1
|
Basu B, Kal S, Karmakar S, Basu M, Ghosh MK. E3 ubiquitin ligases in lung cancer: Emerging insights and therapeutic opportunities. Life Sci 2024; 336:122333. [PMID: 38061537 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Aim In this review, we have attempted to provide the readers with an updated account of the role of a family of proteins known as E3 ligases in different aspects of lung cancer progression, along with insights into the deregulation of expression of these proteins during lung cancer. A detailed account of the therapeutic strategies involving E3 ligases that have been developed or currently under development has also been provided in this review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The review article employs extensive literature search, along with differential gene expression analysis of lung cancer associated E3 ligases using the DESeq2 package in R, and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/). Protein expression analysis of CPTAC lung cancer samples was carried out using the UALCAN webtool (https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html). Assessment of patient overall survival (OS) in response to high and low expression of selected E3 ligases was performed using the online Kaplan-Meier plotter (https://kmplot.com/analysis/index.php?p=background). KEY FINDINGS: SIGNIFICANCE: The review provides an in-depth understanding of the role of E3 ligases in lung cancer progression and an up-to-date account of the different therapeutic strategies targeting oncogenic E3 ligases for improved lung cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Basu
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Satadeepa Kal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhajit Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of Microbiology, Dhruba Chand Halder College, Dakshin Barasat, South 24 Parganas, PIN -743372, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR-IICB), TRUE Campus, CN-6, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata- 700091 & 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Antignani A, Bilotta MT, Roth JS, Urban DJ, Shen M, Hall MD, FitzGerald D. Birinapant selectively enhances immunotoxin-mediated killing of cancer cells conditional on the IAP protein levels within target cells. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23292. [PMID: 37971407 PMCID: PMC10659127 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301052r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) target cancer cells via antibody binding to surface antigens followed by internalization and toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. The fate of cells responding to IT treatment depends on the amount and stability of specific pro-apoptotic and pro-survival proteins. When treated with a pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxin (HB21PE40), the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-468 displayed a notable resistance to toxin-mediated killing compared to the epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431, despite succumbing to the same level of protein synthesis inhibition. In a combination screen of ~1912 clinically relevant and mechanistically annotated compounds, we identified several agents that greatly enhanced IT-mediated killing of MDA-MB-468 cells while exhibiting only a modest enhancement for A431 cells. Of interest, two Smac mimetics, birinapant and SM164, exhibited this kind of differential enhancement. To investigate the basis for this, we probed cells for the presence of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins and monitored their stability after the addition of immunotoxin. We found that high levels of IAPs inhibited immunotoxin-mediated cell death. Further, TNFα levels were not relevant for the combination's efficacy. In tumor xenograft studies, combinations of immunotoxin and birinapant caused complete regressions in MDA-MB-468tumor-bearing mice but not in mice with A431 tumors. We propose that IAPs constitute a barrier to immunotoxin efficacy which can be overcome with combination treatments that include Smac mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Antignani
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bilotta
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacob S. Roth
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - Daniel J. Urban
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, Early Translation Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA
| | - David FitzGerald
- Biotherapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Altrichter Y, Bou-Dib P, Kuznia C, Seitz O. Towards a templated reaction that translates RNA in cells into a proaptotic peptide-PNA conjugate. J Pept Sci 2023:e3477. [PMID: 36606596 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-templated chemistry opens the intriguing prospect of triggering the synthesis of drugs only in diseased cells. Herein, we explore the feasibility of using RNA-templated chemical reactions for the activation of a known Smac peptidomimetic compound (SMC), which has proapoptotic activity. Two peptide nucleic acid (PNA) conjugates were used to enable conditional activation of a masked SMC by reduction of an azide either by Staudinger reduction or catalytic photoreduction using a ruthenium complex. The latter provided ~135 nM SMC-PNA on as little as 10 nM (0.01 eq.) template. For the evaluation of the templated azido-SMC reduction system in cellulo, a stable HEK 293 cell line was generated, which overexpressed a truncated, non-functional form of the XIAP mRNA target. We furthermore describe the development of electroporation protocols that enable a robust delivery of PNA conjugates into HEK 293 cells. The action of the reactive PNA conjugates was evaluated by viability and flow cytometric apoptosis assays. In addition, electroporated probes were re-isolated and analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Unfortunately, the ruthenium-PNA conjugate proved phototoxic, and treatment of cells with PNA-linked reducing agent and the azido-masked SMC conjugate did not result in a greater viability loss than treatment with scrambled sequence controls. Intracellular product formation was not detectable. A control experiment in total cellular RNA isolate indicated that the templated reaction can in principle proceed in a complex system. The results of this first-of-its-kind study reveal the numerous hurdles that must be overcome if RNA molecules are to trigger the synthesis of pro-apoptotic drugs inside cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Altrichter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bou-Dib
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Kuznia
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The resurrection of RIP kinase 1 as an early cell death checkpoint regulator-a potential target for therapy in the necroptosis era. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1401-1411. [PMID: 36171264 PMCID: PMC9534832 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has emerged as a central molecular switch in controlling the balance between cell survival and cell death. The pro-survival role of RIPK1 in maintaining cell survival is achieved via its ability to induce NF-κB-dependent expression of anti-apoptotic genes. However, recent advances have identified the pro-death function of RIPK1: posttranslational modifications of RIPK1 in the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated complex-I, in the cytosolic complex-IIb or in necrosomes regulate the cytotoxic potential of RIPK1, forming an early cell death checkpoint. Since the kinase activity of RIPK1 is indispensable in RIPK3- and MLKL-mediated necroptosis induction, while it is dispensable in apoptosis, a better understanding of this early cell death checkpoint via RIPK1 might lead to new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling both apoptotic and necroptotic modes of cell death and help develop novel therapeutic approaches for cancer. Here, we present an emerging view of the regulatory mechanisms for RIPK1 activity, especially with respect to the early cell death checkpoint. We also discuss the impact of dysregulated RIPK1 activity in pathophysiological settings and highlight its therapeutic potential in treating human diseases. