1
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Active-targeting long-acting protein-glycopolymer conjugates for selective cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 356:175-184. [PMID: 36871646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-fouling polymers are effective in improving the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins, but short of biological functions for tumor targeting. In contrast, glycopolymers are biologically active, but usually have poor pharmacokinetics. To address this dilemma, herein we report in situ growth of glucose- and oligo(ethylene glycol)-containing copolymers at the C-terminal site of interferon alpha, an antitumor and antivirus biological drug, to generate C-terminal interferon alpha-glycopolymer conjugates with tunable glucose contents. The in vitro activity and in vivo circulatory half-life of these conjugates were found to decrease with the increase of glucose content, which can be ascribed to complement activation by the glycopolymers. Additionally, the cancer cell endocytosis of the conjugates was observed to maximize at a critical glucose content due to the tradeoff between complement activation and glucose transporter recognition by the glycopolymers. As a result, in mice bearing ovarian cancers with overexpressed glucose transporter 1, the conjugates with optimized glucose contents were identified to possess improved cancer-targeting ability, enhanced anticancer immunity and efficacy, and increased animal survival rate. These findings provided a promising strategy for screening protein-glycopolymer conjugates with optimized glucose contents for selective cancer therapy.
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2
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de Weerd NA, Vivian JP, Lim SS, Huang SUS, Hertzog PJ. Structural integrity with functional plasticity: what type I IFN receptor polymorphisms reveal. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 108:909-924. [PMID: 33448473 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0420-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I IFNs activate an array of signaling pathways, which are initiated after IFNs bind their cognate receptors, IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2. These signals contribute to many aspects of human health including defense against pathogens, cancer immunosurveillance, and regulation of inflammation. How these cytokines interact with their receptors influences the quality of these signals. As such, the integrity of receptor structure is pivotal to maintaining human health and the response to immune stimuli. This review brings together genome wide association studies and clinical reports describing the association of nonsynonymous IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 polymorphisms with clinical disease, including altered susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and adverse reactions to live-attenuated vaccines. We describe the amino acid substitutions or truncations induced by these polymorphisms and, using the knowledge of IFNAR conformational changes, IFNAR-IFN interfaces and overall structure-function relationship of the signaling complexes, we hypothesize the effect of these polymorphisms on receptor structure. That these predicted changes to IFNAR structure are associated with clinical manifestations of human disease, highlights the importance of IFNAR structural integrity to maintaining functional quality of these receptor-mediated responses. Type I IFNs are pivotal to innate immune responses and ultimately, to human health. Understanding the consequences of altered structure on the actions of these clinically significant cell receptors provides important information on the roles of IFNARs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie U-Shane Huang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Shamloo A, Rostami P, Mahmoudi A. PASylation Enhances the Stability, Potency, and Plasma Half-Life of Interferon α-2a: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900385. [PMID: 32277577 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of PASylation in enhancing the potency and plasma half-life of pharmaceutical proteins has been accredited as an alternative technique to the conventional methods such as PEGylation. Proline, alanine, and serine (PAS) chain has shown some advantages including biodegradability improvement and plasma half-life enhancement while lacking immunogenicity or toxicity. Although some experimental studies have been performed to find the mechanism behind PASylation, the detailed mechanism of PAS effects on the pharmaceutical proteins has remained obscure, especially at the molecular level. In this study, the interaction of interferon α-2a (IFN) and PAS chain is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation method. Several important parameters including secondary structure, root-mean-square distance, and solvent accessible surface area to investigate the stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of the PASylated protein are studied. The results demonstrate that IFN conformation is not affected critically through PASylation while it results in improvement of the protein stability and bioactivity. Therefore, PASylation can be considered as a proper biological alternative technique to increase the plasma half-life of the biopharmaceutical proteins through enlarging apparent volume. The proposed simulation represents a computational approach that would provide a basis for the study of PASylated pharmaceutical proteins for different future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shamloo
- Department of mechanical engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave. 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Rostami
- Department of mechanical engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave. 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Mahmoudi
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave. 11365-11155, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Wang Z, Guo J, Ning J, Feng X, Liu X, Sun J, Chen X, Lu F, Gao W. One-month zero-order sustained release and tumor eradication after a single subcutaneous injection of interferon alpha fused with a body-temperature-responsive polypeptide. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:104-112. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01096j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Upon a single subcutaneous injection, IFN-ELP in situ forms a depot, leading to one-month sustained release and dramatically enhanced tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jing Ning
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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5
