1
|
Kogo N, Tazaki A, Kashino Y, Morichika K, Orii H, Mochii M, Watanabe K. Germ-line mitochondria exhibit suppressed respiratory activity to support their accurate transmission to the next generation. Dev Biol 2010; 349:462-9. [PMID: 21112323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are accurately transmitted to the next generation through a female germ cell in most animals. Mitochondria produce most ATP, accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A specialized mechanism should be necessary for inherited mitochondria to escape from impairments of mtDNA by ROS. Inherited mitochondria are named germ-line mitochondria, in contrast with somatic ones. We hypothesized that germ-line mitochondria are distinct from somatic ones. The protein profiles of germ-line and somatic mitochondria were compared, using oocytes at two different stages in Xenopus laevis. Some subunits of ATP synthase were at a low level in germ-line mitochondria, which was confirmed immunologically. Ultrastructural histochemistry using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) showed that cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of germ-line mitochondria was also at a low level. Mitochondria in one oocyte were segregated into germ-line mitochondria and somatic mitochondria, during growth from stage I to VI oocytes. Respiratory activity represented by ATP synthase expression and COX activity was shown to be low during most of the long gametogenetic period. We propose that germ-line mitochondria that exhibit suppressed respiration alleviate production of ROS and enable transmission of accurate mtDNA from generation to generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kogo
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Akou-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Perez-Jannotti RM, Klein SM, Bogenhagen DF. Two forms of mitochondrial DNA ligase III are produced in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48978-87. [PMID: 11598119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107177200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-length cDNAs for DNA ligase IV and the alpha and beta isoforms of DNA ligase III were cloned from Xenopus laevis to permit study of the genes encoding mitochondrial DNA ligase. DNA ligase III alpha and III beta share a common NH(2) terminus that encodes a mitochondrial localization signal capable of targeting green fluorescent protein to mitochondria while the NH(2) terminus of DNA ligase IV does not. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses with adult frog tissues demonstrate that while DNA ligase III alpha and DNA ligase IV are ubiquitously expressed, DNA ligase III beta expression is restricted to testis and ovary. Mitochondrial lysates from X. laevis oocytes contain both DNA ligase III alpha and III beta but no detectable DNA ligase IV. Gel filtration, sedimentation, native gel electrophoresis, and in vitro cross-linking experiments demonstrate that mtDNA ligase III alpha exists as a high molecular weight complex. We discuss the possibility that DNA ligase III alpha exists in mitochondria in association with novel mitochondrial protein partners or as a homodimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Perez-Jannotti
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nam SC, Kang C. Expression of cloned cDNA for the human mitochondrial RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli and purification. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:485-91. [PMID: 11281724 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA for the mature, mitochondrial form of human mitochondrial RNA polymerase was cloned and expressed under the control of T5 or tac promoter in Escherichia coli. The cDNA was efficiently expressed at 37 degrees C, but virtually all the polymerase produced was insoluble, and renaturation of the inclusion bodies was unsuccessful. When the cells were grown at 25 degrees C, however, a portion of approximately 10% was soluble and active. The protein was purified 100-fold from the soluble lysates to homogeneity by two-step chromatography using Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid-Sepharose and heparin-agarose columns, as an N-terminal histidine tag attached and as the tag cleaved away. The purified polymerases with and without the histidine tag were both active in RNA polymerization in vitro as measured with poly(dA-dT) template, and specific activity was 140,000 units/mg. The purified enzyme has the same biochemical properties as the polymerase fraction partially purified from the human mitochondria, except for the promoter-specific activity that was not observed with the purified polymerase in the presence of mitochondrial transcription factor A. Additional factor(s) and/or mammalian-specific or regulatory modification(s) of the polymerase should be necessary for promoter-specific transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, Korea 305-701
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Antoshechkin I, Bogenhagen DF. Distinct roles for two purified factors in transcription of Xenopus mitochondrial DNA. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:7032-42. [PMID: 8524270 PMCID: PMC230958 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.12.7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA (xl-mtDNA) by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase requires a dissociable factor. This factor was purified to near homogeneity and identified as a 40-kDa protein. A second protein implicated in the transcription of mtDNA, the Xenopus homolog of the HMG box protein mtTFA, was also purified to homogeneity and partially sequenced. The sequence of a cDNA clone encoding xl-mtTFA revealed a high degree of sequence similarity to human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtTFA. xl-mtTFA was not required for basal transcription from a minimal mtDNA promoter, and this HMG box factor could not substitute for the basal factor, which is therefore designated xl-mtTFB. An antibody directed against the N terminus of xl-mtTFA did not cross-react with xl-mtTFB. xl-mtTFA is an abundant protein that appears to have at least two functions in mitochondria. First, it plays a major role in packaging mtDNA within the organelle. Second, DNase I footprinting experiments identified preferred binding sites for xl-mtTFA within the control region of mtDNA next to major mitochondrial promoters. We show that binding of xl-mtTFA to a site separating the two clusters of bidirectional promoters selectively stimulates specific transcription in vitro by the basal transcription machinery, comprising mitochondrial RNA polymerase and xl-mtTFB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Antoshechkin