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms that allow a protein to control the balance between cell survival or early death could reveal new approaches to treating conditions including chronic inflammatory disease and cancer. Gang Min Hur and colleagues at Chungnam National University in Daejeon, South Korea, with Han-Ming Shen at the University of Macau in China, review emerging evidence about how the protein called receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) influences whether cells move towards death or survival at a key ‘checkpoint’ in cell development. Cells can undergo a natural process of programmed cell death called apoptosis, die abnormally in a disease process called necroptosis, or survive. RIPK1 appears able to influence which path is chosen depending on which genes it regulates and which proteins it interacts with. Many details are still unclear, and need further investigation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Molyer B, Kumar A, Angel JB. SMAC Mimetics as Therapeutic Agents in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:780400. [PMID: 34899741 PMCID: PMC8660680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy is extremely effective in lowering HIV RNA to undetectable levels in the blood, HIV persists in latently infected CD4+ T-cells and persistently infected macrophages. In latently/persistently infected cells, HIV proteins have shown to affect the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, notably the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), and thereby influence cell survival. IAPs, which are inhibited by endogenous second mitochondrial-derived activators of caspases (SMAC), can serve as targets for SMAC mimetics, synthetic compounds capable of inducing apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that SMAC mimetics can be used to reverse HIV latency and/or kill cells that are latently/persistently infected with HIV. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of SMAC mimetics as an approach to eliminate HIV infected cells and discuss the potential future use of SMAC mimetics as part of an HIV cure strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Molyer
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Apoptosis Research Center of Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Photophysical Properties of BADAN Revealed in the Study of GGBP Structural Transitions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011113. [PMID: 34681772 PMCID: PMC8540541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The fluorescent dye BADAN (6-bromoacetyl-2-dimetylaminonaphtalene) is widely used in various fields of life sciences, however, the photophysical properties of BADAN are not fully understood. The study of the spectral properties of BADAN attached to a number of mutant forms of GGBP, as well as changes in its spectral characteristics during structural changes in proteins, allowed to shed light on the photophysical properties of BADAN. It was shown that spectral properties of BADAN are determined by at least one non-fluorescent and two fluorescent isomers with overlapping absorbing bands. It was found that BADAN fluorescence is determined by the unsolvated "PICT" (planar intramolecular charge transfer state) and solvated "TICT" (twisted intramolecular charge transfer state) excited states. While "TICT" state can be formed both as a result of the "PICT" state solvation and as a result of light absorption by the solvated ground state of the dye. BADAN fluorescence linked to GGBP/H152C apoform is quenched by Trp 183, but this effect is inhibited by glucose intercalation. New details of the changes in the spectral characteristics of BADAN during the unfolding of the protein apo and holoforms have been obtained.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mueller F, Friese A, Pathe C, da Silva RC, Rodriguez KB, Musacchio A, Bange T. Overlap of NatA and IAP substrates implicates N-terminal acetylation in protein stabilization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/3/eabc8590. [PMID: 33523899 PMCID: PMC7810383 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SMAC/DIABLO and HTRA2 are mitochondrial proteins whose amino-terminal sequences, known as inhibitor of apoptosis binding motifs (IBMs), bind and activate ubiquitin ligases known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), unleashing a cell's apoptotic potential. IBMs comprise a four-residue, loose consensus sequence, and binding to IAPs requires an unmodified amino terminus. Closely related, IBM-like N termini are present in approximately 5% of human proteins. We show that suppression of the N-alpha-acetyltransferase NatA turns these cryptic IBM-like sequences into very efficient IAP binders in cell lysates and in vitro and ultimately triggers cellular apoptosis. Thus, amino-terminal acetylation of IBM-like motifs in NatA substrates shields them from IAPs. This previously unrecognized relationship suggests that amino-terminal acetylation is generally protective against protein degradation in human cells. It also identifies IAPs as agents of a general quality control mechanism targeting unacetylated rogues in metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Mueller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friese
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Claudio Pathe
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Richard Cardoso da Silva
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kenny Bravo Rodriguez
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar S, Fairmichael C, Longley DB, Turkington RC. The Multiple Roles of the IAP Super-family in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107610. [PMID: 32585232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that are mainly known for their anti-apoptotic activity and ability to directly bind and inhibit caspases. Recent research has however revealed that they have extensive roles in governing numerous other cellular processes. IAPs are known to modulate ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent signaling pathways through their E3 ligase activity and influence activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In this review, we discuss the involvement of IAPs in individual hallmarks of cancer and the current status of therapies targeting these critical proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Fairmichael
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Turkington
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao XY, Wang XY, Wei QY, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Potency and Selectivity of SMAC/DIABLO Mimetics in Solid Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041012. [PMID: 32325691 PMCID: PMC7226512 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to promote cancer cell apoptosis is a mainstream strategy of cancer therapy. The second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) protein is an essential and endogenous antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). SMAC mimetics (SMs) are a series of synthetically chemical compounds. Via database analysis and literature searching, we summarize the potential mechanisms of endogenous SMAC inefficiency, degradation, mutation, releasing blockage, and depression. We review the development of SMs, as well as preclinical and clinical outcomes of SMs in solid tumor treatment, and we analyze their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats from our point of view. We also highlight several questions in need of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
| | - Andy T. Y. Lau
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.X.); (A.T.Y.L.); Tel.: +86-754-8890-0437 (Y.-M.X.); +86-754-8853-0052 (A.T.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blaquiere N, Villemure E, Staben ST. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibiting RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7957-7985. [PMID: 32142281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) presents many opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Key players in the UPS are E3 ubiquitin ligases, responsible for conjugation of ubiquitin to specific cognate substrates. Numbering more than 600 members, these ligases represent the most selective way to intervene within this physiologically important system. This Perspective highlights some of the dedicated medicinal chemistry efforts directed at inhibiting the function of specific single-protein and multicomponent RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. We present opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this important class of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaquiere
