:210-28. [PMID: 11115635 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Renger
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Dau H, Iuzzolino L, Dittmer J. The tetra-manganese complex of photosystem II during its redox cycle - X-ray absorption results and mechanistic implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1503:24-39. [PMID: 11115622 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), relevant information on structure and oxidation state of the water-oxidizing Mn complex of photosystem II has been obtained for all four semi-stable intermediate states of its catalytic cycle. We summarize our recent XAS results and discuss their mechanistic implications. The following aspects are covered: (a) information content of X-ray spectra (pre-edge feature, edge position, extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS), dichroism in the EXAFS of partially oriented samples); (b) S(1)-state structure; (c) X-ray edge results on oxidation state changes; (d) EXAFS results on structural changes during the S-state cycle; (e) a structural model for the Mn complex in its S(3)-state; (f) XAS-based working model for the S(2)-S(3) transition; (g) XAS-based working model for the S(0)-S(1) transition; (h) potential role of hydrogen atom abstraction by the Mn complex. Finally, we present a specific hypothesis on the mechanism of dioxygen formation during the S(3)-(S(4))-S(0) transition. According to this hypothesis, water oxidation is facilitated by manganese reduction that is coupled to proton transfer from a substrate water to bridging oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dau
- Phillips-Universität Marburg, FB Biologie, Lahnberge, D-35032, Marburg, Germany.
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36
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Vrettos JS, Limburg J, Brudvig GW. Mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation: combining biophysical studies of photosystem II with inorganic model chemistry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1503:229-45. [PMID: 11115636 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism for photosynthetic water oxidation is proposed based on a structural model of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and its placement into the modeled structure of the D1/D2 core of photosystem II. The structural model of the OEC satisfies many of the geometrical constraints imposed by spectroscopic and biophysical results. The model includes the tetranuclear manganese cluster, calcium, chloride, tyrosine Z, H190, D170, H332 and H337 of the D1 polypeptide and is patterned after the reversible O2-binding diferric site in oxyhemerythrin. The mechanism for water oxidation readily follows from the structural model. Concerted proton-coupled electron transfer in the S2-->S3 and S3-->S4 transitions forms a terminal Mn(V)=O moiety. Nucleophilic attack on this electron-deficient Mn(V)=O by a calcium-bound water molecule results in a Mn(III)-OOH species, similar to the ferric hydroperoxide in oxyhemerythrin. Dioxygen is released in a manner analogous to that in oxyhemerythrin, concomitant with reduction of manganese and protonation of a mu-oxo bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Vrettos
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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37
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Messinger J. Towards understanding the chemistry of photosynthetic oxygen evolution: dynamic structural changes, redox states and substrate water binding of the Mn cluster in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1459:481-8. [PMID: 11004466 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes my postdoctoral research in the labs of T. Wydrzynski/C.B. Osmond, J.H.A. Nugent/M.C.W. Evans and V.K. Yachandra/K. Sauer/M.P. Klein. The results are reported in the context of selected data from the literature. Special emphasis is given to the mode of substrate water binding, Mn oxidation states and the structures of the Mn cluster in the four (meta)stable redox states of the oxygen evolving complex. The paper concludes with a working model for the mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation that combines mu-oxo bridge oxidation in the S(3) state (V.K. Yachandra, K. Sauer, M.P. Klein, Chem. Rev. 96 (1996) 2927-2950) with O-O bond formation between two terminal Mn-hydroxo ligands during the S(3)-->(S(4))-->S(0) transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Messinger
