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Uyama M, Inoue K, Kinoshita K, Miyahara R, Yokoyama H, Nakano M. Effect of Dialkyl Ammonium Cationic Surfactants on the Microfluidity of Membranes Containing Raft Domains. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:67-75. [PMID: 29311523 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that a lot of receptors localize in lipid raft domains and that the microfluidity of these domains regulates the activation of these receptors. In this study, we focused on the lipid raft and in order to evaluate the physicochemical effects of surfactants on microfluidity of lipid membranes, we used liposomes comprising of egg-yolk L-α-phosphatidylcholine, egg-yolk sphingomyelin, and cholesterol as a model of cell membranes containing raft domains. The microfluidity of the domains was characterized by fluorescence spectrometry using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 2-dimethylamino-6-lauroylnaphthalene. Among several surfactants, dialkylammonium-type cationic surfactants most efficiently increased the microfluidity. It is therefore concluded that (1) the electrostatic interaction between the cationic surfactant and eggPC/eggSM/cholesterol liposome could be important, (2) surfactants with alkyl chains more effectively inserted into membranes than those with acyl chains, and (3) cationic surfactants with lower Tm values have a greater ability to increase the fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hirokazu Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Minoru Nakano
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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2
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Raudino A, Marrink SJ, Pannuzzo M. Anomalous viscosity effect in the early stages of the ion-assisted adhesion/fusion event between lipid bilayers: a theoretical and computational study. J Chem Phys 2014; 138:234901. [PMID: 23802979 DOI: 10.1063/1.4809993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of viscosity on the encounter rate of two interacting membranes was investigated by combining a non-equilibrium Fokker-Planck model together with extensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations. The encounter probability and stabilization of transient contact points represent the preliminary steps toward short-range adhesion and fusion of lipid leaflets. To strengthen our analytical model, we used a Coarse Grained MD method to follow the behavior of two charged palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol membranes embedded in a electrolyte-containing box at different viscosity regimes. Solvent friction was modulated by varying the concentration of a neutral, water-soluble polymer, polyethylene glycol, while contact points were stabilized by divalent ions that form bridges among juxtaposed membranes. While a naïve picture foresees a monotonous decrease of the membranes encounter rate with solvent viscosity, both the analytical model and MD simulations show a complex behavior. Under particular conditions, the encounter rate could exhibit a maximum at a critical viscosity value or for a critical concentration of bridging ions. These results seem to be confirmed by experimental observations taken from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Raudino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Pasut G, Veronese FM. State of the art in PEGylation: the great versatility achieved after forty years of research. J Control Release 2011; 161:461-72. [PMID: 22094104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, protein PEGylation has become an established and highly refined technology by moving forward from initial simple random coupling approaches based on conjugation at the level of lysine ε-amino group. Nevertheless, amino PEGylation is still yielding important conjugates, currently in clinical practice, where the degree of homogeneity was improved by optimizing the reaction conditions and implementing the purification processes. However, the current research is mainly focused on methods of site-selective PEGylation that allow the obtainment of a single isomer, thus highly increasing the degree of homogeneity and the preservation of bioactivity. Protein N-terminus and free cysteines were the first sites exploited for selective PEGylation but currently further positions can be addressed thanks to approaches like bridging PEGylation (disulphide bridges), enzymatic PEGylation (glutamines and C-terminus) and glycoPEGylation (sites of O- and N-glycosylation or the glycans of a glycoprotein). Furthermore, by combining the tools of genetic engineering with specific PEGylation approaches, the polymer can be basically coupled at any position on the protein surface, owing to the substitution of a properly chosen amino acid in the sequence with a natural or unnatural amino acid bearing an orthogonal reactive group. On the other hand, PEGylation has not achieved the same success in the delivery of small drugs, despite the large interest and several studies in this field. Targeted conjugates and PEGs for combination therapy might represent the promising answers for the so far unmet needs of PEG as carrier of small drugs. This review presents a thorough panorama of recent advances in the field of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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Raudino A, Pannuzzo M. Nucleation theory with delayed interactions: An application to the early stages of the receptor-mediated adhesion/fusion kinetics of lipid vesicles. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:045103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3290823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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5