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Future Therapeutic Directions for Smac-Mimetics. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020406. [PMID: 32053868 PMCID: PMC7072318 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that the ability of cancer cells to circumvent the cell death program that untransformed cells are subject to helps promote tumor growth. Strategies designed to reinstate the cell death program in cancer cells have therefore been investigated for decades. Overexpression of members of the Inhibitor of APoptosis (IAP) protein family is one possible mechanism hindering the death of cancer cells. To promote cell death, drugs that mimic natural IAP antagonists, such as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) were developed. Smac-Mimetics (SMs) have entered clinical trials for hematological and solid cancers, unfortunately with variable and limited results so far. This review explores the use of SMs for the treatment of cancer, their potential to synergize with up-coming treatments and, finally, discusses the challenges and optimism facing this strategy.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonists in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010207. [PMID: 31947615 PMCID: PMC7017284 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their ability to evade cell death via apoptosis. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of proteins that act to promote cell survival. For this reason, upregulation of IAPs is associated with a number of cancer types as a mechanism of resistance to cell death and chemotherapy. As such, IAPs are considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, based on the role of IAPs in resistance to apoptosis, tumour progression and poor patient prognosis. The mitochondrial protein smac (second mitochondrial activator of caspases), is an endogenous inhibitor of IAPs, and several small molecule mimetics of smac (smac-mimetics) have been developed in order to antagonise IAPs in cancer cells and restore sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. However, recent studies have revealed that smac-mimetics have broader effects than was first attributed. It is now understood that they are key regulators of innate immune signalling and have wide reaching immuno-modulatory properties. As such, they are ideal candidates for immunotherapy combinations. Pre-clinically, successful combination therapies incorporating smac-mimetics and oncolytic viruses, as with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, have been reported, and clinical trials incorporating smac-mimetics and immune checkpoint blockade are ongoing. Here, the potential of IAP antagonism to enhance immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of cancer will be discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Han B. Bivalent SMAC Mimetics for Treating Cancer by Antagonizing Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1951-1962. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yi Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of AntibioticsChengdu University 168 Huaguan Road Chengdu 610052 China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1166 Liutai Avenue Chengdu 611137 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cong H, Xu L, Wu Y, Qu Z, Bian T, Zhang W, Xing C, Zhuang C. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Antagonists in Anticancer Agent Discovery: Current Status and Perspectives. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5750-5772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yougen Wu
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhuo Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tengfei Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sheng ZJ, Shi YM, Xu X, Bellynck S, Zhang K, Du ZY, Xu X, Maurel F, Dong CZ. Development of XIAP Antagonists Based On De Novo 8,5-Fused Bicyclic Lactams. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:34-40. [PMID: 30652062 PMCID: PMC6331714 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop original water soluble antagonists of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a novel bicyclic scaffold was designed based on 8,5‐fused bicyclic lactam. During its preparation, a spontaneous rearrangement from 8,5‐ to 7,5‐fused bicyclic lactam was observed and confirmed by MS and NMR analyses, in particular the HMBC spectra. DFT calculations were performed to understand the corresponding mechanism. It was finally prevented through changing the reaction order in the synthesis route and a Smac mimetic with this core structure, ZJ‐1 was successfully obtained. The structure of this new bicyclic scaffold was well confirmed by HRMS and NMR (1H, 13C, NOESY) analyses. ZJ‐1 presented in addition a binding affinity to XIAP‐BIR3, nearly 6 times better than that of AVPI, similar to the reported SM‐128 in an in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) assay. This preliminary result suggests that this new bicyclic scaffold could be very attractive in the development of novel anticancer agents targeting XIAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun J Sheng
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - Yiming M Shi
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering Jiangsu University of Technology 213001 Changzhou China
| | - Sébastien Bellynck
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - Zhiyun Y Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China
| | - Xuetao Xu
- School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - François Maurel
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Jianghan University 430056 Wuhan China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shultis D, Mitra P, Huang X, Johnson J, Khattak NA, Gray F, Piper C, Czajka J, Hansen L, Wan B, Chinnaswamy K, Liu L, Wang M, Pan J, Stuckey J, Cierpicki T, Borchers CH, Wang S, Lei M, Zhang Y. Changing the Apoptosis Pathway through Evolutionary Protein Design. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:825-841. [PMID: 30625288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One obstacle in de novo protein design is the vast sequence space that needs to be searched through to obtain functional proteins. We developed a new method using structural profiles created from evolutionarily related proteins to constrain the simulation search process, with functions specified by atomic-level ligand-protein binding interactions. The approach was applied to redesigning the BIR3 domain of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), whose primary function is to suppress the cell death by inhibiting caspase-9 activity; however, the function of the wild-type XIAP can be eliminated by the binding of Smac peptides. Isothermal calorimetry and luminescence assay reveal that the designed XIAP domains can bind strongly with the Smac peptides but do not significantly inhibit the caspase-9 proteolytic activity in vitro compared with the wild-type XIAP protein. Detailed mutation assay experiments suggest that the binding specificity in the designs is essentially determined by the interplay of structural profile and physical interactions, which demonstrates the potential to modify apoptosis pathways through computational design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Shultis
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pralay Mitra
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jarrett Johnson
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Naureen Aslam Khattak
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Felicia Gray
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Clint Piper
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeff Czajka
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bingbing Wan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Liu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingxi Pan
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, The University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 7X8
| | - Jeanne Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, The University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 7X8
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Structure-based design, synthesis and anticancer effect of cyclic Smac-polyarginine peptides. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1607-1616. [PMID: 30123940 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac/DIABLO) is a pro-apoptotic protein that released from mitochondria into the cytosol when cells undergo apoptosis. Smac promotes caspase activation by binding the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP), particularly XIAP and eliminating their inhibitory activity. Although the seven N-terminal amino acids AVPIAQK (SmacN7) of Smac protein is able to elicit an anticancer response by itself, it is neither cell-permeable nor stable in the cellular environment. Thus, the use of SmacN7 derivatives and mimetics is an alluring field for cancer therapy. In this study, heptamer Smac peptide was fused to a well-known octaarginine cell-penetrating peptide for promoting its intracellular access. Both therapeutic Smac part and cell-penetrating octaarginine parts of the peptide sequence constrained in a cyclic structure so as to enhance the apoptosis-inducing potential of the SmacN7 peptide. Biological assays interestingly showed that cyclic peptides P4, P5 and P7 gave rise to a significant level of cytotoxicity and apoptosis mediated cell death in multiple myeloma tumor cells (MM) comparing to linear peptide.