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8651, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Fisher R, Lisowsky T, Parisi M, Clayton D. DNA wrapping and bending by a mitochondrial high mobility group-like transcriptional activator protein. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
8
|
|
9
|
Purification of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial RNA polymerase and identification of a dissociable factor required for specific transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2457154 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus laevis mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) polymerase was purified to near homogeneity with an overall yield approaching 50%. The major polypeptides in the final fraction were a doublet of proteins of approximately 140 kilodaltons that copurified with the mtRNA polymerase activity. It appeared likely that the smaller polypeptide is a breakdown product of the larger one. The highly purified polymerase was active in nonspecific transcription but required a dissociable factor for specific transcription of X. laevis mtDNA. The factor could be resolved from mtRNA polymerase by hydrophobic chromatography and had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.0 S. The transcription factor eluted from both the hydrophobic column and a Mono Q anion-exchange column as a single symmetrical peak. The mtRNA polymerase and this factor together are necessary and sufficient for active transcription from four promoters located in a noncoding region of the mtDNA genome between the gene for tRNA(Phe) and the displacement loop.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bogenhagen DF, Insdorf NF. Purification of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial RNA polymerase and identification of a dissociable factor required for specific transcription. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2910-6. [PMID: 2457154 PMCID: PMC363510 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2910-2916.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Xenopus laevis mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) polymerase was purified to near homogeneity with an overall yield approaching 50%. The major polypeptides in the final fraction were a doublet of proteins of approximately 140 kilodaltons that copurified with the mtRNA polymerase activity. It appeared likely that the smaller polypeptide is a breakdown product of the larger one. The highly purified polymerase was active in nonspecific transcription but required a dissociable factor for specific transcription of X. laevis mtDNA. The factor could be resolved from mtRNA polymerase by hydrophobic chromatography and had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.0 S. The transcription factor eluted from both the hydrophobic column and a Mono Q anion-exchange column as a single symmetrical peak. The mtRNA polymerase and this factor together are necessary and sufficient for active transcription from four promoters located in a noncoding region of the mtDNA genome between the gene for tRNA(Phe) and the displacement loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Bogenhagen
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The characterization of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase. A monomer of 150,000 daltons with a transcription factor of 70,000 daltons. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
12
|
Accurate in vitro transcription of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA from two bidirectional promoters. Mol Cell Biol 1987. [PMID: 3023938 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.7.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial RNA polymerase from Xenopus laevis oocytes was partially purified by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and phosphocellulose chromatography. This RNA polymerase preparation specifically initiated the transcription of X. laevis mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from two bidirectional promoters contained within a 123-base-pair segment of the mtDNA between the heavy-strand replication origin and the rRNA cistrons. Transcription in vitro initiated from precisely the same start sites previously mapped as initiation sites for transcription in vivo. At each of the four sites, initiation occurred within a conserved nucleotide sequence, ACPuTTATA. This consensus sequence is not related to promoters for transcription of human mtDNA.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cantatore P, Saccone C. Organization, structure, and evolution of mammalian mitochondrial genes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 108:149-208. [PMID: 3312065 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61438-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Cantatore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bogenhagen DF, Yoza BK. Accurate in vitro transcription of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA from two bidirectional promoters. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:2543-50. [PMID: 3023938 PMCID: PMC367809 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.7.2543-2550.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial RNA polymerase from Xenopus laevis oocytes was partially purified by heparin-Sepharose chromatography and phosphocellulose chromatography. This RNA polymerase preparation specifically initiated the transcription of X. laevis mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from two bidirectional promoters contained within a 123-base-pair segment of the mtDNA between the heavy-strand replication origin and the rRNA cistrons. Transcription in vitro initiated from precisely the same start sites previously mapped as initiation sites for transcription in vivo. At each of the four sites, initiation occurred within a conserved nucleotide sequence, ACPuTTATA. This consensus sequence is not related to promoters for transcription of human mtDNA.