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Gut P, Waligórska-Stachura J, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Bączyk M, Ziemnicka K, Fischbach J, Woliński K, Kaznowski J, Wrotkowska E, Ruchała M. Management of the hormonal syndrome of neuroendocrine tumors. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:515-524. [PMID: 28507564 PMCID: PMC5420621 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.60311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP/NET) are unusual and rare neoplasms that present many clinical challenges. They characteristically synthesize store and secrete a variety of peptides and neuroamines which can lead to the development of distinct clinical syndrome, however many are clinically silent until late presentation with mass effects. Management strategies include surgery cure and cytoreduction with the use of somatostatin analogues. Somatostatin have a broad range of biological actions that include inhibition of exocrine and endocrine secretions, gut motility, cell proliferation, cell survival and angiogenesis. Five somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5) have been cloned and characterized. Somatostatin analogues include octreotide and lanreotide are effective medical tools in the treatment and present selectivity for SSTR2 and SSTR5. During treatment is seen disapperance of flushing, normalization of bowel movements and reduction of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) secretion. Telotristat represents a novel approach by specifically inhibiting serotonin synthesis and as such, is a promising potential new treatment for patients with carcinoid syndrome. To pancreatic functionig neuroendocrine tumors belongs insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma and VIP-oma. Medical management in patients with insulinoma include diazoxide which suppresses insulin release. Also mTOR inhibitors may inhibit insulin secretion. Treatment of gastrinoma include both proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2 - receptor antagonists. In patients with glucagonomas hyperglycaemia can be controlled using insulin and oral blood glucose lowering drugs. In malignant glucagonomas smatostatin analogues are effective in controlling necrolytic migratory erythemia. Severe cases of the VIP-oma syndrome require supplementation of fluid losses. Octreotide reduce tumoral VIP secretion and control secretory diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gut
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Agata Czarnywojtek
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Bączyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziemnicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Fischbach
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kosma Woliński
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kaznowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wrotkowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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6
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Kuruganti S, Miersch S, Deshpande A, Speir JA, Harris BD, Schriewer JM, Buller RML, Sidhu SS, Walter MR. Cytokine Activation by Antibody Fragments Targeted to Cytokine-Receptor Signaling Complexes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:447-61. [PMID: 26546677 PMCID: PMC4697184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous cytokine therapy can induce systemic toxicity, which might be prevented by activating endogenously produced cytokines in local cell niches. Here we developed antibody-based activators of cytokine signaling (AcCS), which recognize cytokines only when they are bound to their cell surface receptors. AcCS were developed for type I interferons (IFNs), which induce cellular activities by binding to cell surface receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. As a potential alternative to exogenous IFN therapy, AcCS were shown to potentiate the biological activities of natural IFNs by ∼100-fold. Biochemical and structural characterization demonstrates that the AcCS stabilize the IFN-IFNAR2 binary complex by recognizing an IFN-induced conformational change in IFNAR2. Using IFN mutants that disrupt IFNAR1 binding, AcCS were able to enhance IFN antiviral potency without activating antiproliferative responses. This suggests AcCS can be used to manipulate cytokine signaling for basic science and possibly for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilalitha Kuruganti
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Shane Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Science, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Ashlesha Deshpande
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jeffrey A Speir
- National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy, Department of Integrative Structural and, Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Bethany D Harris
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jill M Schriewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - R Mark L Buller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Science, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Mark R Walter
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294,
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7
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Wei L, Bello AM, Majchrzak-Kita B, Salum N, Lewis MM, Kotra LP, Fish EN. Small Molecule Agonists for the Type I Interferon Receptor: An In Silico Approach. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 36:180-91. [PMID: 26700737 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity, with potential utility against emerging acute virus infections that pose a threat to global health. Recombinant IFN-αs that have been approved for clinical use require cold storage and are administered through intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, features that are problematic for global distribution, storage, and administration. Cognizant that the biological potency of an IFN-α subtype is determined by its binding affinity to the type I IFN receptor, IFNAR, we identified a panel of small molecule nonpeptide compounds using an in silico screening strategy that incorporated specific structural features of amino acids in the receptor-binding domains of the most potent IFN-α, IFN alfacon-1. Hit compounds were selected based on ease of synthesis and formulation properties. In preliminary biological assays, we provide evidence that these compounds exhibit antiviral activity. This proof-of-concept study validates the strategy of in silico design and development for IFN mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Wei
- 1 Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations , Toronto, Canada .,2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Angelica M Bello
- 1 Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations , Toronto, Canada .,2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Beata Majchrzak-Kita
- 2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada
| | - Noruê Salum
