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Prusov AN, Smirnova TA, Kolomijtseva GY. Thermodynamic Study of Interactions of Distamycin A with Chromatin in Rat Liver Nuclei in the Presence of Polyamines. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1231-1244. [PMID: 30472960 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the thermodynamics of melting of isolated rat liver nuclei with different degrees of chromatin condensation determined by the concentration of polyamines (PA) and the solution ionic strength, as well as the effect of the antibiotic distamycin A (DM) on melting. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles of nuclear preparations contained three peaks that reflected melting of three main chromatin domains. The number of peaks did not depend on the degree of condensation; however, nuclei with more condensed chromatin had a higher total enthalpy. DM stabilized peaks II and III corresponding to the melting of relaxed and topologically strained DNA, respectively, but destabilized peak I corresponding to the melting of nucleosome core histones. At the saturating concentration (DM/DNA molar ratio = 0.1), DM increased Tm of peaks II and III by ~5°C and decreased Tm of peak I by ~2.5°C. Based on the dependence of ΔH on DM concentration, we established that at low DM/DNA ratio (≤0.03), when DM interacted predominantly with AT-rich DNA regions, the enthalpy of peak II decreased in parallel with the increase in the enthalpy of peak III, which indicated that DM induces structural transitions in the nuclear chromatin associated with the increase in torsional stress in DNA. An increase in free energy under saturation conditions was equal to the change in the free energy of DM interaction with DNA. However, the increase in the enthalpy of melting of the nuclei in the presence of DM was much greater than the enthalpy of titration of nuclei with DM. This indicates a significant increase in the strength of interaction between the two DNA strands apparently due, among other things, to changes in the torsional stress of DNA in the nuclei. Titration of the nuclei with increasing PA concentrations resulted in the decrease in the number of DM-binding sites and the non-monotonous dependence of the enthalpy and entropy contribution to the binding free energy on the PA content. We suggested that the observed differences in the thermodynamic parameters were due to the different width of the minor groove in the nuclear chromatin DNA, which depends on PA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Prusov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - T A Smirnova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, 127550, Russia
| | - G Ya Kolomijtseva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Prusov AN, Kolomijtseva GY, Smirnova TA. Differential scanning calorimetric study of antibiotic distamycin A binding with chromatin within isolated rat liver nuclei. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:687-690. [PMID: 27982735 PMCID: PMC6130587 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1258427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Natural oligopeptide antibiotic distamycin A (Dst) biosynthesized by Streptomyces distallicus is traditionally used in medical practice as an anti-inflammatory and antitumour drug. OBJECTIVE Dst was investigated for its effect on the structural components of native chromatin directly within isolated rat liver nuclei in the presence of physiologically significant cations (magnesium or spermine and spermidine). MATERIALS AND METHODS Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the Dst action at molar ratio Dst/DNA = 0.1 and 0.15 mM Dst on the melting profile of nuclei suspension in different conditions. RESULTS Results showed that the thermodynamic parameters of control nuclei in the presence of polyamines or Mg2+ were different. The incubation of nuclei with Dst raised transition temperatures of relaxed (peak II) and topologically constrained DNA (peak III) by 6-8 °C and decreased by 2-4 °C that of core-histones (peak I). The total excess transition enthalpy (ΔHexc) in buffer with polyamines (24.7 kJ/mol DNA nucleotides) increased by1.5 times versus control but in buffer with Mg2+, the value of ΔHexc (35.8 kJ/mol DNA nucleotides) remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS The association of Dst with chromatin in the nucleus weakens histone-DNA contacts and causes additional strengthening of interaction between two complementary DNA chains. Our results contribute towards validation of DSC to test drug ability to modulate chromatin structure in the physiological environment and to clarify the mechanism of these modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Prusov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- CONTACT Andrey N. PrusovM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Leninskie Gory 1, Bldg. 40, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Galina Ya. Kolomijtseva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Smirnova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Lee M, Walker C, Cooper M, Forrow SM, Hartley JA. Sequence Selective Molecular Recognition of Long DNA Sequences by Oligomethylene-Linked Oligoimidazole Analogs of Distamycin. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159400900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have studied a series of homologous N-to-N oligomethylene linked bis(diimidazole) analogs 4a-f (number of methylene groups = 1 to 6, re spectively) and a dipicolinamide congener 4g that bind to long GC-containing sequences of DNA. Results from an ethidium binding assay reveal that, for 4a-f, the compounds with an even number of methylene groups have larger ap parent binding constants, Kapp, than those with an odd number. The Kapp values of the compounds with an odd number of methylene groups are close to that of their monomeric analog 3 suggesting that they may be binding to DNA in a monodentate fashion. The binding of these compounds to T4 DNA and their larger binding constants for poly(dG-dC) over poly(dA-dT) indicated minor groove binding selectivity and tolerance for GC sequences. The ability of com pounds 4b-f to bind selectively to DNA was illustrated by an MPE-Fe(II) foot printing study which showed that compound 4f gave the most distinct foot prints. CD titration studies on compounds 4b, d, and f further demonstrated the GC tolerance of these compounds and that they can bind to 7 ~ 8 base pairs of DNA in a bidentate fashion. The minor groove and bidentate bind ing of the ethylene linked compound 4b on the underlined sequence of
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry Furman University Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Clint Walker
- Department of Chemistry Furman University Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Monica Cooper
- Department of Chemistry Furman University Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Steven M. Forrow
- Department of Oncology University College London Medical School London, W1P 8BT, U.K
| | - John A. Hartley
- Department of Oncology University College London Medical School London, W1P 8BT, U.K
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Minor Groove Binder Distamycin Remodels Chromatin but Inhibits Transcription. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57693. [PMID: 23460895 PMCID: PMC3584068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Majumder P, Dasgupta D. Effect of DNA groove binder distamycin A upon chromatin structure. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26486. [PMID: 22046291 PMCID: PMC3202541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distamycin A is a prototype minor groove binder, which binds to B-form DNA, preferentially at A/T rich sites. Extensive work in the past few decades has characterized the binding at the level of double stranded DNA. However, effect of the same on physiological DNA, i.e. DNA complexed in chromatin, has not been well studied. Here we elucidate from a structural perspective, the interaction of distamycin with soluble chromatin, isolated from Sprague-Dawley rat. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Chromatin is a hierarchical assemblage of DNA and protein. Therefore, in order to characterize the interaction of the same with distamycin, we have classified the system into various levels, according to the requirements of the method adopted, and the information to be obtained. Isothermal titration calorimetry has been employed to characterize the binding at the levels of chromatin, chromatosome and chromosomal DNA. Thermodynamic parameters obtained thereof, identify enthalpy as the driving force for the association, with comparable binding affinity and free energy for chromatin and chromosomal DNA. Reaction enthalpies at different temperatures were utilized to evaluate the change in specific heat capacity (ΔCp), which, in turn, indicated a possible binding associated structural change. Ligand induced structural alterations have been monitored by two complementary methods--dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. They indicate compaction of chromatin. Using transmission electron microscopy, we have visualized the effect of distamycin upon chromatin architecture at di- and trinucleosome levels. Our results elucidate the simultaneous involvement of linker bending and internucleosomal angle contraction in compaction process induced by distamycin. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We summarize here, for the first time, the thermodynamic parameters for the interaction of distamycin with soluble chromatin, and elucidate its effect on chromatin architecture. The study provides insight into a ligand induced compaction phenomenon, and suggests new mechanisms of chromatin architectural alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Majumder
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipak Dasgupta
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Plouvier B, Houssin R, Bailly C, Hénichart JP. Synthesis and DNA-binding study of A thiazole-containing analog of netropsin. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570260625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dolenc J, Baron R, Oostenbrink C, Koller J, van Gunsteren WF. Configurational entropy change of netropsin and distamycin upon DNA minor-groove binding. Biophys J 2006; 91:1460-70. [PMID: 16731550 PMCID: PMC1518646 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.074617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of a small molecule to a macromolecular target reduces its conformational freedom, resulting in a negative entropy change that opposes the binding. The goal of this study is to estimate the configurational entropy change of two minor-groove-binding ligands, netropsin and distamycin, upon binding to the DNA duplex d(CGCGAAAAACGCG).d(CGCGTTTTTCGCG). Configurational entropy upper bounds based on 10-ns molecular dynamics simulations of netropsin and distamycin in solution and in complex with DNA in solution were