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Sideratou Z, Sterioti N, Tsiourvas D, Paleos CM. Structural Features of Interacting Complementary Liposomes Promoting Formation of Multicompartment Structures. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:3083-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Dos Santos N, Allen C, Doppen AM, Anantha M, Cox KAK, Gallagher RC, Karlsson G, Edwards K, Kenner G, Samuels L, Webb MS, Bally MB. Influence of poly(ethylene glycol) grafting density and polymer length on liposomes: Relating plasma circulation lifetimes to protein binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1367-77. [PMID: 17400180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-conjugated lipids in lipid-based carriers substantially prolongs the circulation lifetime of liposomes. However, the mechanism(s) by which PEG-lipids achieve this have not been fully elucidated. It is believed that PEG-lipids mediate steric stabilization, ultimately reducing surface-surface interactions including the aggregation of liposomes and/or adsorption of plasma proteins. The purpose of the studies described here was to compare the effects of PEG-lipid incorporation in liposomes on protein binding, liposome-liposome aggregation and pharmacokinetics in mice. Cholesterol-free liposomes were chosen because of their increasing importance as liposomal delivery systems and their marked sensitivity to protein binding and aggregation. Specifically, liposomes containing various molecular weight PEG-lipids at a variety of molar proportions were analyzed for in vivo clearance, aggregation state (size exclusion chromatography, quasi-elastic light scattering, cryo-transmission and freeze fracture electron microscopy) as well as in vitro and in vivo protein binding. The results indicated that as little as 0.5 mol% of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) modified with PEG having a mean molecular weight of 2000 (DSPE-PEG(2000)) substantially increased plasma circulation longevity of liposomes prepared of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). Optimal plasma circulation lifetimes could be achieved with 2 mol% DSPE-PEG(2000). At this proportion of DSPE-PEG(2000), the aggregation of DSPC-based liposomes was completely precluded. However, the total protein adsorption and the protein profile was not influenced by the level of DSPE-PEG(2000) in the membrane. These studies suggest that PEG-lipids reduce the in vivo clearance of cholesterol-free liposomal formulations primarily by inhibition of surface interactions, particularly liposome-liposome aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dos Santos
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Yu LMY, Lu JJ, Chiu IWY, Leung KS, Chan YW, Zhang L, Policova Z, Hair ML, Neumann AW. Poly(ethylene glycol) enhances the surface activity of a pulmonary surfactant. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 36:167-76. [PMID: 15276633 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of lung surfactant is to reduce surface tension at the air-liquid interface of alveoli during respiration. Axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) was used to study the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the rate of surface film formation of a bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES), a therapeutic lung surfactant preparation. PEG of molecular weights 3,350; 8,000; 10,000; 35,000; and 300,000 in combination with a BLES mixture of 0.5 mg/mL was studied. The adsorption rate of BLES alone at 0.5 mg/mL was much slower than that of a natural lung surfactant at the same concentration; more than 200 s are required to reach the equilibrium surface tension of 25 mJ/m(2). PEG, while not surface active itself, enhances the adsorption of BLES to an extent depending on its concentration and molecular weight. These findings suggest that depletion attraction induced by higher molecular weight PEG (in the range of 8,000 to 35,000) may be responsible for increasing the adsorption rate of BLES at low concentration. The results provide a basis for using PEG as an additive to BLES to reduce its required concentration in clinical treatment, thus reducing the cost for surfactant replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Y Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ont. M5S 3G8, Canada
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8
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Flis K, Bednarczyk P, Hordejuk R, Szewczyk A, Berest V, Dolowy K, Edelman A, Kurlandzka A. The Gef1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is associated with chloride channel activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 294:1144-50. [PMID: 12074596 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Gef1 protein of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Gef1p) has amino acid homology to the voltage-gated CLC chloride channel family. It has been postulated that it provides the compensatory transport of Cl- anions to the lumen of the Golgi thereby regulating the pH of this compartment. Using GEF1 fusion with heterologous promoter we obtained a yeast strain highly overproducing Gef1p. The electrophysiological properties of the microsomal fraction obtained from this strain were measured using lipid bilayer system. Our data indicate that Gef1p is associated with the chloride channel activity. This anion-selective channel has a unitary conductance of 42 pS when measured in symmetrical 600/600 mM TEA-Cl solutions, is voltage-dependent, and closes at high negative voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Flis