- 1 Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations , Toronto, Canada .,4 Federal University of Paraná , Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Lewis
- 1 Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations , Toronto, Canada .,2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada
| | - Lakshmi P Kotra
- 1 Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations , Toronto, Canada .,2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- 2 Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network , Toronto, Canada .,5 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
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8
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Hu J, Wang G, Liu X, Gao W. Enhancing Pharmacokinetics, Tumor Accumulation, and Antitumor Efficacy by Elastin-Like Polypeptide Fusion of Interferon Alpha. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7320-4. [PMID: 26463662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic fusion of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) to the C-terminus of interferon alpha (IFN) generates a well-defined IFN-ELP fusion protein with high yield and well-retained bioactivity. The fusion protein significantly enhances pharmacokinetics, tumor accumulation, and antitumor efficacy of interferon alpha in a murine cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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9
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Oganesyan V, Peng L, Woods RM, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF. Structural Insights into the Neutralization Properties of the Fully Human, Anti-interferon Monoclonal Antibody Sifalimumab. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14979-85. [PMID: 25925951 PMCID: PMC4463443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.652156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the three-dimensional structure of human interferon α-2A (IFN-α2A) bound to the Fab fragment of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (sifalimumab; IgG1/κ). The structure of the corresponding complex was solved at a resolution of 3.0 Å using molecular replacement and constitutes the first reported structure of a human type I IFN bound to a therapeutic antibody. This study revealed the major contribution made by the first complementarity-determining region in each of sifalimumab light and heavy chains. These data also provided the molecular basis for sifalimumab mechanism of action. We propose that its interferon-neutralizing properties are the result of direct competition for IFN-α2A binding to the IFN receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) and do not involve inhibiting IFN-α2A binding to the IFN receptor subunit 2 (IFNAR2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaheh Oganesyan
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Li Peng
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Robert M Woods
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Herren Wu
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - William F Dall'Acqua
- From the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
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10
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The molecular basis for functional plasticity in type I interferon signaling. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Nudelman I, Akabayov SR, Scherf T, Anglister J. Observation of intermolecular interactions in large protein complexes by 2D-double difference nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy: application to the 44 kDa interferon-receptor complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14755-64. [PMID: 21819146 PMCID: PMC3173517 DOI: 10.1021/ja205480v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NMR detection of intermolecular interactions between protons in large protein complexes is very challenging because it is difficult to distinguish between weak NOEs from intermolecular interactions and the much larger number of strong intramolecular NOEs. This challenging task is exacerbated by the decrease in signal-to-noise ratio in the often used isotope-edited and isotope-filtered experiments as a result of enhanced T(2) relaxation. Here, we calculate a double difference spectrum that shows exclusively intermolecular NOEs and manifests the good signal-to-noise ratio in 2D homonuclear NOESY spectra even for large proteins. The method is straightforward and results in a complete picture of all intermolecular interactions involving non exchangeable protons. Ninety-seven such (1)H-(1)H NOEs were assigned for the 44 KDa interferon-α2/IFNAR2 complex and used for docking these two proteins. The symmetry of the difference spectrum, its superb resolution, and unprecedented signal-to-noise ratio in this large protein/receptor complex suggest that this method is generally applicable to study large biopolymeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Nudelman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sabine R. Akabayov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tali Scherf
- Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Anglister
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Nudelman I, Akabayov SR, Schnur E, Biron Z, Levy R, Xu Y, Yang D, Anglister J. Intermolecular interactions in a 44 kDa interferon-receptor complex detected by asymmetric reverse-protonation and two-dimensional NOESY. Biochemistry 2010; 49:5117-33. [PMID: 20496919 DOI: 10.1021/bi100041f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) make up a family of homologous helical cytokines initiating strong antiviral and antiproliferative activity. All type I IFNs bind to a common cell surface receptor consisting of two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, associating upon binding of interferon. We studied intermolecular interactions between IFNAR2-EC and IFNalpha2 using asymmetric reverse-protonation of the different complex components and two-dimensional homonuclear NOESY. This new approach revealed with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio 24 new intermolecular NOEs between the two molecules despite the low concentration of the complex (0.25 mM) and its high molecular mass (44 kDa). Sequential and side chain assignment of IFNAR2-EC and IFNalpha2 in their binary complex helped assign the intermolecular NOEs to the corresponding protons. A docking model of the IFNAR2-EC-IFNalpha2 complex was calculated on the basis of the intermolecular interactions found in this study as well as four double mutant cycle constraints, previously observed NOEs between a single pair of residues and the NMR mapping of the binding sites on IFNAR2-EC and IFNalpha2. Our docking model doubles the buried surface area of the previous model and significantly increases the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, our model reveals the participation of several new regions in the binding site such as the N-terminus and A helix of IFNalpha2 and the C domain of