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Jespersen M, Wagner T. Assimilatory sulfate reduction in the marine methanogen Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01398-8. [PMID: 37277534 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus is the only known methanogen that grows on sulfate as its sole sulfur source, uniquely uniting methanogenesis and sulfate reduction. Here we use physiological, biochemical and structural analyses to provide a snapshot of the complete sulfate reduction pathway of this methanogenic archaeon. We find that later steps in this pathway are catalysed by atypical enzymes. PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) released by APS kinase is converted into sulfite and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) by a PAPS reductase that is similar to the APS reductases of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. A non-canonical PAP phosphatase then hydrolyses PAP. Finally, the F420-dependent sulfite reductase converts sulfite to sulfide for cellular assimilation. While metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies suggest that the sulfate reduction pathway is present in several methanogens, the sulfate assimilation pathway in M. thermolithotrophicus is distinct. We propose that this pathway was 'mix-and-matched' through the acquisition of assimilatory and dissimilatory enzymes from other microorganisms and then repurposed to fill a unique metabolic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Jespersen
- Microbial Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tristan Wagner
- Microbial Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
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2
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Lai Z, Zhao T, Sessler JL, He Q. Bis–Calix[4]pyrroles: Preparation, structure, complexation properties and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Jez JM. Structural biology of plant sulfur metabolism: from sulfate to glutathione. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4089-4103. [PMID: 30825314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential element for all organisms. Plants must assimilate this nutrient from the environment and convert it into metabolically useful forms for the biosynthesis of a wide range of compounds, including cysteine and glutathione. This review summarizes structural biology studies on the enzymes involved in plant sulfur assimilation [ATP sulfurylase, adenosine-5'-phosphate (APS) reductase, and sulfite reductase], cysteine biosynthesis (serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase), and glutathione biosynthesis (glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase) pathways. Overall, X-ray crystal structures of enzymes in these core pathways provide molecular-level information on the chemical events that allow plants to incorporate sulfur into essential metabolites and revealed new biochemical regulatory mechanisms, such as structural rearrangements, protein-protein interactions, and thiol-based redox switches, for controlling different steps in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Jiang Y, Schiavon M, Lima LW, Tripti, Jones RR, El Mehdawi AF, Royer S, Zeng Z, Hu Y, Pilon-Smits EAH, Pilon M. Comparison of ATP sulfurylase 2 from selenium hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata and non-accumulator Stanleya elata reveals differential intracellular localization and enzyme activity levels. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2363-2371. [PMID: 29548763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant Stanleya pinnata hyperaccumulates Se up to 0.5% of its dry weight in organic forms, whereas the closely related Stanleya elata does not hyperaccumulate Se. ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) can catalyze the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphoselenate (APSe) from ATP and selenate. We investigated the S. pinnata ATPS2 isoform (SpATPS2) to assess its possible role in Se hyperaccumulation. METHODS ATPS expression and activity was compared in the two Stanleya species. The ATPS2 protein sequences were modeled. Sub-cellular locations were analyzed using GFP fusions. Enzyme activity of purified recombinant SpATPS2 was measured. RESULTS ATPS2 transcript levels were six-fold higher in roots of S. pinnata relative to S. elata. Overall root ATPS enzyme activity was two-fold elevated in S. pinnata. Cloning and sequencing of SpATPS2 and S. elata ATPS2 (SeATPS2) showed the predicted SeATPS2 to be canonical, while SpATPS2, although very similar in its core structure, has unique features, including an interrupted plastid targeting signal due to a stop codon in the 5' region of the coding sequence. Indeed GFP fusions revealed that SpATPS2 had exclusive cytosolic localization, while SeATPS2 showed dual localization in plastids and cytosol. SpATPS2 activity was inhibited by both sulfate and selenate, indicating that the enzyme acts on both substrates. CONCLUSIONS The ATPS2 from S. pinnata differs from non-accumulator ATPS2 in its elevated expression and sub-cellular localization. It likely acts on both selente and sulfate substrates. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These observations shed new light on the role of ATPS2 in the evolution of Se hyperaccumulation in plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Selenium research in biochemistry and biophysics - 200 year anniversary issue, edited by Dr. Elias Arnér and Dr. Regina Brigelius-Flohe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Michela Schiavon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; DAFNAE Department, Padova University, Agripolis, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Leonardo W Lima
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tripti
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Rachel R Jones
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ali F El Mehdawi
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Suzanne Royer
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhaohai Zeng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuegao Hu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Marinus Pilon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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He Q, Kelliher M, Bähring S, Lynch VM, Sessler JL. A Bis-calix[4]pyrrole Enzyme Mimic That Constrains Two Oxoanions in Close Proximity. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7140-7143. [PMID: 28493689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a large capsule-like bis-calix[4]pyrrole 1, which is able to host concurrently two dihydrogen phosphate anions within a relatively large internal cavity. Evidence for the concurrent, dual recognition of the encapsulated anions came from 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies and ITC titrations carried out in CD2Cl2/CD3OD (9/1, v/v) or dichloroethane (DCE), as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Receptor 1 was also found to bind two dianionic sulfate anions bridged by two water molecules in the solid state. The resulting sulfate dimer was retained in DCE solution, as evidenced by spectroscopic analyses. Finally, receptor 1 was found capable of accommodating two trianionic pyrophosphate anions in the cavity. The present experimental findings are supported by DFT calculations along with 1H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, ITC studies, and single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Michael Kelliher