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Kuhl TL, Berman AD, Hui SW, Israelachvili JN. Part 2. Crossover from Depletion Attraction to Adsorption: Polyethylene Glycol Induced Electrostatic Repulsion between Lipid Bilayers. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9714326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Caria A, Regev O, Khan A. Surfactant–Polymer Interactions: Phase Diagram and Fusion of Vesicle in the Didodecyldimethylammonium Bromide–Poly(ethylene oxide)–Water System. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- J Israelachvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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12
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Buwalda RT, Wagenaar A, Engberts JBFN. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Cyclic Single- and Double-tailed Phosphate Amphiphiles: A Novel Class of Phosphate Surfactants – Comparison with the Aggregation Behavior of Sodium Di-n-Alkyl Phosphates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719970817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Käsbauer M, Lasic D, Winterhalter M. Polymer induced fusion and leakage of small unilamellar phospholipid vesicles: effect of surface grafted polyethylene-glycol in the presence of free PEG. Chem Phys Lipids 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(97)02665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Engberts JB, Hoekstra D. Vesicle-forming synthetic amphiphiles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1241:323-40. [PMID: 8547299 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(95)00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Engberts
- Department of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
The physical concepts underlying the lateral distribution of the components forming a lamellar assembly of amphiphiles are discussed in this review. The role of amphiphiles' molecular structure and/or aqueous environment (ionic strength, water soluble substances) on formation and stability of lateral patterns is investigated. A considerable effort is devoted to the analysis of the properties of patterned structure which can be different from those of randomly mixed multi-component lamellae. Examples include adhesion and fusion among laterally inhomogeneous bilayers, enhanced interfacial adsorption of ions and polymers, enhanced transport across the bilayer, modified mechanical properties, local stabilization of non-planar geometries (pores, edges) and related phenomena (electroporation, budding transition and so on). Furthermore, an analysis of chemical reactivity within or at the water interface of a laterally inhomogeneous bilayer is briefly discussed. A link between these concepts and experimental findings taken from the biological literature is attempted throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raudino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Italy
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16
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Arnold K. Cation-Induced Vesicle Fusion Modulated by Polymers and Proteins. HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-8121(06)80012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Fang Y, Rand RP, Leikin S, Kozlov MM. Chain-melting reentrant transition in bimolecular layers at large separations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:3623-3626. [PMID: 10053921 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hoekstra
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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van de Pas J, Buytenhek C. The effects of free polymers on osmotic compression, depletion flocculation and fusion of lamellar liquid-crystalline droplets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(92)80154-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Fonteijn TA, Engberts JB, Nir S, Hoekstra D. Asymmetric fusion between synthetic di-n-dodecylphosphate vesicles and virus membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1110:185-92. [PMID: 1327141 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90357-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between vesicles, prepared from the synthetic amphiphile di-n-dodecylphosphate (DDP), with Sendai virus membranes was investigated. DDP vesicles fuse in the presence of Ca2+ ('symmetric' fusion). However, in the absence of Ca2+, DDP vesicles and Sendai virus, both displaying a high intrinsic fusion capacity with various target membranes, can also readily fuse with each other ('asymmetric' fusion). Under these conditions, fusion was found not to depend on specific viral proteins. Thus fusion occurs over a broad pH range (3.0-9.0) and is not affected by perturbation of viral protein structure. The overall interaction process was further analyzed with a mass action kinetic model. The analysis reveals that the destabilization and reorganization of the synthetic and viral bilayers are as fast as in pure phospholipid systems. Furthermore, the drastic effect of temperature on the overall reaction appears to be related to an effect of this parameter on fusion itself rather than on vesicle-virus aggregation. This could suggest that protein mobility constraints modulate the fusion reaction. The morphology of the fusion products, which consist of a single virus particle and several DDP vesicles, indicates a bilayer stabilization of the fusion product, rather than formation of tubular structures, as observed for symmetric DDP fusion products. The present results further emphasize the high susceptibility of vesicles composed of synthetic amphiphiles to engage in (protein-mediated) membrane fusion. This bears relevance to their potential application as carriers for biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Fonteijn