estimated using the covariance matrix of atom-positional fluctuations. The results suggest that netropsin and distamycin lose a significant amount of configurational entropy upon binding to the DNA minor groove. The estimated changes in configurational entropy for netropsin and distamycin are -127 J K(-1) mol(-1) and -104 J K(-1) mol(-1), respectively. Estimates of the configurational entropy contributions of parts of the ligands are presented, showing that the loss of configurational entropy is comparatively more pronounced for the flexible tails than for the relatively rigid central body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozica Dolenc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Synthesis and DNA binding properties of a series of N to C linked and imidazole containing analogues of distamycin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Friedman JM. Time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy as probe of structure, dynamics, and reactivity in hemoglobin. Methods Enzymol 1994; 232:205-31. [PMID: 8057861 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(94)32049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461
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Barceló F, Portugal J. Berenil recognizes and changes the characteristics of adenine and thymine polynucleotide structures. Biophys Chem 1993; 47:251-60. [PMID: 8241421 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(93)80050-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Using circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry and susceptibility to DNAse I cleavage assays, we show that the interaction of berenil, a minor-groove binding drug, with poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA).poly(dT) involves important changes in the polynucleotide conformation. The effect of berenil on poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) comprises a clear alteration in CD spectra even at drug/DNA ratios smaller than the stoichiometric value. Berenil recognizes and binds to the alternating-B conformation of DNA changing it to a new conformation which appears to show some of the peculiarities of poly(dA).poly(dT), possibly through a modification in the helical parameters at the TpA and ApT steps. Such alteration is accompanied by a small calorimetric enthalpy change. Moreover, the calorimetric enthalpy does not change significantly whatever the input ratio of drug to poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT), indicating that berenil binding does not substantially alters the enthalpy of transition. In addition to increasing the melting temperature of the polynucleotide, berenil reduces the cooperativity of the poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) transition slightly more than either distamycin or netropsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barceló
- Departamento de Biología Fundamental, Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Kumar K, Muniyappa K. Use of structure-directed DNA ligands to probe the binding of recA protein to narrow and wide grooves of DNA and on its ability to promote homologous pairing. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Beerman TA, Woynarowski JM, Sigmund RD, Gawron LS, Rao KE, Lown JW. Netropsin and bis-netropsin analogs as inhibitors of the catalytic activity of mammalian DNA topoisomerase II and topoisomerase cleavable complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1090:52-60. [PMID: 1653020 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90036-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the ability of netropsin and related minor groove binders to interfere with the actions of DNA topoisomerases II and I. We evaluated a series of netropsin dimers linked with flexible aliphatic chains of different lengths. These agents are potentially able to occupy longer stretches of DNA than the parental drug as a result of bidentate binding. Both netropsin and its dimers were found: (i) to inhibit the catalytic activity of isolated topoisomerase II and (ii) to interfere with the stabilization of the cleavable complexes of topoisomerase II and I in nuclei. Dimers with linkers consisting of 0-4 and 6-9 methylene groups (n) were far more inhibitory than netropsin against isolated enzyme and in the nuclear system. The compound with n = 5 was less active than netropsin in both assays while the dimer with n = 10 inhibited only the isolated enzyme. The comparison of dimers with fixed linker length (n = 2) but varying number of N-methylpyrrole residues (from 1 to 3) revealed that the inhibitory properties were enhanced with increasing number of N-methylpyrrole units. For dimers with varying linker length, drug ability to inhibit catalytic activity of isolated topoisomerase II was positively correlated with calf thymus DNA association constants. In contrast, no such correlation existed in nuclei. However, the inhibitory effects in the nuclear system were correlated with the association constants for poly(dAdT). The results indicate that bidentate binding can significantly enhance anti-topoisomerase activity of netropsin related dimeric minor groove binders. However, other factors such as the length of the linker, the number of pyrrole moieties and the nature of the target (isolated enzyme/DNA versus chromatin in nuclei) also contribute to these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Beerman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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Kumar S, Jaseja