- Max-Volmer-Institut der TU-Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Liang W, Roelofs TA, Cinco RM, Rompel A, Latimer MJ, Yu WO, Sauer K, Klein MP, Yachandra VK. Structural Change of the Mn Cluster during the S 2→S 3 State Transition of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. Does It Reflect the Onset of Water/Substrate Oxidation? Determination by Mn X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2000; 122:3399-3412. [PMID: 25152534 PMCID: PMC4138610 DOI: 10.1021/ja992501u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II in plants and cyanobacteria catalyzes the oxidation of two water molecules to one molecule of dioxygen. A tetranuclear Mn complex is believed to cycle through five intermediate states (S0-S4) to couple the four-electron oxidation of water with the one-electron photochemistry occurring at the Photosystem II reaction center. We have used X-ray absorption spectroscopy to study the local structure of the Mn complex and have proposed a model for it, based on studies of the Mn K-edges and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure of the S1 and S2 states. The proposed model consists of two di-μ-oxo-bridged binuclear Mn units with Mn-Mn distances of ~2.7 Å that are linked to each other by a mono-μ-oxo bridge with a Mn-Mn separation of ~3.3 Å. The Mn-Mn distances are invariant in the native S1 and S2 states. This report describes the application of X-ray absorption spectroscopy to S3 samples created under physiological conditions with saturating flash illumination. Significant changes are observed in the Mn-Mn distances in the S3 state compared to the S1 and the S2 states. The two 2.7 Å Mn-Mn distances that characterize the di-μ-oxo centers in the S1 and S2 states are lengthened to ~2.8 and 3.0 Å in the S3 state, respectively. The 3.3 Å Mn-Mn and Mn-Ca distances also increase by 0.04-0.2 Å. These changes in Mn-Mn distances are interpreted as consequences of the onset of substrate/water oxidation in the S3 state. Mn-centered oxidation is evident during the S0→S1 and S1→S2 transitions. We propose that the changes in Mn-Mn distances during the S2→S3 transition are the result of ligand or water oxidation, leading to the formation of an oxyl radical intermediate formed at a bridging or terminal position. The reaction of the oxyl radical with OH-, H2O, or an oxo group during the subsequent S state conversion is proposed to lead to the formation of the O-O bond. Models that can account for changes in the Mn-Mn distances in the S3 state and the implications for the mechanism of water oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Liang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: (510) 486 4331. Fax: (510) 486 6059. or or
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth Sauer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: (510) 486 4331. Fax: (510) 486 6059. or or
| | - Melvin P. Klein
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: (510) 486 4331. Fax: (510) 486 6059. or or
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel.: (510) 486 4331. Fax: (510) 486 6059. or or
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39
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Zhang C, Pan J, Li L, Kuang T. New structure model of oxygen-evolving center and mechanism for oxygen evolution in photosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02885923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Messinger J, Nugent JH, Evans MC. Detection of an EPR multiline signal for the S0* state in photosystem II. Biochemistry 1997; 36:11055-60. [PMID: 9333322 DOI: 10.1021/bi9711285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The S0* state was generated by incubation of dark-adapted (S1 state) photosystem II membranes either with the exogenous two electron reductant hydrazine and subsequent 273 K illumination in the presence of DCMU or by dark incubation with low amounts of the one electron reductant hydroxylamine. In agreement with earlier reports, the S1 and S-1 states were found to be electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) silent. However, in the presence of 0.5-1.5% methanol, a weak EPR multiline signal centered around g = 2.0 was observed at 7 K for the S0* states generated by both procedures. This signal has a similar average line splitting to the well-characterized S2 state multiline EPR signal, but can be clearly distinguished from that and other modified S2 multiline signals by differences in line position and intensities. In addition, at 4 K it can be seen that the S0* multiline has a greater spectral breadth than the S2 multilines and is composed of up to 26 peaks. The S0* signal is not seen in the absence of methanol and is not affected by 1 mM EDTA in the buffer medium. We assign the S0* multiline signal to the manganese cluster of the oxygen evolving complex in a mixed valence state of the form MnIIMnIIIMnIIIMnIII,MnIIMnIIIMnIVMnIV, or MnIIIMnIIIMnIIIMnIV. Addition of methanol may be helpful in future to find an EPR signal originating form the natural S0 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Messinger
- Department of Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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41
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Riggs-Gelasco PJ, Mei R, Yocum CF, Penner-Hahn JE. Reduced Derivatives of the Mn Cluster in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: An EXAFS Study. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9504496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Riggs-Gelasco