IFNAR2-EC. As a result of these additions, the orientation of IFNAR2-EC relative to IFNalpha2 has changed by 30 degrees in comparison with a previously calculated model that was based on NMR mapping of the binding sites and double mutant cycle constraints. In addition, the new model strongly supports the recently proposed allosteric changes in IFNalpha2 upon binding of IFNAR1-EC to the binary IFNalpha2-IFNAR2-EC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Nudelman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Akabayov SR, Biron Z, Lamken P, Piehler J, Anglister J. NMR mapping of the IFNAR1-EC binding site on IFNalpha2 reveals allosteric changes in the IFNAR2-EC binding site. Biochemistry 2010; 49:687-95. [PMID: 20047337 DOI: 10.1021/bi901313x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All type I interferons (IFNs) bind to a common cell-surface receptor consisting of two subunits. IFNs initiate intracellular signal transduction cascades by simultaneous interaction with the extracellular domains of its receptor subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. In this study, we mapped the surface of IFNalpha2 interacting with the extracellular domain of IFNAR1 (IFNAR1-EC) by following changes in or the disappearance of the (1)H-(15)N TROSY-HSQC cross peaks of IFNalpha2 caused by the binding of the extracellular domain of IFNAR1 (IFNAR1-EC) to the binary complex of IFNalpha2 with IFNAR2-EC. The NMR study of the 89 kDa complex was conducted at pH 8 and 308 K using an 800 MHz spectrometer. IFNAR1 binding affected a total of 47 of 165 IFNalpha2 residues contained in two large patches on the face of the protein opposing the binding site for IFNAR2 and in a third patch located on the face containing the IFNAR2 binding site. The first two patches form the IFNAR1 binding site, and one of these matches the IFNAR1 binding site previously identified by site-directed mutagenesis. The third patch partially matches the IFNalpha2 binding site for IFNAR2-EC, indicating allosteric communication between the binding sites for the two receptor subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruth Akabayov
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Walker AM, Roberts RM. Characterization of the bovine type I IFN locus: rearrangements, expansions, and novel subfamilies. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:187. [PMID: 19393062 PMCID: PMC2680415 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Type I interferons (IFN) have major roles in the innate immune response to viruses, a function that is believed to have led to expansion in the number and complexity of their genes, although these genes have remained confined to single chromosomal region in all mammals so far examined. IFNB and IFNE define the limits of the locus, with all other Type I IFN genes except IFNK distributed between these boundaries, strongly suggesting that the locus has broadened as IFN genes duplicated and then evolved into a series of distinct families. RESULTS The Type I IFN locus in Bos taurus has undergone significant rearrangement and expansion compared to mouse and human, however, with the constituent genes separated into two sub-loci separated by >700 kb. The IFNW family is greatly expanded, comprising 24 potentially functional genes and at least 8 pseudogenes. The IFNB (n = 6), represented in human and mouse by one copy, are also present as multiple copies in Bos taurus. The IFNT, which encode a non-virally inducible, ruminant-specific IFN secreted by the pre-implantation conceptus, are represented by three genes and two pseudogenes. The latter have sequences intermediate between IFNT and IFNW. A new Type I IFN family (IFNX) of four members, one of which is a pseudogene, appears to have diverged from the IFNA lineage at least 83 million years ago, but is absent in all other sequenced genomes with the possible exception of the horse, a non-ruminant herbivore. CONCLUSION In summary, we have provided the first comprehensive annotation of the Type I IFN locus in Bos taurus, thereby providing an insight into the functional evolution of the Type I IFN in ruminants. The diversity and global spread of the ruminant species may have required an expansion of the Type I IFN locus and its constituent genes to provide broad anti-viral protection required for foraging and foregut fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Walker
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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15
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Khaitov MR, Laza-Stanca V, Edwards MR, Walton RP, Rohde G, Contoli M, Papi A, Stanciu LA, Kotenko SV, Johnston SL. Respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in bronchial epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Allergy 2009; 64:375-86. [PMID: 19175599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. Impaired production of interferon-beta in rhinovirus infected bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) and of the newly discovered interferon-lambdas in both BECs and bronchoalveolar lavage cells, is implicated in asthma exacerbation pathogenesis. Thus replacement of deficient interferon is a candidate new therapy for asthma exacerbations. Rhinoviruses and other respiratory viruses infect both BECs and macrophages, but their relative capacities for alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferon production are unknown. METHODS To provide guidance regarding which interferon type is the best candidate for development for treatment/prevention of asthma exacerbations we investigated respiratory virus induction of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in BECs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by reverse transferase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Rhinovirus infection of BEAS-2B BECs induced interferon-alpha mRNA expression transiently at 8 h and interferon-beta later at 24 h while induction of interferon-lambda was strongly induced at both time points. At 24 h, interferon-alpha protein was not detected, interferon-beta was weakly induced while interferon-lambda was strongly induced. Similar patterns of mRNA induction were observed in primary BECs, in response to both rhinovirus and influenza A virus infection, though protein levels were below assay detection limits. In PBMCs interferon-alpha, interferon-beta and interferon-lambda mRNAs were all strongly induced by rhinovirus at both 8 and 24 h and proteins were induced: interferon-alpha>-beta>-lambda. Thus respiratory viruses induced expression of alpha-, beta- and lambda-interferons in BECs and PBMCs. In PBMCs interferon-alpha>-beta>-lambda while in BECs, interferon-lambda>-beta>-alpha. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that interferon-lambdas are likely the principal interferons produced during innate responses to respiratory viruses in BECs and interferon-alphas in PBMCs, while interferon-beta is produced by both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Khaitov