Collapse
|
18
|
Höfener M, Pachl F, Kuster B, Sewald N. Inhibitor-based affinity probes for the investigation of JAK signaling pathways. Proteomics 2015; 15:3066-74. [PMID: 25959371 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Janus Kinase (JAK) signaling pathway plays a key role for many cellular processes and has recently been correlated with neuronal disorders. In order to understand new links of JAK family members with other signaling pathways, chemical proteomics tools with broad kinase coverage are desirable. A probe that shows outstanding kinase selectivity and allows for the enrichment of up to 133 kinases including many mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) members and JAK kinases has been developed. Furthermore, this probe was applied to establish the selectivity profile of the JAK1/2 inhibitor momelotinib that is currently evaluated in clinical phase 3 studies. These results render this probe a valuable tool for the investigation of JAK and JAK related signaling pathways and the selectivity profiling of kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Höfener
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fonin A, Kuznetsova I, Turoverov K. Spectral properties of BADAN in solutions with different polarities. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
20
|
Kim KS, Zhang L, Williams D, Perez HL, Stang E, Borzilleri RM, Posy S, Lei M, Chaudhry C, Emanuel S, Talbott R. Discovery of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based bivalent heterodimeric IAP antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Seiter MA, Salcher S, Rupp M, Hagenbuchner J, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Mortier J, Wolber G, Rollinger JM, Obexer P, Ausserlechner MJ. Discovery of Sanggenon G as a natural cell-permeable small-molecular weight inhibitor of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:659-71. [PMID: 25161875 PMCID: PMC4141193 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery of a novel XIAP-inhibitory natural compound from Morus root bark (Sanggenon G). Sanggenon G binds specific to the BIR3 domain of XIAP in a low μM range. Sanggenon G interferes with XIAP-BIR3-substrate binding in living cells. Sanggenon G acts as chemosensitizer in tumor cell lines with high XIAP expression.
Defects in the regulation of apoptosis are one main cause of cancer development and may result from overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). XIAP is frequently overexpressed in human leukemia and prostate and breast tumors. Inhibition of apoptosis by XIAP is mainly coordinated through direct binding to the initiator caspase-9 via its baculovirus-IAP-repeat-3 (BIR3) domain. XIAP inhibits caspases directly making it to an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy. In the search for novel, non-peptidic XIAP inhibitors in this study we focused on the chemical constituents of sāng bái pí (mulberry root bark). Most promising candidates of this plant were tested biochemically in vitro by a fluorescence polarization (FP) assay and in vivo via protein fragment complementation analysis (PCA). We identified the Diels Alder adduct Sanggenon G (SG1) as a novel, small-molecular weight inhibitor of XIAP. As shown by FP and PCA analyses, SG1 binds specifically to the BIR3 domain of XIAP with a binding affinity of 34.26 μM. Treatment of the transgenic leukemia cell line Molt3/XIAP with SG1 enhances caspase-8, -3 and -9 cleavage, displaces caspase-9 from XIAP as determined by immunoprecipitation experiments and sensitizes these cells to etoposide-induced apoptosis. SG1 not only sensitizes the XIAP-overexpressing leukemia cell line Molt3/XIAP to etoposide treatment but also different neuroblastoma cell lines endogenously expressing high XIAP levels. Taken together, Sanggenon G (SG1) is a novel, natural, non-peptidic, small-molecular inhibitor of XIAP that can serve as a starting point to develop a new class of improved XIAP inhibitors.
Collapse
Key Words
- (FP-) assay, fluorescence polarization assay
- ARPF-FAM, ARPF-K(5-Fam)-NH2-peptide
- BIR-3, baculovirus-IAP-repeat-3
- CC, column chromatography
- Cell permeable
- Kd, dissociation constant
- Ki, binding affinity
- MAC, methanol crude extract of mulberry root bark
- Natural
- PCA, protein fragment complementation analysis
- RLU, relative luminescence units
- SG1, sanggenon G
- Sanggenon G
- Small-molecular weight
- XIAP inhibitor
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Seiter
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Salcher
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Hagenbuchner
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Jérémie Mortier
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 2, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Department Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Koenigin-Luise-Straße 2, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institutes of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Obexer
- Department of Pediatrics II, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael J Ausserlechner
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria ; Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang X, Piro B, Reisberg S, Anquetin G, de Rocquigny H, Jiang P, Wang Q, Wu W, Pham MC, Dong CZ. Direct, reagentless electrochemical detection of the BIR3 domain of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein using a peptide-based conducting polymer sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:57-62. [PMID: 24858673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a reagentless electrochemical peptide (AVPFAQKG) sensor to directly detect the BIR3 domain of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP-BIR3). The bioreceptor was based on a conducting copolymer film electrosynthesized from juglone and a juglone-peptide conjugate (JP) newly designed. The peptide-protein interactions generated an important increase of steric hindrance at the interface and a current decrease (signal off) of the redox reaction from quinone embedded in the polymer backbone as evidenced by Square Wave Voltammetry. This allowed a specific and sensitive detection of XIAP-BIR3 with a detection limit of 1 nM (13 ng mL(-1)). The peptide-protein complex could be then dissociated by adding the free precursor peptide (AVPFAQKG) into solution, causing a shift-back on the signal, i.e. an increase in the current intensity (signal-on). This "off-on" detection sequence was used in this work as a double verification of the specificity and this approach can be employed as a general way to increase the reliability of the results. In general, the approach described in this work may be inspired to develop other direct and reagentless electrochemical protein assays with high specificity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Lanzhou University, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - B Piro
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
| | - S Reisberg
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - G Anquetin
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - H de Rocquigny
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR CNRS 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - P Jiang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Q Wang
- Lanzhou University, Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - W Wu
- Lanzhou University, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - M-C Pham
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - C-Z Dong
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Condon SM, Mitsuuchi Y, Deng Y, LaPorte MG, Rippin SR, Haimowitz T, Alexander MD, Kumar PT, Hendi MS, Lee YH, Benetatos CA, Yu G, Kapoor GS, Neiman E, Seipel ME, Burns JM, Graham MA, McKinlay MA, Li X, Wang J, Shi Y, Feltham R, Bettjeman B, Cumming MH, Vince JE, Khan N, Silke J, Day CL, Chunduru SK. Birinapant, a smac-mimetic with improved tolerability for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3666-77. [PMID: 24684347 DOI: 10.1021/jm500176w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Birinapant (1) is a second-generation bivalent antagonist of IAP proteins that is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of cancer. Using a range of assays that evaluated cIAP1 stability and oligomeric state, we demonstrated that 1 stabilized the cIAP1-BUCR (BIR3-UBA-CARD-RING) dimer and promoted autoubiquitylation of cIAP1 in vitro. Smac-mimetic 1-induced loss of cIAPs correlated with inhibition of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation, caspase activation, and tumor cell killing. Many first-generation Smac-mimetics such as compound A (2) were poorly tolerated. Notably, animals that lack functional cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP are not viable, and 2 mimicked features of triple IAP knockout cells in vitro. The improved tolerability of 1 was associated with (i) decreased potency against cIAP2 and affinity for XIAP BIR3 and (ii) decreased ability to inhibit XIAP-dependent signaling pathways. The P2' position of 1 was critical to this differential activity, and this improved tolerability has allowed 1 to proceed into clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Condon