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Rui Mei
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Charles F. Yocum
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - James E. Penner-Hahn
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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42
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Meunier PC, Burnap RL, Sherman LA. Improved 5-step modeling of the Photosystem II S-state mechanism in cyanobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1996; 47:61-76. [PMID: 24301708 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/1995] [Accepted: 11/01/1995] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a model of the S-state mechanism, as well as an improved eigenvalue analysis, that integrate into a coherent ensemble several features found since the S-state model was initially developed. These features include the presence of S-1, deactivations in the dark interval between flashes, and the change in the number of active PS II centers by photoinhibition or photoactivation. A new feature is the capacity to predict the steady-state distribution of S-states under conditions of steady photoinhibition or photoactivation. The improved eigenvalue analysis allowed the calculation of the initial S-state distribution. In addition, the model resolved 'true' photochemical misses from apparent misses due to deactivations in the dark interval between flashes. The model suggested that most of the misses that are commonly reported are due to deactivations, and not to an intrinsic inefficiency of the photochemical mechanism of PS II. Because models that allow double-hits encompassing the S2 to S3 transition often predict negative initial quantities of S2 in cyanobacteria, our proposed model specifically prohibited them. The model accounts for inhomogeneous misses and a steady-state distribution of the type (S2)≈(S1)>(S3)≈(S0). This 5-step model uses only 4 probabilities, and is therefore easy to handle. The use of this model is critical for the analysis of several cyanobacterial strains, as well as for any species that show non-negligible deactivations in the dark interval between flashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Meunier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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43
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Gleiter HM, Haag E, Shen JR, Eaton-Rye JJ, Seeliger AG, Inoue Y, Vermaas WF, Renger G. Involvement of the CP47 protein in stabilization and photoactivation of a functional water-oxidizing complex in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochemistry 1995; 34:6847-56. [PMID: 7756315 DOI: 10.1021/bi00020a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oscillation patterns of the oxygen yield per flash induced by a train of single-turnover flashes were measured as a function of dark incubation and different pre-illumination conditions in several autotrophic mutant strains of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 carrying short deletions within the large, lumen-exposed hydrophilic region (loop E) of the chlorophyll a-binding photosystem II protein CP47. A physiological and biochemical characterization of these mutant strains has been presented previously [Eaton-Rye, J. J., & Vermaas, W. F. J. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 1165-1177; Haag, E., Eaton-Rye, J. J., Renger, G., & Vermaas, W. F. J. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 4444-4454], and some functional properties were described recently [Gleiter, H. M., Haag, E., Shen, J.-R., Eaton-Rye, J. J., Inoue, Y., Vermaas, W. F. J., & Renger, G. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 12063-12071]. The present study shows that in several mutants the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) became inactivated during prolonged dark incubation, whereas the WOC of the wild-type strain remained active. The rate and extent of the inactivation in the mutants depend on the domain of loop E, where 3-8 amino acid residues were deleted. The most pronounced effects are observed in mutants delta(A373-D380) and delta(R384-V392). A competent WOC can be restored from the fully inactivated state by illumination with short saturating flashes. The number of flashes required for this process strongly depends on the site at which a deletion has been introduced into loop E. Again, the most prominent effects were found in mutants delta(A373-D380) and delta(R384-V392). Interestingly, the number of flashes required for activation was reduced by more than an order of magnitude in both mutants by the addition of 10 mM CaCl2 to the cell suspension. On the basis of a model for photoactivation proposed by Tamura and Cheniae (1987) [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 890, 179-194], a scheme is presented for the processes of dark inactivation and photoactivation in these mutants. The results presented here corroborate an important role of the large hydrophilic domain (loop E) of CP47 in a functional and stable WOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Gleiter