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity and MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
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16
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Strunk JJ, Gregor I, Becker Y, Lamken P, Lata S, Reichel A, Enderlein J, Piehler J. Probing Protein Conformations by in Situ Non-Covalent Fluorescence Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 20:41-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc8002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Julia Strunk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Gregor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Lamken
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Suman Lata
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annett Reichel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes (CEF), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany, Department of Molecular Neurosensorics, Caesar Research Centre, Bonn, Germany, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Bello AM, Bende T, Wei L, Wang X, Majchrzak-Kita B, Fish EN, Kotra LP. De novo design of nonpeptidic compounds targeting the interactions between interferon-alpha and its cognate cell surface receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2734-43. [PMID: 18393399 DOI: 10.1021/jm701182y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN) bind specifically to the corresponding receptor, IFNAR. Agonists and antagonists for IFNAR have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of viral infections and systemic lupus erythematosus, respectively. Specific sequences on the surface of IFN, IFN receptor recognition peptides (IRRPs) mediate the binding and signal transduction when IFN interacts with IFNAR. Structural features of two such IRRPs, IRRP-1 and IRRP-3, were used as templates to design small molecule mimetics. In silico screening was used to identify the molecular structural features mimicking their surface characteristics. A set of 26 compounds were synthesized and their ability to interfere with IFN-IFNAR interactions was investigated. Two compounds exhibited antagonist activity, specifically, blocking IFN-inducible Stat phosphorylation Stat complex-DNA binding. Design principles revealed here pave the way toward a novel series of small molecules as antagonists for IFN-IFNAR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Bello
- Center for Molecular Design and Preformulations, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines defined by their antiviral activity but with a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antiproliferative, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects. Mirroring these activities are diverse therapeutic applications to viral infections, antitumor therapy, and multiple sclerosis. The type I IFNs all signal through a common heterodimeric receptor. The existence of such a large family of cytokines (17 human IFNs) activating a common receptor is unusual. Moreover, the IFNs vary in their relative potency in different assays and are not functionally equivalent. How this functional variation is mediated through a common receptor has not been understood. Reports have now highlighted the interaction of IFNs with the low-affinity receptor subunit IFNAR-1 as a surprising key to their differential activity, particularly regarding antiproliferative and antitumor activities. Two groups have used contrasting approaches to produce variant IFN-alpha proteins with novel activity profiles. These advances portend enhanced therapeutic possibilities based on the better understanding of IFN-receptor interactions, while raising interesting mechanistic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Langer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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19
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Yang JL, Qu XJ, Hayes VM, Brenner PC, Russell PJ, Goldstein D. Erlotinib (OSI-774)-induced inhibition of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder cell line growth is enhanced by interferon-? BJU Int 2007; 99:1539-45. [PMID: 17346275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether erlotinib gives similar results to gefitinib, a small molecule epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor that inhibits the growth of human bladder cancer cell lines in vitro, and given that interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) promotes an antiproliferative effect of HER1/EGFR inhibitors on colon cancer cell lines, to also determine the effects of erlotinib alone or together with INFalpha on bladder cancer cell lines, and whether sensitivity is influenced by HER1/EGFR mutation status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven bladder cancer cell lines were characterized for HER1/EGFR expression, then treated with erlotinib alone, IFNalpha alone, or IFNalpha plus erlotinib. Cell growth inhibition was assessed by crystal-violet staining and HER1/EGFR expression by flow cytometry. Synergy was evaluated using the combination index of Chou and Talalay. DNA from these cell lines in the linear growth phase and from 14 bladder cancer tissue samples were tested for HER1/EGFRTK mutations. RESULTS Cell-surface HER1/EGFR expression was present in all seven bladder cancer cell lines. Both erlotinib and IFNalpha independently were significantly antiproliferative, and combined treatment synergistically enhanced the sensitivity in six of the seven cell lines. No bladder cancer cell lines or tissues tested expressed HER1/EGFRTK mutations. CONCLUSION Erlotinib inhibits the growth of human bladder cancer cell lines. Enhanced inhibition in the presence of IFNalpha is not determined by the presence of HER1/EGFRTK mutations. This study might have clinical implications for improving the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Yang
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-alpha subtypes exhibit differences in biological potencies based on their affinity interactions with the IFN receptor subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. Using available three-dimensional structural information and computational biology, homology models of human IFN-alpha1, human IFN-alpha8, IFN alfacon-1, and murine IFN-alpha4 were derived and docked with the extracellular region of human IFNAR2 to evaluate the behavior of potential interacting residue pairs and characterize the nature of the IFN-IFNAR2 binding interfaces. The data suggest that IFN afacon-1 has 9 optimal interactions with IFNAR2, comprising hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Human IFN-alpha2 exhibits 8 optimal interactions, human IFN-alpha1, 7, and murine IFN-alpha4 exhibits the least number of optimal interactions, at 5. A model of IFNAR1 was generated, taking into consideration the IFNAR1 extracellular domain interaction with cell surface glycosphingolipids, putative ligand interaction residues, and residues stabilizing the structural integrity of IFNAR. IFNAR1 was then docked with the various IFN-IFNAR2 complexes to describe the complete extracellular receptor pocket with bound IFN. These data provide insights into the species specificity of IFN-alphas: residues in murine IFN-alpha4 that preclude strong affinity interactions with human IFNAR because of steric crowding and residues in human IFN-alpha8 that resemble a receptor interactive domain in murine IFN-alpha4, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Kumaran