- Laboratory of Organic and Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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21
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Wagenaar A, Streefland L, Hoekstra D, Engberts JBFN. Effect of counterion binding and alkyl chain length on the phase transition behaviour of DI-n-alkyl phosphate vesicles. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Raudino A, Bianciardi P. Polymer-mediated electrostatic interactions between charged lipid assemblies and electrolyte solutions: a tentative model of the polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion. J Theor Biol 1991; 149:1-20. [PMID: 1881141 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a theoretical model to investigate the interaction between charged lipid aggregates and a water solution containing ions and uncharged polymers. The local concentration of ions and polymer chains around the lipid aggregate have been treated as variational parameters which can be found by minimizing the total energy of the system. We divided the energy into the following main contributions: (a) Solvation energy of the ions. This depends on the local polymer concentration through the variation of the solvent dielectric properties. (b) Ions-lipid aggregate interactions. These depend on the local concentrations both of the ion cloud and polymer chains. (c) Conformational energy of the polymer. This term is related to the inhomogeneous spatial density of the polymer segments. Any direct interaction between the charged lipid surface and the polymer coils has been intentionally neglected. The minimization procedure leads to a non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation coupled with a non-linear algebraic equation describing the polymer distribution. The solution of the above system allows one to calculate the ions and polymer spatial distribution around the lipid aggregate. The knowledge of such parameters is useful to predict the effect of non-ionic polymers on the structure and properties of lipid assemblies such as the mean area per lipid molecule, the aggregation number, the critical micellar concentration and the formation of immiscibility gaps in mixed lipid systems. A possible involvement of these parameters into the fusion process between lipid vesicles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raudino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Italy
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Dimitrov DS, Sowers AE. A delay in membrane fusion: lag times observed by fluorescence microscopy of individual fusion events induced by an electric field pulse. Biochemistry 1990; 29:8337-44. [PMID: 2174698 DOI: 10.1021/bi00488a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Low light level video microscopy of the fusion of DiI- (1,1'-dihexadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) labeled rabbit erythrocyte ghosts with unlabeled rabbit erythrocyte ghosts, held in stable apposition by dielectrophoresis in sodium phosphate buffers, showed reproducible time intervals (delays) between the application of a single fusogenic electric pulse and the earliest detection of fluorescence in the unlabeled adjacent membranes. The delay increased over the range 0.3-4 s with a decrease in (i) the electric field strength of the fusion-inducing pulse from 1000 to 250 V/mm, (ii) the decay half-time of the fusogenic pulse in the range 1.8-0.073 ms, and (iii) the dielectrophoretic force which brings the membranes into close apposition. A change in the buffer viscosity from 1.8 to 10 mP.s caused the delay to increase from 0.36 to 3.7 s (in glycerol solutions) or to 5.2 s (in sucrose solutions). The delay decreased 2-3 times with an increase in temperature from 21 to 37 degrees C. It did not differ significantly for "white" ghosts [0.013 mM hemoglobin (Hb)] or "red" ghosts (0.15 mM Hb) or buffer strength over the range 5-60 mM (sodium phosphate, pH 8.5). The calculated activation energy, 17 kcal/mol, does not depend on the field strength. The yield of fused cells was high when the delay was short. The delay in electrofusion resembles the delays in pH-dependent fusion of vesicular stomatitis viruses with erythrocyte ghosts [Clague, M. J., Schoch, C., Zech, L., & Blumenthal, R. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 1303-1308] and of fibroblasts expressing influenza hemagglutinin and red blood cells [Morris, S. J., Sarkar, D.P., White, J. M., & Blumenthal, R. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 3972-3978].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Dimitrov
- Cell Biology, Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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Hoekstra D, Klappe K, Hoff H, Nir S. Mechanism of Fusion of Sendai Virus: Role of Hydrophobic Interactions and Mobility Constraints of Viral Membrane Proteins. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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