M, Zimmermann J, Yadagiri B, Pon RT, Sapse AM, Lown JW. Molecular recognition and binding of a GC site-avoiding thiazole-lexitropsin to the decadeoxyribonucleotide d-[CGCAATTGCG]2: 1H-NMR evidence for thiazole intercalation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1990; 8:99-121. [PMID: 2177339 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1990.10507792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural and dynamic aspects of the interaction of the thiazole containing lexitropsin (1) with an oligodeoxyribonucleotide were studied by high field 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Complete assignment of the 1H-NMR resonances of lexitropsin 1 was accomplished by 2D-NMR techniques. The complexation-induced chemical shifts and NOE cross peaks in the NOESY map of the 1:1 complex of lexitropsin (1) and d-[CGCAATTGCG]2 reveal that the thiazole ring of the lexitropsin (1) intercalates between dA4.A5 bases and the rest of the ligand resides in the minor groove of the AT rich core of decamer, thus occupying the 5'-AATT sequence on the DNA. Intercalation of the thiazole moiety of the drug has been detected by the presence of intermolecular NOEs both in the major and the minor groove of the decamer helix. The absence of intranucleotide NOEs between base protons and H1'/H2' protons suggested local unwinding of the binding site on the DNA. From COSY and NOESY methods of 2D-NMR, it was established that the N-formyl (amino) terminus of the thiazole lexitropsin (1) is projecting into the major groove towards A5H8 while the amidinium terminus lies in the minor groove towards the T7G8 base pairs of the opposite strand. The expected intranucleotide NOEs confirmed that the decadeoxyribonucleotide in the 1:1 complex exists in a right handed B-conformation. The presence of exchange signals along the binding site 5'-AATT indicated an exchange of the bound drug process wherein the rate of exchange between the two equivalent sites was estimated to be congruent to 130 s-1 at 30 degrees C and with delta G degrees of 62.4 kJ mol-1. Force field and Pi calculations permitted a rationalization of the experimentally observed binding mode in terms of preferred conformation of the ligand and repeat length in lexitropsins compared with the DNA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Bailly C, Helbecque N, Hénichart JP, Colson P, Houssier C, Rao KE, Shea RG, Lown JW. Molecular recognition between oligopeptides and nucleic acids. DNA sequence specificity and binding properties of an acridine-linked netropsin hybrid ligand. J Mol Recognit 1990; 3:26-35. [PMID: 2354061 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.300030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The binding to DNA of a mixed function ligand (NETGA) is described, in which a potential intercalating group, an acridine moiety, is incorporated at the carboxyl terminus of the minor groove binding oligopeptide netropsin skeleton. Scatchard analysis of absorption data provided evidence of two modes of binding to DNA with K1 = 9.1 x 10(5) M-1 at low r values (0.003-0.1), and a binding site size n = 10, indicative of binding of both moeities. At high binding ratios (greater than 0.1), K2 = 0.9 x 10(5) M-1 and n = 5 corresponding to external binding. Complementary strand MPE footprinting on a pBR322 restriction fragment showed NETGA binds to 5'-AAAT like netropsin. It causes enhanced cleavage by MPE, particularly at G-C rich sequences and remote from the preferred binding sites. Viscometry measurements provided evidence for biphasic modes of the two binding portions of NETGA. Fluorescence polarization and linear dichroism measurements were in accord with distinct modes of interaction of the acridine (intercalation) and oligopeptide (minor groove binding) portions of NETGA. LD measurements on NETGA indicate that the oligopeptide moiety (netropsin-like) has an orientation typical of minor groove binders, whereas the degree of intercalation of the acridine group is decreased by association of the oligopeptide moiety.
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Dasgupta D, Howard FB, Sasisekharan V, Miles HT. Drug-DNA binding specificity: binding of netropsin and distamycin to poly(d2NH2A-dT). Biopolymers 1990; 30:223-7. [PMID: 2171689 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Dasgupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Rao KE, Ramesh N, Choudhury D, Brahmachari SK, Sasisekharan V. Role of the environment in the interaction of nonintercalators with Z-DNA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1989; 7:335-45. [PMID: 2557862 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1989.10507776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the DNA binding nonintercalators Netropsin, Distamycin and the mPD derivative with Z-DNA has been studied. It has been found that environmental factors like the solvent and added cations significantly modulate the interaction of these ligands with Z-DNA. However no definite Z to B transition in presence of these ligands was found in any case, in contrast to previously reported results (Ch. Zimmer, C. Marck and W. Guschlbauer, FEBS Lett. 154, 156-160 (1983)).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Rao
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Bailly C, Houssin R, Bernier JL, Henichart JP. Depsipeptide analogs of the antitumor drug distamycin containing thiazole amino acids residues. Tetrahedron 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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