- TetraLogic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 343 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hennessy EJ, Adam A, Aquila BM, Castriotta LM, Cook D, Hattersley M, Hird AW, Huntington C, Kamhi VM, Laing NM, Li D, MacIntyre T, Omer CA, Oza V, Patterson T, Repik G, Rooney MT, Saeh JC, Sha L, Vasbinder MM, Wang H, Whitston D. Discovery of a Novel Class of Dimeric Smac Mimetics as Potent IAP Antagonists Resulting in a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Cancer (AZD5582). J Med Chem 2013; 56:9897-919. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401075x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Hennessy
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ammar Adam
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian M. Aquila
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lillian M. Castriotta
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donald Cook
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Maureen Hattersley
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexander W. Hird
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Christopher Huntington
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Victor M. Kamhi
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Naomi M. Laing
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Danyang Li
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Terry MacIntyre
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Charles A. Omer
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vibha Oza
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Troy Patterson
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Galina Repik
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Michael T. Rooney
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jamal C. Saeh
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Li Sha
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Melissa M. Vasbinder
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - David Whitston
- Oncology iMed, Innovative Medicines & Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Elsawy MA, Martin L, Tikhonova IG, Walker B. Solid phase synthesis of Smac/DIABLO-derived peptides using a ‘Safety-Catch’ resin: Identification of potent XIAP BIR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5004-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Ponterini G. Fluorescence Observables and Enzyme Kinetics in the Investigation of PPI Modulation by Small Molecules: Detection, Mechanistic Insight, and Functional Consequences. DISRUPTION OF PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERFACES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7123529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37999-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of fluorescence-based methods and kinetic analysis in the screening and molecular-scale mechanistic investigation of PPI modulation by small molecules is discussed through several representative examples collected and commented. These experimental approaches take advantage of a variety of observables. Changes in the protein aggregation pattern have been monitored through fluorescence properties such as spectra, intensities (related to quantum yields), time-decays, and anisotropies of intrinsic protein fluorophores, of extrinsic fluorescent tags and, even, of the same small molecules added to modulate PPIs, as well as through bimolecular excited-state processes such as static and collisional quenching, including electron and excitation-energy transfer, or exciton interaction, whose efficiencies are crucially structure dependent. Besides allowing for qualitative and quantitative information on the small-molecule induced PPI modulation, these approaches can take advantage from the sensitivity of fluorescence observables on fine structural details to shed light on the molecular-scale mechanisms of action and their functional consequences. Direct investigation of the latter by kinetic inhibition analysis represents a useful change in perspective whenever PPI are relevant for enzyme activity. Dissociative inhibition, that is, the ability of some small molecules to inhibit enzymes by disrupting their active oligomeric assembly is shortly reviewed.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fulda S, Vucic D. Targeting IAP proteins for therapeutic intervention in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:109-24. [PMID: 22293567 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evasion of apoptosis is one of the crucial acquired capabilities used by cancer cells to fend off anticancer therapies. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins exert a range of biological activities that promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. X chromosome-linked IAP is a direct inhibitor of caspases - pro-apoptotic executioner proteases - whereas cellular IAP proteins block the assembly of pro-apoptotic protein signalling complexes and mediate the expression of anti-apoptotic molecules. Furthermore, mutations, amplifications and chromosomal translocations of IAP genes are associated with various malignancies. Among the therapeutic strategies that have been designed to target IAP proteins, the most widely used approach is based on mimicking the IAP-binding motif of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), which functions as an endogenous IAP antagonist. Alternative strategies include transcriptional repression and the use of antisense oligonucleotides. This Review provides an update on IAP protein biology as well as current and future perspectives on targeting IAP proteins for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fulda S. Exploiting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2012; 26:1155-65. [PMID: 22230799 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of human cancers and contributes to the insensitivity of many cancers to commonly used treatment approaches. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, a family of anti-apoptotic proteins, have an important role in evasion of apoptosis, as they can both block apoptosis-signaling pathways and promote survival. High expression of IAP proteins is observed in multiple cancers, including hematological malignancies, and has been associated with unfavorable prognosis and poor patients' outcome. Therefore, IAP proteins are currently considered as promising molecular targets for therapy. Indeed, drug-discovery approaches over the last decade aiming at neutralizing IAP proteins have resulted in the generation of small-molecule inhibitors or antisense oligonucleotides that demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities in preclinical studies. As some of these strategies have already entered the stage of clinical evaluation, for example, in leukemia, an update on this promising molecular-targeted strategy to interfere with apoptotic pathways is of broad interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Potenza D, Belvisi L, Vasile F, Moroni E, Cossu F, Seneci P. A NMR and computational study of Smac mimics targeting both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains in XIAP protein. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3278-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Le Quement ST, Ishoey M, Petersen MT, Simonsen PM, Holck NS, Nielsen TE. Solid-phase synthesis of an apoptosis-inducing tetrapeptide mimicking the Smac protein. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
32
|
LING BAOPING, ZHANG RUI, WANG ZHIGUO, LIU YONGJUN, LIU CHENGBU. STUDY ON THE INTERACTIONS OF Smac MIMETICS WITH XIAP-BIR3 DOMAIN BY DOCKING AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633610005980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Upon receiving an apoptotic stimulus, the mature mitochondrial protein second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct IAP-binding protein with low PI (DIABLO), which could be released from mitochondria into the cytosol together with cytochrome C , specifically binds to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and relieves the inhibitory effect of caspase, thus promotes cell death. Some artificial small molecules (called Smac mimetics) can mimic the N-terminal four residues Ala1-Val2-Pro3-Ile4 (AVPI) sequence of mitochondrial protein Smac, and competitively bind to X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein baculoviral IAP repeats (XIAP-BIR3) domain with caspase-9, which leads to the removal of the inhibition of caspase-9 by XIAP and induce apoptosis. To gain an insight into the nature of XIAP-BIR3 domain recognizing Smac mimetics, we used docking and molecular dynamics simulations methods to study four representative Smac mimetics. The docking results show that the orientations of these backbones of ligands are identical with that of AVPI in the binding pocket. Each ligand corresponds to two competitive conformations, which are called extended and bended conformations. The results of molecular dynamics simulations show that the extended conformation is more stable, and the calculations of energy decomposition reveal that the residue Thr308 makes the strongest interaction with XIAP-BIR3. In addition, Asp309, Glu314, and Trp323 are indispensable for XIAP-BIR3 recognizing and binding Smac mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BAOPING LING