Collapse
|
15
|
Liao YD, Tu J, Feng TY, Kuo TT. Characterization of phage-Xp10-coded RNA polymerase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 157:571-7. [PMID: 3720743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A bacteriophage-coded RNA polymerase was isolated from bacteriophage-Xp10-infected Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity through precipitation by poly(ethylene glycol) and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, heparin--Sepharose 4B and blue-dextran--Sepharose 4B. It is composed of a single polypeptide of Mr96,000. The enzyme preferred denatured Xp10 DNA, calf thymus DNA, host bacterium DNA and poly[d(A-T)] as templates. The optimal concentration of MgCl2 is 16 mM. The optimal temperature and pH are 37 degrees C and 8.0, respectively. The Km of ATP is 26 microM. DNA, MgCl2 and four ribonucleotides were required for enzyme activity. If ATP alone was present, half of the Xp10 RNA polymerase activity was retained. The enzyme activity was inhibited by KCl, spermidine, actinomycin D, heparin, blue dextran and ethidium bromide; it was resistant to rifampicin and streptovaricin. N-Ethylmaleimide did not affect the enzyme activity. The transcription site and product of Xp10 RNA polymerase upon Xp10 DNA were analyzed by DNA/RNA hybridization and polyacrylamide-agarose composite gel electrophoresis. The enzyme could specifically transcribe the late region of Xp10 genome and produce two RNA bands.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fisher RP, Clayton DA. A transcription factor required for promoter recognition by human mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Accurate initiation at the heavy- and light-strand promoters dissected and reconstituted in vitro. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
17
|
Shuey DJ, Attardi G. Characterization of an RNA polymerase activity from HeLa cell mitochondria, which initiates transcription at the heavy strand rRNA promoter and the light strand promoter in human mitochondrial DNA. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
18
|
Mignotte B, Barat M, Marsault J, Mounolou JC. Mitochondrial DNA-binding proteins that bind preferentially to supercoiled molecules containing the D-loop region of Xenopus laevis mtDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 117:99-107. [PMID: 6362668 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
From the bulk of the Xenopus laevis mitochondrial proteins insoluble in 1% Triton X-100 + 1M NaCl, we have isolated, by DNA-cellulose chromatography, a protein fraction enriched in DNA-binding proteins. This fraction contains proteins showing a specific affinity for supercoiled DNA molecules containing the mitochondrial DNA displacement-loop region, as measured by filter binding and competition assays.
Collapse
|
19
|
Walberg MW, Clayton DA. In vitro transcription of human mitochondrial DNA. Identification of specific light strand transcripts from the displacement loop region. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
20
|
|
21
|
Tabak HF, Grivell LA, Borst P. Transcription of mitochondrial DNA. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 14:297-317. [PMID: 6196153 DOI: 10.3109/10409238309102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
While mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the simplest DNA in nature, coding for rRNAs and tRNAs, results of DNA sequence, and transcript analysis have demonstrated that both the synthesis and processing of mitochondrial RNAs involve remarkably intricate events. At one extreme, genes in animal mtDNAs are tightly packed, both DNA strands are completely transcribed (symmetric transcription), and the appearance of specific mRNAs is entirely dependent on processing at sites signalled by the sequences of the tRNAs, which abut virtually every gene. At the other extreme, gene organization in yeast (Saccharomyces) is anything but compact, with long stretches of AT-rich DNA interspaced between coding sequences and no obvious logic to the order of genes. Transcription is asymmetric and several RNAs are initiated de novo. Nevertheless, extensive RNA processing occurs due largely to the presence of split genes. RNA splicing is complex, is controlled by both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and in some cases is accompanied by the formation of RNAs that behave as covalently closed circles. The present article reviews current knowledge of mitochondrial transcription and RNA processing in relation to possible mechanisms for the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yaginuma K, Kobayashi M, Taira M, Koike K. A new RNA polymerase and in vitro transcription of the origin of replication from rat mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1982; 10:7531-42. [PMID: 6760128 PMCID: PMC327028 DOI: 10.1093/nar/10.23.7531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A new RNA polymerase was found in a rat mitochondrial extract. This enzyme showed strong template preference in vitro for the supercoiled recombinant plasmid consisting of pBR322 and the D-loop region of rat mtDNA carrying the origin of heavy-strand replication. The main products synthesized by the D-loop region were two RNAs of different sizes. Both of these products were light-strand products transcribed from the region upstream from the origin of replication. This specific transcription is discussed in relation to initiation of primer RNA synthesis for heavy-strand replication of rat mtDNA.