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Abstract
1. A method is described by which good yields of ribosomes and polysomes free of contamination by submitochondrial fragments can be prepared from rat cardiac muscle. These preparations are capable of incorporation of amino acids into protein in vitro. 2. The ribosome preparation consists of 32% of monomeric ribosomes and 68% of ribosomal aggregates or polysomes. The polysome preparation has a decreased monomeric content. Dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers and larger components can be differentiated. 3. The polysome aggregate structure is degraded to monomeric ribosomes on incubation with small amounts of ribonuclease or by preparation in the absence of Mg(2+) ions. The degradation in the absence of Mg(2+) ions was not reversible and drastically decreased the incorporation of amino acids in vitro. 4. The cardiac ribosomes contained two major RNA species sedimenting at 19s and 28s in a 1:2.4 ratio. 5. The RNA/protein ratio of cardiac ribosomes and polysomes was consistently lower than that of similar preparations from liver. The concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) ions present during preparation had a great effect on the RNA/protein ratio. 6. Optimum conditions for the incorporation of amino acids into protein in vitro are reported. Cardiac ribosomes have a lower rate of incorporation of amino acids in vitro than liver ribosomes. 7. Heart cell sap is less active than liver cell sap: evidence is presented that a factor, present in liver cell sap and concerned with stimulating the synthesis of the peptide chain, is lacking in heart cell sap. 8. Pulse-labelling of perfused hearts followed by examination of the subcellular structures showed that the ribosomal fraction was the most active in the incorporation of amino acids in vitro.
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Savabi F, Carpenter CL, Mohan C, Bessman SP. The polysome as a terminal for the creatine phosphate energy shuttle. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1988; 40:291-8. [PMID: 2852949 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(88)90131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of the creatine phosphate shuttle in the energetics of muscle protein synthesis in isolated polysomes, from rat hindlimb muscle, was studied. Triton X-100-treated polysomes, following their centrifugation through a 1 M sucrose gradient, contained 38 mU/mg RNA of bound creatine kinase. In the presence of pH 5 enzyme (obtained from rat liver), 0.5 mM ATP, and 1 microM GTP, amino acid (leucine) incorporation by polysomes in the presence of 8 mM creatine phosphate was twice that in the presence of an exogenous ATP regenerating system of 10 mM phospho(enol)pyruvate and 10 U/ml pyruvate kinase. Since added creatine kinase had no effect on incorporation supported by creatine phosphate it is clear that endogenous creatine kinase allows sufficient regeneration of ATP. These data also suggest that nucleoside diphosphokinase must have been associated with the polysome for phosphate was transferred to GTP from [33P]creatine phosphate, and the specific activities of ATP and GTP increased at equal rates, reaching the specific activity of creatine phosphate at 8 min. We conclude that skeletal muscle polysomes have bound creatine kinase activity and they act as terminals for the creatine phosphate energy shuttle. Creatine phosphate regenerates GTP, probably through an intermediate reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphokinase. This provided an added support for the hypothesis of compartmentation of enzymes and substrates and that the transport form of energy between the mitochondria and energy utilizing sites in muscle is creatine phosphate rather than ATP, which extends the general role of the creatine phosphate energy shuttle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Savabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutrition, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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Inhibition of elongation steps of protein synthesis at reduced potassium concentrations in reticulocytes and reticulocyte lysate. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nilsson KB, Andersson RG, Eneström S, Mackerlova L, Mohme-Lundholm E. Biochemical and morphological characterization of subcellular fractions isolated from rabbit colon muscle. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 1978; 42:194-205. [PMID: 205090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From a homogenate of rabbit colon muscle subcellular fractions were isolated by differential centrifugation. The crude microsomal fraction could be separated into subfractions, a fraction of vesicular microsomes at 35% sucrose, a fraction containing sarcolemma, mitochondrial fragments and microsomal vesicles at 35--45% sucrose and a small protein fraction at 45--55% sucrose. Their biochemical properties and their morphological characterization were investigated. The cholesterol and the phospholipid content was equally distributed between the microsomal fractions 35% and 35--45% while the RNA was localized to the mitochondria and the microsomal fraction 35%. The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase was found to be concentrated in the mitochondria while a high contamination was found in the microsomal fractions 35--45%. The NADH-oxidase activity was highest in the 35% fraction and the 5'-nucleotidase activity in the 40,000 X g supernatant. The microsomal subfractions contained the enzymes ATPase, adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase. In the 35% fraction Ca stimulated the hydrolysis of ATP. The binding of [3H]-ouabain and the incorporation of [3H]-leucine was most pronounced in the 35% fraction. In a K+-free Krebs Ringer medium the binding of the glucoside was stimulated in all the fractions. From these results we concluded that the fraction 35% sucrose may be mainly derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane while the 35--45% originates from the plasma membrane, mitochondria and to a lesser extent the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Florini JR, Geary S, Saito Y, Manowitz EJ, Sorrentino RS. Changes in protein synthesis in heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1975; 61:149-62. [PMID: 126638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9032-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Narayanan N, Eapen J. Protein synthesis by rat cardiac muscle myofibrils. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 312:413-25. [PMID: 4198763 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(73)90386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kidwai AM, Radcliffe MA, Lee EY, Daniel EE. Isolation and properties of skeletal muscle plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 298:593-607. [PMID: 4352077 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sobhy CM, Morrison WC, Morrison JC, Trass TC, Whybrew WD, Fish SA, Wiser WL, Bucovaz ET. The incorporation of cysteine into an acceptor protein of human endometrium tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 281:442-7. [PMID: 4639286 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Goldstein ES, Snyder LA. A cell-free system for protein synthesis from newly fertilized eggs of Drosophila melanogaster. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 281:130-9. [PMID: 4628489 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Symons LE, Jones WO. Protein metabolism. 1. Incorporation of 14C-L-leucine into skeletal muscle and liver proteins of mice and guinea pigs infected with Nematospiroides dubius and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Exp Parasitol 1971; 29:230-41. [PMID: 5556289 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(71)90029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Watts DC, Reid JD. Comparison of the protein-synthesizing machinery in the skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic Bar Harbor mice. Biochem J 1969; 115:377-82. [PMID: 5353517 PMCID: PMC1185116 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. Although the total weight of leg muscle increased with the age of a normal mouse the DNA and RNA content per leg did not change significantly. 2. The weight of leg muscle from a dystrophic mouse was only about 45% of that from a normal mouse but the DNA and RNA contents were the same and hence similar DNA/RNA ratios were obtained. 3. The total ribosome contents of normal and dystrophic mice were the same on a whole-leg basis, and for both the free ribosomes were about 60% of the total. However, comparison with similar data from liver suggested that some loss of ribosomes occurred during the isolation procedure. 4. The polyribosome patterns obtained by density-gradient centrifugation were the same for normal and dystrophic muscle, and comparable polyribosome fractions of different sizes obtained from such gradients had similar capacities for the incorporation of radioactive amino acids in a standard protein-synthesizing system. 5. By using a standard protein-synthesizing system with normal polyribosomes similar extents of incorporation were found with normal- or dystrophic-muscle pH5 fraction or partially purified transfer RNA preparation. 6. It is concluded that there is no absolute difference between the protein-synthesizing systems of normal and dystrophic mouse muscle and that the observed apparent differences result from concentration differences caused by changes in muscle volume. 7. A possible cause of the failure of dystrophic muscle to resynthesize myofibrils is also suggested.
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Davey PJ, Manchester KL. Isolation of labelled aminoacyl transfer RNA from muscle. Studies of the entry of labelled amino acids into acyl transfer RNA linkage in situ and its control by insulin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 182:85-97. [PMID: 5797378 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Weinstock I, Soh T, Freedman H, Cutler M. Amino acid incorporation into proteins of developing breast muscle of the normal and dystrophic chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(69)90038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ramponi G, Treves C, Nassi P, Chiarugi V, Baccari V. Effect of muscle acyl phosphatase on the amino acid incorporation in cell-free systems. Life Sci 1969; 8:319-25. [PMID: 4305588 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(69)90137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Scheinbuks J, Oppenheim J, Marcus L. A cell-free amino acid incorporating system from Azotobacter vinelandii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 129:228-41. [PMID: 4883910 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cooper WK, Muramatsu K, Wannemacher RW. An in vitro amino acid incorporating system for liver, brain and skeletal muscle ribosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 169:269-71. [PMID: 5727139 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Earl DC, Morgan HE. An improved preparation of ribosomes and polysomes from cardiac muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 128:460-9. [PMID: 5698033 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Muscatello U, Pasquali-Ronchetti I, Barasa A. An electron microscope study of myoblasts from chick embryo heart cultured in vitro. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1968; 23:44-59. [PMID: 5670840 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(68)80030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Manchester KL. Effects of antibiotics of protein synthesis in muscle and implications with regard to the action of insulin. Nature 1967; 216:394-5. [PMID: 6053821 DOI: 10.1038/216394a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hamosch M, Lesch M, Baron J, Kaufman S. Enhanced protein synthesis in a cell-free system from hypertrophied skeletal muscle. Science 1967; 157:935-7. [PMID: 5212403 DOI: 10.1126/science.157.3791.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophy of the rat soleus muscle was induced by tenotomy of the synergistic muscles. Four days after the operation, the weight of the muscle had increased by 30 percent. The hypertrophied muscle had an increased concentration of DNA and RNA, when compared to the contralateral control soleus. Although the amount of myofibrillar protein increased during the 4-day period, the concentration of this component decreased. Microsomes prepared from hypertrophied muscle had an increased RNA concentration. The combined microsomes and pH-5 enzyme from hypertrophied muscle supported a faster rate of protein synthesis in vitro than the same system prepared from an equal weight of contralateral muscle which was used as a control.
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Monckton G, Nihei T. Some biochemical changes occurring in muscular dystrophy and their possible genetical significance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 138:329-41. [PMID: 5230213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb41174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Otaka E, Osawa S. The incorporation of amino acids into proteins of chloramphenicol particles in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 119:146-59. [PMID: 5335521 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Vitro and in Vivo by Nucleocidin, an Antitrypanosomal Antibiotic. J Biol Chem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Rampersad OR, Zak R, Rabinowitz M, Wool IG, DeSalle L. Isolation and characterization of ribonucleoprotein particles from heart muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 108:95-105. [PMID: 5862246 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(65)90111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Purdy RH, Goldman NL, Richardson GS. A Procedure for the Analysis of Countercurrent Distribution Data. J Biol Chem 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)97473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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