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - RUI ZHANG
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - ZHIGUO WANG
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - YONGJUN LIU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810001, P. R. China
| | - CHENGBU LIU
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Le Quement ST, Ishoey M, Petersen MT, Thastrup J, Hagel G, Nielsen TE. Solid-phase synthesis of smac peptidomimetics incorporating triazoloprolines and biarylalanines. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:667-75. [PMID: 21905744 DOI: 10.1021/co200078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic induction mechanisms are of crucial importance for the general homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In cancer the apoptotic pathways are downregulated, which, at least partly, is due to an abundance of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) that block the apoptotic cascade by deactivating proteolytic caspases. The Smac protein has an antagonistic effect on IAPs, thus providing structural clues for the synthesis of new pro-apoptotic compounds. Herein, we report a solid-phase approach for the synthesis of Smac-derived tetrapeptide libraries. On the basis of a common (N-Me)AVPF sequence, peptides incorporating triazoloprolines and biarylalanines were synthesized by means of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Solid-phase procedures were optimized to high efficiency, thus accessing all products in excellent crude purities and yields (both typically above 90%). The peptides were subjected to biological evaluation in a live/dead cellular assay which revealed that structural decorations on the AVPF sequence indeed are highly important for cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mette Ishoey
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette T. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thastrup
- 2CureX, Department of Surgery, K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Grith Hagel
- 2CureX, Department of Surgery, K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schetelig MF, Nirmala X, Handler AM. Pro-apoptotic cell death genes, hid and reaper, from the tephritid pest species, Anastrepha suspensa. Apoptosis 2011; 16:759-68. [PMID: 21630017 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pro-apoptotic proteins from the reaper, hid, grim (RHG) family are primary regulators of programmed cell death in Drosophila due to their antagonistic effect on inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, thereby releasing IAP-inhibition of caspases that effect apoptosis. Using a degenerate PCR approach to conserved domains from the 12 Drosophila species, we have identified the first reaper and hid orthologs from a tephritid, the Caribfly Anastrepha suspensa. As-hid is the first identified non-drosophilid homolog of hid, and As-rpr is the second non-drosophilid rpr homolog. Both genes share more than 50% amino acid sequence identity with their Drosophila homologs, suggesting that insect pro-apoptotic peptides may be more conserved than previously anticipated. Importantly, both genes encode the conserved IBM and GH3 motifs that are key for IAP-inhibition and mitochondrial localization. Functional verification of both genes as cell death effectors was demonstrated by cell death assays in A. suspensa embryonic cell culture, as well as in heterologous Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Notably, heterologous cell death activity was found to be higher for Anastrepha genes than their Drosophila counterparts. In common with the Drosophila cognates, As-hid and As-rpr negatively regulated the Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis (DIAP1) gene to promote apoptosis, and both genes when used together effected increased cell death activity, indicating a co-operative function for As-hid and As-rpr. We show that these tephritid cell death genes are functional and potent as cell death effectors, and could be used to design improved transgenic lethality systems for insect population control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc F Schetelig
- USDA/ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Varfolomeev E, Vucic D. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins: fascinating biology leads to attractive tumor therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2011; 7:633-48. [PMID: 21568679 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death inhibition is a very successful strategy that cancer cells employ to combat the immune system and various anticancer therapies. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins possess a wide range of biological activities that promote cancer survival and proliferation. One of them, X-chromosome-linked IAP is a direct inhibitor of proapoptotic executioners, caspases. Cellular IAP proteins regulate expression of antiapoptotic molecules and prevent assembly of proapoptotic protein signaling complexes, while survivin regulates cell division. In addition, amplifications, mutations and chromosomal translocations of IAP genes are associated with various malignancies. Several therapeutic strategies have been designed to target IAP proteins, including a small-molecule approach that is based on mimicking the IAP-binding motif of an endogenous IAP antagonist - the second mitochondrial activator of caspases. Other strategies involve antisense nucleotides and transcriptional repression. The main focus of this article is to provide an update on IAP protein biology and perspectives on the development of IAP-targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Varfolomeev
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, M/S 40, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Speer KF, Cosimini CL, Splan KE. Characterization of a heterodimeric Smac-based peptide that features sequences specific to both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Biopolymers 2011; 98:122-30. [PMID: 22020922 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
XIAP, an important regulator of apoptosis, has emerged as a target for the development of cancer therapeutics. The homodimeric Smac protein simultaneously binds to both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of XIAP. Peptide-based dimeric compounds that mimic the binding mode of Smac show promise as XIAP antagonists. Herein we characterize the first example of a Smac mimetic that incorporates a peptide sequence specific for BIR2. We show that the tetrapeptide motif Ala-Glu-Ala-Val has a higher affinity for BIR2 than the BIR3-specific sequence Ala-Val-Pro-Phe, and we compare the binding characteristics of a heterodimeric peptide containing both tetrapeptide motifs to those of a homodimeric peptide featuring only AVPF. Despite the enhanced affinity of AEAV (relative to AVPF) for BIR2, the heterodimeric peptide displays only a slightly higher affinity for XIAP relative to its homodimeric counterpart. Enhanced affinity of both dimers relative to the tetrapeptide AVPF is largely maintained even when the BIR2 binding groove is modified, implying that hydrophobic contacts afforded by the second peptide motif need not necessarily be made at the BIR2 binding groove to contribute substantial binding energy. Finally, we use mutagenesis to show that the difference in sequence specificity observed between the two domains is primarily owing to steric bulk introduced at the BIR2 site by lysine 206. Replacement of K206 at BIR2 with glycine, the corresponding residue in BIR3, restores the majority of the affinity for the AVPF motif exhibited by BIR3. The implications of these finding in the development of XIAP antagonists are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 122-130, 2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey F Speer
- Department of Chemistry, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:1509-25. [PMID: 21426063 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins have emerged over the last decade as important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. Overexpression of IAPs has been implicated in cell survival and resistance against stress-induced apoptosis brought on by radiation and/or chemotherapeutics (currently the standard-of-care in a variety of different cancer diseases). In addition, evasion from death receptor-mediated apoptosis and regulation of NF-κB pathways and cell division have also been associated with IAP proteins. Efforts to target IAP proteins in tumors have focused mainly on designing small molecules that mimic the IAP-binding motif of the endogenous IAP antagonist, second mitochondrial activator of caspases. In addition, several other IAP-targeting strategies, including antisense oligonucleotides and transcriptional repression, have also been initiated, with the hope of providing therapeutic benefit to cancer patients.