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shioda M, Nelson EM, Bayne ML, Benbow RM. DNA primase activity associated with DNA polymerase alpha from Xenopus laevis ovaries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:7209-13. [PMID: 6961403 PMCID: PMC347308 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the two forms of DNA polymerase alpha from ovaries of the frog Xenopus laevis catalyzed ribonucleoside triphosphate-dependent DNA synthesis on single-stranded circular fd phage DNA templates. DNA synthesis was dependent on ATP and added template. CTP, GTP, and UTP stimulated DNA synthesis but were not required and could not substitute for ATP. DNA synthesis was not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Neither poly(dT) nor double-stranded DNA served as template. Analysis of [32P]-dTMP-labeled product by neutral and alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis showed that 0.1- to 1-kilobase DNA fragments (average size of approximately equal to 0.25 kilobase) were synthesized. The fragments were not covalently linked to the template. Either [alpha-32P]NMP, [gamma-32P]ATP, or [gamma-32P]GTP were incorporated also into the product. Analysis of the product after hydrolysis by KOH, alkaline phosphatase, or bacteriophage T4 3' leads to 5' exonuclease showed the presence of a small oligoribonucleotide primer at the 5' end of the newly synthesized DNA. NTP-dependent DNA-synthesizing activity copurified on six columns and cosedimented during glycerol gradient centrifugation with one form of DNA polymerase alpha activity but not with the other form. These results suggest that DNA primase activity is associated with one of the two forms of X. laevis DNA polymerase alpha.
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Lewis MK, Burgess RR. 5 Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
|
26
|
Levens D, Morimoto R, Rabinowitz M. Mitochondrial transcription complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
27
|
Levens D, Lustig A, Rabinowitz M. Purification of mitochondrial RNA polymerase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
28
|
Fox AM, Breaux CB, Benbow RM. Intracellular localization of DNA polymerase activities within large oocytes of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 1980; 80:79-95. [PMID: 7439535 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
29
|
Chetsanga CJ, Novetsky JI, Dimino MJ. Some properties of rat liver mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Mol Cell Biochem 1976; 13:147-56. [PMID: 1004501 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method suitable for purifying large amounts of mitochondria from rat liver using isopycnic zonal centrifugation is described. The RNA polymerase isolated from the purified mitochrondria was found associated with one peak when resolved by DEAE Sephadex chromatography. The enzyme was next fractionated on a phosphocellulose column followed by glycerol gradient centrifugation. A 600-fold purification was achieved when the enzyme was finally filtered through agarose gel. This final enzyme fraction consisted of one polypeptide chain as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles. The enzyme has a greater preference for poly [d(A-T)] templates than for rat liver mitochondrial DNA. Inhibition of the enzyme activity required high concentrations of the inhibitors. The resistance of the enzyme to alpha-amanitin indicated that there was no contamination from nuclear RNA polymerase II. The conclusion is drawn that the mitochondrial RAN polymerase activity is associated with a single polypeptide.
Collapse
|
30
|
Scragg AH. The isolation and properties of a DNA-directed RNA polymerase from yeast mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 442:331-42. [PMID: 786373 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(76)90308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the rapid isolation of yeast mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase. The enzyme obtained had a specific activity of 1.56 nmol UMP incorporated per mg protein in 20 min at 37 degrees C, and is some 95% pure. This purified enzyme upon polyacrylamide gel elctrophoresis consists of a single polypeptide of 68 000 mol. wt. However, the enzyme forms aggregates easily which are affected by ionic strength, an increase decreasing the apparent molecular weight of the aggregates. This property also explains the presence of two peaks of activity upon DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified enzyme is still sensitive to rifamycin and to a number of rifamycin derivatives. The enzyme's sensitivity to rifamycin and rifamycin derivatives was compared with Escherichia coli and yeast nuclear RNA polymerases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gallerani R, di Istituto, Istituto di C, Saccone C. Contemporaneous isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase and poly(A) polymerase from rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J 1976; 157:295-300. [PMID: 962867 PMCID: PMC1163853 DOI: 10.1042/bj1570295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Poly(A) polymerase and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from rat liver mitochondria can be completely separated by using two different chromatographic procedures. 2. Poly(A) polymerase can only incorporate ATP into acid-insoluble material and strongly depends on the addition of an endogenous factor (probably containing a mixture of oligoribonucleotides), but it is not stimulated by DNA. 3. RNA polymerase is fully DNA-dependent and rifampicin-sensitive, but was not stimulated by the endogenous factor mentioned above. 4. The chromatographic behaviour of the two enzymes, together with the properties described, suggest that they represent two different protein molecules.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Saccone C, Quagliariello E. Biochemical studies of mitochondrial transcription and translation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:125-65. [PMID: 131112 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