- Max-Volmer-Institute for Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Germany
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44
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MacDonald GM, Steenhuis JJ, Barry BA. A difference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of chlorophyll oxidation in hydroxylamine-treated photosystem II. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:8420-8. [PMID: 7721736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.15.8420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, photosystem II is the chlorophyll-containing reaction center that carries out the light-induced transfer of electrons from water to plastoquinone. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be used to obtain information about the structural changes that accompany electron transfer in photosystem II. The vibrational difference spectrum associated with the reduction of photosystem II acceptor quinones is of interest. Previously, a high concentration of the photosystem II donor, hydroxylamine, has been used to obtain a spectrum attributed to QA- -QA (Berthomieu, C., Nabedryk, E., Mantele, W. and Breton, J. FEBS Lett. (1990) 269, 363). Here, we use electron paramagnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 15N isotopic labeling to show that the difference infrared spectrum, obtained under these conditions, also exhibits a contribution from the oxidation of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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45
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MacLachlan DJ, Nugent JH, Warden JT, Evans MC. Investigation of the ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate inhibition of oxygen evolution by Photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1188:325-34. [PMID: 7803449 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Using EPR and EXAFS spectroscopies we show that high concentrations of ammonium cations at alkaline pH are required for (1) inhibition of oxygen evolution: (2) an alteration of the EPR properties of the oxygen evolving complex: (3) the ability to detect YZ; and (4) the slow reduction of the Mn complex leading to the appearance of EPR detectable Mn2+. The inhibition of S state cycling, slowing of YZ reduction, appearance of Mn2+ and the yield of a Hpp < 10 mT S3 type EPR signal are decreased by calcium addition. This indicates that these effects were probably associated with calcium depletion arising from the high concentration of ammonium cation. The ammonia-induced changes to the S2 multiline EPR signal are not affected by calcium addition. The appearance of Mn2+ is shown to be reversible on illumination, suggesting that the Mn reduced from the native state is located at or near the native site. Simulations of the interaction which give rise to the S3 EPR signal are also presented and discussed. These indicate that lineshape differences occur through small changes in the exchange component of the interaction between the manganese complex and organic radical, probably through minor structural changes between the variously treated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J MacLachlan
- Department of Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, UK
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46
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Engels DH, Lott A, Schmid GH, Pistorius EK. Inactivation of the water-oxidizing enzyme in manganese stabilizing protein-free mutant cells of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus PCC7942 and Synechocystic PCC6803 during dark incubation and conditions leading to photoactivation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 42:227-244. [PMID: 24306564 DOI: 10.1007/bf00018265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/1994] [Accepted: 10/21/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The previously constructed MSP (manganese stabilizing protein-psbO gene product)-free mutant of Synechococcus PCC7942 (Bockholt R, Masepohl B and Pistorius E K (1991) FEBS Lett 294: 59-63) and a newly constructed MSP-free mutant of Synechocystis PCC6803 were investigated with respect to the inactivation of the water-oxidizing enzyme during dark incubation. O2 evolution in the MSP-free mutant cells, when measured with a sequence of short saturating light flashes, was practically zero after an extended dark adaptation, while O2 evolution in the corresponding wild type cells remained nearly constant. It could be shown that this inactivation could be reversed by photoactivation. With isolated thylakoid membranes from the MSP-free mutant of PCC7942, it could be demonstrated that photoactivation required illumination in the presence of Mn(2+) and Ca(2+), while Cl(-) addition was not required under our experimental conditions. Moreover, an extended analysis of the kinetic properties of the water-oxidizing enzyme (kinetics of the S3→(S4)→S0 transition, S-state distribution, deactivation kinetics) in wild type and mutant cells of Synechococcus PCC7942 and Synechocystis PCC6803 was performed, and the events possibly leading to the reversible inactivation of the water-oxidizing enzyme in the mutant cells are discussed. We could also show that the water-oxidizing enzyme in the MSP-free mutant cells is more sensitive to inhibition by added NH4Cl-suggesting that NH3 might be a physiological inhibitor of the water oxidizing enzyme in the absence of MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Engels