Collapse
|
38
|
Erben A, Grossmann TN, Seitz O. DNA-instructed acyl transfer reactions for the synthesis of bioactive peptides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4993-7. [PMID: 21664815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a method which allows for the translation of nucleic acid information into the output of molecules that interfere with disease-related protein-protein interactions. The method draws upon a nucleic acid-templated reaction, in which adjacent binding of reactive conjugates triggers the transfer of an aminoacyl or peptidyl group from a donating thioester-linked PNA-peptide hybrid to a peptide-PNA acceptor. We evaluated the influence of conjugate structures on reactivity and sequence specificity. The DNA-triggered peptide synthesis proceeded sequence specifically and showed catalytic turnover in template. The affinity of the formed peptide conjugates for the BIR3 domain of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Erben
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Erben A, Grossmann TN, Seitz O. DNA-triggered synthesis and bioactivity of proapoptotic peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2828-32. [PMID: 21387498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Erben
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Erben A, Grossmann TN, Seitz O. DNA‐gesteuerte Synthese und Bioaktivität proapoptotischer Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Erben
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin (Deutschland), Fax: (+49) 30‐2093‐7266
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin (Deutschland), Fax: (+49) 30‐2093‐7266
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Institut für Chemie der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Straße 2, 12489 Berlin (Deutschland), Fax: (+49) 30‐2093‐7266
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
The Discovery and Development of Smac Mimetics—Small-Molecule Antagonists of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
|
42
|
Pfisterer PH, Shen C, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Schyschka L, Schuster D, Rudy A, Wolber G, Vollmar AM, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H. In silico discovery of acylated flavonol monorhamnosides from Eriobotrya japonica as natural, small-molecular weight inhibitors of XIAP BIR3. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:1002-9. [PMID: 21087868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins repeat (BIR) 3 of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (XIAP) represents an innovative strategy for the design of chemosensitizers. Acylated flavonol monorhamnosides (AFMR) from Eriobotrya japonica Lindl. (Rosaceae) were virtually predicted as ligands of the XIAP BIR3 domain by using a previously generated pharmacophore model. From the methanol leaf extract of E. japonica an enriched mixture of AFMR was obtained showing chemosensitizing potential in combination with etoposide in XIAP-overexpressing Jurkat cells. The HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenated technique facilitated the structure elucidation of three known and two new natural AFMR. The main constituent and virtual hit, kaempferol-3-O-α-l-(2″,4″-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-rhamnoside (3) was isolated from the enriched fraction. Applying a fluorescence polarization based binding assay, 3 was identified as XIAP BIR3 ligand with a dose-dependent affinity (IC₅₀ 10.4 μM). Further, 3 induced apoptosis in XIAP-overexpressing Jurkat cells and activated caspase-9 in combination with etoposide. Docking experiments revealed a major impact of the coumaric acid and sugar moieties of 3 on XIAP BIR3 binding, which was experimentally confirmed. To conclude, this study elucidates 3 as natural, small-molecular weight XIAP BIR3 inhibitor using a combination of in silico and HPLC-SPE-NMR hyphenated techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra H Pfisterer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Theoretical studies on the interactions of XIAP-BIR3 domain with bicyclic and tricyclic core monovalent Smac mimetics. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:354-62. [PMID: 20980180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked IAP can bind caspase-9 and inhibit its activity. Mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO can also interact with XIAP and relieve the inhibition on caspase-9 to induce apoptosis. A series of artificial Smac mimetics have been used to mimic the Smac N-terminal tetrapeptide AVPI to bind to XIAP-BIR3, but these structural diverse mimetics exhibited distinct binding affinities. To get an insight into the binding nature and optimize the structures, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to study the binding of XIAP-BIR3 with three groups of Smac mimetics. The docking results reveal that these Smac mimetics anchored on the surface groove of XIAP-BIR3 and superimposed well with AVPI. The modifications on the seven-membered ring of bicyclic core segment do not strengthen the binding affinity, while a benzyl introduced to the five-membered ring is favorable to the binding. Molecular dynamics simulations on three typical systems show that these complexes are very stable. Hydrogen bonds between the bicyclic core segment and Thr308 play critical roles in maintaining the stability of complex. The binding free energies calculated by MM_PBSA method are consistent with the experimental results.