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M1 Canada
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21
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Harel M, Cohen M, Schreiber G. On the dynamic nature of the transition state for protein-protein association as determined by double-mutant cycle analysis and simulation. J Mol Biol 2007; 371:180-96. [PMID: 17561113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The process of protein-protein association starts with their random collision, which may develop into an encounter complex followed by a transition state and final complex formation. Here we aim to experimentally characterize the nature of the transition state of protein-protein association for three different protein-protein interactions; Barnase-Barstar, TEM1-BLIP and IFNalpha2-IFNAR2, and use the data to model the transition state structures. To model the transition state, we determined inter-protein distance-constraints of the activated complex by using double mutant cycles (DMC) assuming that interacting residues are spatially close. Significant DeltaDeltaG(double dagger)(int) values were obtained only between residues on Barnase and Barstar. However, introducing specific mutations that optimize the charge complementarity between BLIP and TEM1 resulted in the introduction of significant DeltaDeltaG(double dagger)(int) values also between residues of these two proteins. While electrostatic interactions make major contributions towards stabilizing the transition state, we show two examples where steric hindrance exerts an effect on the transition state as well. To model the transition-state structures from the experimental DeltaDeltaG(double dagger)(int) values, we introduced a method for structure perturbation, searching for those inter-protein orientations that best support the experimental DeltaDeltaG(double dagger)(int) values. Two types of transition states were found, specific as observed for Barnase-Barstar and the electrostatically optimized TEM1-BLIP mutants, and diffusive as shown for wild-type TEM1-BLIP and IFNalpha2-IFNAR2. The specific transition states are characterized by defined inter-protein orientations, which cannot be modeled for the diffusive transition states. Mutations introduced through rational design can change the transition state from diffusive to specific. Together, these data provide a structural view of the mechanism allowing rates of association to differ by five orders of magnitude between different protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Harel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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22
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Schmeisser H, Kontsek P, Esposito D, Gillette W, Schreiber G, Zoon KC. Binding Characteristics of IFN-alpha Subvariants to IFNAR2-EC and Influence of the 6-Histidine Tag. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 26:866-76. [PMID: 17238829 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression, purification, detection, and assay of recombinant proteins have been made more convenient and rapid by the use of small affinity tags. To facilitate the purification of interferon-alpha2c (IFN-alpha2c) by metal chelate affinity chromatography, N-terminal 6-histidine tag was introduced via genetic manipulation. Two preparations of IFN material were purified; one contained IFN-alpha2c with the 6-histidine tag, and the other contained IFN-alpha2c without the 6-histidine tag. The antigenic properties of the human IFN-alpha2c subvariant with and without the 6-histidine tag, as well as the effects of the N-terminal 6-histidine tag on IFN-alpha2c interaction with the extracellular domain of human IFN-alpha receptor chain 2 (IFNAR2-EC) were examined. For the purposes of this study, IFNs were characterized by Western blots with anti-IFN monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and bioassays. Immunoblot analyses showed differences between IFN-alpha2c-6-histidine tag and IFN-alpha2a, b, c in their interaction with IFNAR2-EC. We also observed differences between IFN-alpha2c-6-histidine tag and IFN-alpha2a, b, c in bioactivities. This study is the first report that shows that an N-terminal 6-histidine tag on IFN-alpha2c can affect its interaction with receptor and cause a different bioactivity.
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23
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Quadt-Akabayov SR, Chill JH, Levy R, Kessler N, Anglister J. Determination of the human type I interferon receptor binding site on human interferon-alpha2 by cross saturation and an NMR-based model of the complex. Protein Sci 2006; 15:2656-68. [PMID: 17001036 PMCID: PMC2242419 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062283006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of homologous helical cytokines that exhibit pleiotropic effects on a wide variety of cell types, including antiviral activity and antibacterial, antiprozoal, immunomodulatory, and cell growth regulatory functions. Consequently, IFNs are the human proteins most widely used in the treatment of several kinds of cancer, hepatitis C, and multiple sclerosis. All type I IFNs bind to a cell surface receptor consisting of two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, associating upon binding of interferon. The structure of the extracellular domain of IFNAR2 (R2-EC) was solved recently. Here we study the complex and the binding interface of IFNalpha2 with R2-EC using multidimensional NMR techniques. NMR shows that IFNalpha2 does not undergo significant structural changes upon binding to its receptor, suggesting a lock-and-key mechanism for binding. Cross saturation experiments were used to determine the receptor binding site upon IFNalpha2. The NMR data and previously published mutagenesis data were used to derive a docking model of the complex with an RMSD of 1 Angstrom, and its well-defined orientation between IFNalpha2 and R2-EC and the structural quality greatly improve upon previously suggested models. The relative ligand-receptor orientation is believed to be important for interferon signaling and possibly one of the parameters that distinguish the different IFN I subtypes. This structural information provides important insight into interferon signaling processes and may allow improvement in the development of therapeutically used IFNs and IFN-like molecules.