- Biologie VIII: Zellphysiologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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Bader KP. Physiological and evolutionary aspects of the O2/H2O2-cycle in cyanobacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Allakhverdiev SI, Karacan MS, Somer G, Karacan N, Khan EM, Rane SY, Padhye S, Klimov VV, Renger G. Reconstitution of the water-oxidizing complex in manganese-depleted photosystem II complexes by using synthetic binuclear manganese complexes. Biochemistry 1994; 33:12210-4. [PMID: 7918442 DOI: 10.1021/bi00206a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of synthetic binuclear manganese complexes in reconstituting PS II electron flow and oxygen-evolution capacity was analyzed in PS II enriched preparations deprived of their manganese and of the extrinsic regulatory subunits. Measurements of the variable fluorescence induced by actinic illumination with continuous light led to the following results: (a) the synthetic binuclear complexes are more efficient than MnCl2 in establishing a PS II electron flow; (b) an almost complete restoration is achieved at concentrations of these complexes that correspond with an overall stoichiometry of two manganese per PS II; and (c) the electron flow restored by the binuclear manganese complexes closely resembles that of normal O2-evolving PS II preparations in its resistance to addition of 50 microM EDTA, while that supported by MnCl2 is practically completely suppressed at the same chelator concentration. The rate of O2 evolution was used as a measure of the capability to function as manganese source in reconstitution of the oxygen evolution capacity. It was found that (i) as in the case of PS II electron transport, the synthetic binuclear manganese complexes are significantly more efficient than MnCl2; (ii) with respect to the manganese concentration, the maximum effect is achieved with a mu-oxo bridged binuclear Mn(III) complex (symbolized by M-3) at concentrations corresponding to four manganese per PS II; and (iii) at all concentrations of binuclear manganese complex M-3 a significantly higher restoration of the O2 evolution rate is achieved if the reconstitution assay contains in addition the extrinsic regulatory 33 kDa protein (PS II-O protein).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis, RAS, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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Messinger J, Renger G. Analyses of pH-induced modifications of the period four oscillation of flash-induced oxygen evolution reveal distinct structural changes of the photosystem II donor side at characteristic pH values. Biochemistry 1994; 33:10896-905. [PMID: 8086406 DOI: 10.1021/bi00202a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a thorough analysis of the reaction pattern of flash-induced oxygen evolution in spinach thylakoids as a function of pH (4.5 < or = pH < or = 9) and the redox state of tyrosine YD in polypeptide D2. Evaluation of the experimental data within the conventional Kok model [Kok, B., Forbush, B., & McGloin, M. (1970) Photochem. Photobiol. 11, 457-475] led to the following results: (1) the probability of the miss factor is strongly pH dependent (with a pronounced minimum near neutral pH) while the double hit factor is less affected; (2) a marked increase of the apparent S0 population arises at alkaline pH in dark-adapted samples where most of the YD is reduced, but this effect is absent if the percentage of PS II containing the oxidized form YDox is high; and (3) the lifetimes of S2 and S3 exhibit a characteristic pH dependence that is indicative of conformational changes of functional relevance within the water-oxidizing complex and its environment; (4) the kinetic interaction of redox states S2 and S3 with YD is characterized by a change of its behavior at a threshold pH of 6.5-7.0; and (5) at acidic pH values the extent of S2 and S3 reduction by YD decreases concomitant with the occurrence of a very fast decay kinetics. On the basis of a detailed discussion of these results and data from the literature, the water oxidase is inferred to undergo structural changes at pH values of 5-5.5 and 6.5-7.0. These transitions are almost independent of the redox state Si and modify the reaction coordinates of the water oxidase toward endogenous reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Messinger
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, FRG
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