35
|
Gadaleta MN, Greco M, Del Prete G, Saccone C. On the effect of inhibitors of transcription and translation on RNA and protein synthesis by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:238-45. [PMID: 1252078 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
36
|
Mahler HR, Raff RA. The evolutionary origin of the mitochondrion: a nonsymbiotic model. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1976; 43:1-124. [PMID: 131111 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
37
|
de Montalvo A, Guerritore D, Gadaleta MN. RNA synthesis by isolated Yoshida ascites hepatoma A.H. 130 cell mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem 1975; 9:21-5. [PMID: 171556 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
38
|
Plevani P, Badaracco G, Marmiroli N, Cassani G. In vivo and in vitro effects of rifampicin and streptolydigin on transcription of Kluyveromyces lactis in the presence of nystatin. Nucleic Acids Res 1975; 2:239-55. [PMID: 1091916 PMCID: PMC342829 DOI: 10.1093/nar/2.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin and streptolydigin, if used in conjunction with nystatin, depress the growth of Kluyveromyces lactis. The incorporation of labeled leucine into protein is inhibited by nystatin whereas the incorporation of labeled uracil into RNA is inhibited by rifampicin in nystatin-treated cells. In order to study the mechanism of inhibition of RNA synthesis we purified by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography four forms of RNA polymerase from K.lactis cells. The general properties of these enyzmes are similar to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of other eukaryotic RNA polymerases. In particular, enzymes IA, IB and III are more active with poly[d(A-T)] template and Mn-2+ than with native or denatured calf thymus DNA. Enzyme II shows optimal activity with denatured calf thymus DNA and Mn2+. When challenged with native calf thymus DNA all enzymes prefer Mg-2+ as a divalent cation whereas with denatured calf thymus DNA all enzymes are more active with Mn-2+. Enzyme II is inhibited by lambda-amanitin but no enzyme is sensitive to rifampicin and streptolydigin. The inhibition of growth and uracil uptake observed when rifampicin is added to nystatin treated cells is probably not caused by a specific inhibition of transcription.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ono BI, Fink G, Schatz G. Mitochondrial assembly in respiration-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. IV. Effects of nuclear amber suppressors on the accumulation of a mitochondrially made subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
40
|
Smith HJ, Bogorad L. The polypeptide subunit structure of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Zea mays chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4839-42. [PMID: 4531022 PMCID: PMC433993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the maize chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels that contain sodium dodecyl sulfate shows that the enzyme is multimeric. It contains at least two polypeptides of 180,000 and 140,000 daltons. Polypeptides of lower molecular mass that are associated with the enzyme at several stages of purification may also be subunits of the enzyme. Electrophoresis of a mixture of purified maize nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerase IIA and chloroplast polymerase on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels resolves the 160,000 dalton polypeptide of IIA from the 140,000 dalton polypeptide of the chloroplast enzyme, but does not resolve the 180,000 dalton components found in both enzymes. The polypeptides of less than 40,000 daltons in the highly purified maize nuclear IIA preparations are absent from preparations of purified maize chloroplast RNA polymerase.
Collapse
|
41
|
Eccleshall R, Criddle RS. DNA-dependent RNA polymerases isolated from yeast mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:602-18. [PMID: 4618078 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
42
|
Rogall G, Wintersberger E. Low molecular weight subunit of a rifampicin-resistant mitochondrial RNA polymerase from yeast. FEBS Lett 1974; 46:333-6. [PMID: 4608586 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(74)80399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
43
|
Schmitt H, Beckmann JS, Littauer UZ. Transcription of supercoiled mitochondrial DNA by bacterial RNA polymerase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 47:225-34. [PMID: 4607306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
44
|
Wu GJ, Dawid IB. In Vitro Transcription of Xenopus Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Homologous Mitochondrial Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
45
|
Beebee TJ, Butterworth PH. Purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B from ovaries of Xenopus laevis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 44:115-22. [PMID: 4853978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
46
|
Wilhelm J, Dina D, Crippa M. A special form of deoxyribonucleic acid dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Isolation and characterization. Biochemistry 1974; 13:1200-8. [PMID: 4856027 DOI: 10.1021/bi00703a603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
47
|
Chambon P. 9. Eucaryotic RNA Polymerases. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DNA SYNTHESIS AND REPAIR RNA SYNTHESIS ENERGY-LINKED ATPASES SYNTHETASES 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
48
|
Multiple Forms of Deoxyribonucleic Acid-dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase in Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
49
|
|