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24
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Yang JL, Qu XJ, Russell PJ, Goldstein D. Interferon-alpha promotes the anti-proliferative effect of gefitinib (ZD 1839) on human colon cancer cell lines. Oncology 2005; 69:224-38. [PMID: 16138001 DOI: 10.1159/000088070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) treatment is associated with up-regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER 1/EGFR) expression and marked growth inhibition of colon cancer cell lines in vitro. We aimed to determine the effect of combining IFN alpha and gefitinib on colon cancer cell line growth. METHODS A panel of nine colon cancer cell lines were characterised for expression of HER 1/EGFR and then treated with gefitinib alone, or IFN alpha alone, or IFN alpha plus gefitinib, following a pre-treatment using vehicle or IFN alpha. Crystal violet staining and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation and expression of HER 1/EGFR. The indexes and statistical assays were used to evaluate significant differences between treatment groups against vehicle control. RESULTS All cell lines except SW 620 were HER 1/EGFR positive. IFN alpha treatment was associated with significant up-regulation of cell surface HER 1/EGFR expression in all HER 1/EGFR-positive cell lines except KM 12 SM. Concurrent treatment with IFN alpha and gefitinib, or IFN alpha pre-treatment followed by gefitinib, or IFN alpha pre-treatment followed by a combination of IFN alpha plus gefitinib, additively or supra-additively/synergistically enhanced the sensitivity of the seven HER 1/EGFR-up-regulated cell lines. CONCLUSION IFN alpha improves the anti-proliferative effect of EGFR inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. This approach may have clinical implications for improving treatment based on targeting of HER 1/EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Yang
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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25
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Abstract
The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -epsilon, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their specific receptor molecules initiates a broad and varied array of signals that induce cellular antiviral states, modulate inflammatory responses, inhibit or stimulate cell growth, produce or inhibit apoptosis, and affect many immune mechanisms. The information derived from crystal structures and molecular evolution has led to progress in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms initiating their biological activities. These cytokines have significant roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes as well as in regulation of the immune system. Further investigation of these critical intercellular signaling molecules will provide important information to enable these proteins to be used more extensively in therapy for a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Pestka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology, and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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26
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Brassard DL, Delorenzo MM, Cox S, Leaman DW, Sun Y, Ding W, Gavor S, Spond J, Goodsaid F, Bordens R, Grace MJ. Regulation of Gene Expression by Pegylated IFN-α2b and IFN-α2b in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 24:455-69. [PMID: 15320959 DOI: 10.1089/1079990041689638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic biologic effects of interferon (IFN) are mediated through regulation of the expression of numerous IFN-sensitive genes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors were analyzed to study the immunoregulatory and antiviral messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and proteins regulated by pegylated IFN-alpha2b (PEG-IFN-alpha2b) and IFN-alpha2b. A dose-dependent and time-dependent response for multiple IFN-regulated genes was observed. IFN-dependent protein production and secretion were correlated with IFN-regulated mRNA induction. Overall regulation of gene expression patterns for PEG-IFN-alpha2b and IFN-alpha2b was comparable, even though the antiviral activity of PEG-IFN-alpha2b demonstrated a longer biologic halflife in vitro compared with IFN-alpha2b. To study the heterogeneity of responses, PBMCs obtained from over 25 healthy donors were analyzed. Within a particular donor dataset, gene-specific and dose-dependent responses to PEG-IFN-alpha2b treatment, demonstrated in both the amplitude of transcriptional upregulation and the duration of sustained mRNA upregulation, were observed. However because of donor heterogeneity, the amplitude of a given transcriptional response could not be predicted for a specific dose of PEG-IFN-alpha2b. Notably, mRNA levels of oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR), IP-10, IFN-stimulated gene 54 (ISG54), and ISG15 were upregulated after 120 h of continuous PEG-IFN-alpha2b treatment. These results suggest that the use of antiviral and immunoregulatory protein mRNA levels as markers to assess the therapeutic efficacy of IFN-alpha2b and PEG-IFN-alpha2b against viral and neoplastic diseases in clinical trials is promising but will require further analysis using clinical patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Brassard
- Department of Biotechnology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Union, NJ 07083, USA
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27
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Langer JA, Cutrone EC, Kotenko S. The Class II cytokine receptor (CRF2) family: overview and patterns of receptor–ligand interactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 15:33-48. [PMID: 14746812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Expanded genomic information has driven the discovery of new members of the human Class II family of cytokine receptors (CRF2), which now includes 12 proteins. The corresponding cytokines have been identified, paired with their receptors and initially characterized for function. These cytokines include: a new human Type I IFN, IFN-kappa; molecules related to IL-10 (IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26); and IFN-lambdas (IL-28/29), which have antiviral and cell stimulatory activities reminiscent of Type I IFNs, but act through a distinct receptor. In response to ligand binding, the CRF2 proteins form heterodimers, leading to cytokine-specific cellular responses; these diverse physiological functions are just beginning to be explored. Progress in structural and mutational analysis of ligand-receptor interactions now presents a more reliable framework for understanding receptor-ligand interactions, and for predicting key regions in less well studied members of the CRF2 family. The relationships between the CRF2 proteins will be summarized, as will the progress in identifying patterns of receptor interactions with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Langer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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28