Collapse
|
44
|
Flygare JA, Fairbrother WJ. Small-molecule pan-IAP antagonists: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:251-67. [PMID: 20100005 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903567077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are critical regulators of cancer cell survival that have become important targets for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies. One strategy for targeting IAP proteins involves agents that mimic the amino terminus of the endogenous IAP protein antagonist second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/direct IAP-binding protein with low pI (DIABLO) and thus block critical IAP protein interactions. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review of the IAP antagonist patent literature covers the period from 2000 to mid-2009. Over 50 patents and patent applications pertaining to IAP antagonists have been published over the past 10 years. In the case of several filings, only the original source is reviewed in this analysis. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will gain an overview of IAP protein antagonist scaffolds, with representative examples including monovalent and bivalent Smac mimetics, and an understanding of their structure-activity relationships. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The feasibility of disrupting IAP protein interactions with pro-apoptotic proteins using monovalent and bivalent Smac-derived peptidomimetic compounds has been broadly established. Four such compounds have entered or been approved to enter human clinical trials, which will hopefully allow the utility of this potential therapeutic approach to be evaluated in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tu SP, Sun YW, Cui JT, Zou B, Lin MCM, Gu Q, Jiang SH, Kung HF, Korneluk RG, Wong BCY. Tumor suppressor XIAP-Associated factor 1 (XAF1) cooperates with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to suppress colon cancer growth and trigger tumor regression. Cancer 2010; 116:1252-63. [PMID: 20082449 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) antagonizes the anticaspase activity of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) and functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known as a potential anticancer agent. In this study, the synergistic effect of XAF1 and TRAIL on colon cancer growth was investigated. METHODS Adeno-XAF1 virus was generated and purified. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow-cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Protein expression of the different genes was determined by Western blot analysis. Tumorigenesis and tumor growth were assessed in subcutaneous nude mouse xenograft experiments. RESULTS Stable overexpression of XAF1-sensitized colon cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis significantly increased the activity of caspase 3, 7, 8, and 9; released cytochrome c; and down-regulated XIAP, survivin, and c-IAP-2. The restoration of XAF1 expression mediated by adenovirus (adeno-XAF1) directly induced apoptosis, and synergized TRAIL-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Ex vivo transduction of adeno-XAF1 suppressed colon cancer formation in vivo. Furthermore, adeno-XAF1 treatment of mice significantly inhibited tumor growth, strongly enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis and antitumor activity in colon cancer xenograft models in vivo, and markedly prolonged the survival. Notably, the combined treatment with adeno-XAF1 and TRAIL completely eradicated the established tumors without detectable toxicity in normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS The combined restoration of XAF1 expression and TRAIL treatment may be a potent strategy for colon cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui Ping Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Antagonists of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins based on thiazole amide isosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2229-33. [PMID: 20189383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of IAP antagonists based on thiazole or benzothiazole amide isosteres was designed and synthesized. These compounds were tested for binding to the XIAP-BIR3 and ML-IAP BIR using a fluorescence polarization assay. The most potent of these compounds, 19a and 33b, were found to have K(i)'s of 20-30 nM against ML-IAP and 50-60 nM against XIAP-BIR3.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Smac/DIABLO, discovered in 2000 as a protein released from mitochondria into the cytosol in response to apoptotic stimuli, functions as an endogenous antagonist of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and several other IAP proteins through direct binding. The interaction between Smac and IAPs involves the AVPI tetrapeptide binding motif on the N-terminus of Smac and a well-defined groove on the surface of these IAP proteins, providing an ideal site for the design of small-molecule Smac mimetics. Potent and cell-permeable small-molecule Smac mimetics have provided powerful pharmacological tools for study of the regulation of apoptosis by IAP proteins, and several such compounds are now in early clinical trials as new anticancer agents.
Collapse
|
48
|
Waldeck C, Vocke K, Ungerer N, Frings S, Möhrlen F. Activation and desensitization of the olfactory cAMP-gated transduction channel: identification of functional modules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 134:397-408. [PMID: 19822638 PMCID: PMC2768803 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200910296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor neurons respond to odor stimulation with a receptor potential that results from the successive activation of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-gated, Ca2+-permeable channels and Ca2+-activated chloride channels. The cAMP-gated channels open at micromolar concentrations of their ligand and are subject to a Ca2+-dependent feedback inhibition by calmodulin. Attempts to understand the operation of these channels have been hampered by the fact that the channel protein is composed of three different subunits, CNGA2, CNGA4, and CNGB1b. Here, we explore the individual role that each subunit plays in the gating process. Using site-directed mutagenesis and patch clamp analysis, we identify three functional modules that govern channel operation: a module that opens the channel, a module that stabilizes the open state at low cAMP concentrations, and a module that mediates rapid Ca2+-dependent feedback inhibition. Each subunit could be assigned to one of these functions that, together, define the gating logic of the olfactory transduction channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Waldeck
- Department of Molecular Physiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Moore CD, Wu H, Bolaños B, Bergqvist S, Brooun A, Pauly T, Nowlin D. Structural and Biophysical Characterization of XIAP BIR3 G306E Mutant: Insights in Protein Dynamics and Application for Fragment-Based Drug Design. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:212-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
50
|
Tu SP, Liston P, Cui JT, Lin MCM, Jiang XH, Yang Y, Gu Q, Jiang SH, Lum CT, Kung HF, Korneluk RG, Wong BCY. Restoration of XAF1 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:688-97. [PMID: 19358264 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
XAF1 (XIAP-associated factor 1) is a novel XIAP binding protein that can antagonize XIAP and sensitize cells to other cell death triggers. Our previous results have shown that aberrant hypermethylation of the CpG sites in XAF1 promoter is strongly associated with lower expression of XAF1 in gastric cancers. In our study, we investigated the effect of restoration of XAF1 expression on growth of gastric cancers. We found that the restoration of XAF1 expression suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and increased sensitivity to TRAIL and drug-induced apoptosis. Stable cell clones expressing XAF1 exhibited delayed tumor initiation in nude mice. Restoration of XAF1 expression mediated by adenovirus vector greatly increased apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner and sensitized cancer cells to TRAIL and drugs-induced apoptosis. Adeno-XAF1 transduction induced cell cycle G2/M arrest and upregulated the expression of p21 and downregulated the expression of cyclin B1 and cdc2. Notably, adeno-XAF1 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth, strongly enhanced the antitumor activity of TRAIL in a gastric cancer xenograft model in vivo, and significantly prolonged the survival time of animals bearing tumor xenografts. Complete eradication of established tumors was achieved on combined treatment with adeno-XAF1 and TRAIL. Our results document that the restoration of XAF1 inhibits gastric tumorigenesis and tumor growth and that XAF1 is a promising candidate for cancer gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui Ping Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|