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Walter MR. Structural Analysis of IL-10 and Type I Interferon Family Members and their Complexes with Receptor. CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS 2004; 68:171-223. [PMID: 15500862 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(04)68006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Biophysical Sciences and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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29
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Chill JH, Quadt SR, Levy R, Schreiber G, Anglister J. The human type I interferon receptor: NMR structure reveals the molecular basis of ligand binding. Structure 2003; 11:791-802. [PMID: 12842042 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(03)00120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities of human type I interferons (IFNs) are mediated by a single receptor comprising two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The structure of the IFNAR2 IFN binding ectodomain (IFNAR2-EC), the first helical cytokine receptor structure determined in solution, reveals the molecular basis for IFN binding. The atypical perpendicular orientation of its two fibronectin domains explains the lack of C domain involvement in ligand binding. A model of the IFNAR2-EC/IFNalpha2 complex based on double mutant cycle-derived constraints uncovers an extensive and predominantly aliphatic hydrophobic patch on the receptor that interacts with a matching hydrophobic surface of IFNalpha2. An adjacent motif of alternating charged side chains guides the two proteins into a tight complex. The binding interface may account for crossreactivity and ligand specificity of the receptor. This molecular description of IFN binding should be invaluable for study and design of IFN-based biomedical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H Chill
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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30
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Foser S, Schacher A, Weyer KA, Brugger D, Dietel E, Marti S, Schreitmüller T. Isolation, structural characterization, and antiviral activity of positional isomers of monopegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS). Protein Expr Purif 2003; 30:78-87. [PMID: 12821324 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interferon alpha-2a plays an essential role in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, but it is limited in its efficacy by the short in vivo half-life. To improve the half-life and efficacy, interferon alpha-2a is conjugated with a 40-kDa branched polyethylene glycol moiety (PEG-IFN, PEGASYS). From this preparation the positional PEG-IFN isomers were isolated and characterized by different analytical methods and antiviral assay. Two chromatographic steps were used to separate and purify nine isomers. The analytical methods IE-HPLC, RP-HPLC, SE-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and MALDI-TOF MS indicated that each of these nine isomers is conjugated to the branched polyethylene glycol chain at a specific lysine. No isomer with a modification at the amino terminus was observed. All positional isomers induced viral protection of MDBK cells in the antiviral assay. When comparing the quantitative potency of the individual isomers with the whole mixture of PEG-IFN, significant differences in the specific activities were observed: PEG-Lys(31) and PEG-Lys(134) showed higher activities than the mixture, PEG-Lys(164) was equal to the mixture, whereas the activities of PEG-Lys(49), PEG-Lys(70), PEG-Lys(83), PEG-Lys(112), PEG-Lys(121), and PEG-Lys(131) were lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Foser
- Department of Pharma Technical Operations Biotechnology, Biotech Products, Biotech Development and Production, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Building 066/508, Ch-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Rosenfeld CS, Han CS, Alexenko AP, Spencer TE, Roberts RM. Expression of interferon receptor subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, in the ovine uterus. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:847-53. [PMID: 12193393 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.004267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-tau (IFN-tau) is the antiluteolytic factor released by concepti of ruminant ungulate species prior to implantation. All type I interferons, including IFN-tau, exert their action through a common receptor, which consists of two subunits, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2c, but the distribution of the two polypeptides in uterine endometrium has not been examined. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry on sections from pregnant and nonpregnant ovine uteri at Days 14 and 15 after estrus and mating showed that both IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 mRNA and protein were strongly expressed in endometrial luminal epithelium (LE), superficial glandular epithelium (GE), and stromal cells, within but not outside caruncles. Similar staining patterns were noted in pregnant and nonpregnant uteri for both subunits. Western blot analysis of membrane fractions from cell lines derived from endometrial LE, GE, and stromal cells, and affinity cross-linking experiments with radioactively labeled IFN-tau performed on crude endometrial membranes indicated the presence of both high ( approximately 110 kDa) and low (75-80 kDa) molecular mass forms of the two receptor subunits. To localize where IFN-tau binds when it is introduced into the uterine lumen, immunohistochemistry with an antiserum against IFN-tau was performed on sections of uteri from Day 14 nonpregnant ewes whose uteri had previously been infused with IFN-tau. Staining was concentrated on the LE and superficial GE cells, and was absent from the deeper regions of the glands and from the stromal tissues. These studies demonstrate the heavy concentration of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 in cells of the LE and superficial GE, which appear to be the main targets for IFN-tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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