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Steffen Bähring
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States.,Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Jez JM, Ravilious GE, Herrmann J. Structural biology and regulation of the plant sulfation pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Herrmann J, Ravilious GE, McKinney SE, Westfall CS, Lee SG, Baraniecka P, Giovannetti M, Kopriva S, Krishnan HB, Jez JM. Structure and mechanism of soybean ATP sulfurylase and the committed step in plant sulfur assimilation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10919-10929. [PMID: 24584934 PMCID: PMC4036203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.540401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the sulfur assimilation pathway are potential targets for improving nutrient content and environmental stress responses in plants. The committed step in this pathway is catalyzed by ATP sulfurylase, which synthesizes adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) from sulfate and ATP. To better understand the molecular basis of this energetically unfavorable reaction, the x-ray crystal structure of ATP sulfurylase isoform 1 from soybean (Glycine max ATP sulfurylase) in complex with APS was determined. This structure revealed several highly conserved substrate-binding motifs in the active site and a distinct dimerization interface compared with other ATP sulfurylases but was similar to mammalian 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase. Steady-state kinetic analysis of 20 G. max ATP sulfurylase point mutants suggests a reaction mechanism in which nucleophilic attack by sulfate on the α-phosphate of ATP involves transition state stabilization by Arg-248, Asn-249, His-255, and Arg-349. The structure and kinetic analysis suggest that ATP sulfurylase overcomes the energetic barrier of APS synthesis by distorting nucleotide structure and identifies critical residues for catalysis. Mutations that alter sulfate assimilation in Arabidopsis were mapped to the structure, which provides a molecular basis for understanding their effects on the sulfur assimilation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Herrmann
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | | | - Samuel E McKinney
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Corey S Westfall
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | | | - Marco Giovannetti
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Hari B Krishnan
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130.
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Prioretti L, Gontero B, Hell R, Giordano M. Diversity and regulation of ATP sulfurylase in photosynthetic organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:597. [PMID: 25414712 PMCID: PMC4220642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the sulfate assimilation pathway, the activation of sulfate prior to its reduction. ATPS has been studied in only a few model organisms and even in these cases to a much smaller extent than the sulfate reduction and cysteine synthesis enzymes. This is possibly because the latter were considered of greater regulatory importance for sulfate assimilation. Recent evidences (reported in this paper) challenge this view and suggest that ATPS may have a crucial regulatory role in sulfate assimilation, at least in algae. In the ensuing text, we summarize the current knowledge on ATPS, with special attention to the processes that control its activity and gene(s) expression in algae. Special attention is given to algae ATPS proteins. The focus on algae is the consequence of the fact that a comprehensive investigation of ATPS revealed that the algal enzymes, especially those that are most likely involved in the pathway of sulfate reduction to cysteine, possess features that are not present in other organisms. Remarkably, algal ATPS proteins show a great diversity of isoforms and a high content of cysteine residues, whose positions are often conserved. According to the occurrence of cysteine residues, the ATPS of eukaryotic algae is closer to that of marine cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and is more distant from that of freshwater cyanobacteria. These characteristics might have evolved in parallel with the radiation of algae in the oceans and the increase of sulfate concentration in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Prioretti
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix-Marseille Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BL' Unité de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR 7281Marseille, France
| | - Ruediger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Giordano
- Laboratory of Algal and Plant Physiology, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle MarcheAncona, Italy
- Institute of Microbiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicTrebon, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Mario Giordano, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy e-mail:
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Parey K, Demmer U, Warkentin E, Wynen A, Ermler U, Dahl C. Structural, biochemical and genetic characterization of dissimilatory ATP sulfurylase from Allochromatium vinosum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74707. [PMID: 24073218 PMCID: PMC3779200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) catalyzes a key reaction in the global sulfur cycle by reversibly converting inorganic sulfate (SO4 (2-)) with ATP to adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and pyrophosphate (PPi). In this work we report on the sat encoded dissimilatory ATP sulfurylase from the sulfur-oxidizing purple sulfur bacterium Allochromatium vinosum. In this organism, the sat gene is located in one operon and co-transcribed with the aprMBA genes for membrane-bound APS reductase. Like APS reductase, Sat is dispensible for growth on reduced sulfur compounds due to the presence of an alternate, so far unidentified sulfite-oxidizing pathway in A. vinosum. Sulfate assimilation also proceeds independently of Sat by a separate pathway involving a cysDN-encoded assimilatory ATP sulfurylase. We produced the purple bacterial sat-encoded ATP sulfurylase as a recombinant protein in E. coli, determined crucial kinetic parameters and obtained a crystal structure in an open state with a ligand-free active site. By comparison with several known structures of the ATPS-APS complex in the closed state a scenario about substrate-induced conformational changes was worked out. Despite different kinetic properties ATPS involved in sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing processes are not distinguishable on a structural level presumably due to the interference between functional and evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Parey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Demmer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Wynen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ermler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Parey K, Fritz G, Ermler U, Kroneck PMH. Conserving energy with sulfate around 100 °C – structure and mechanism of key metal enzymes in hyperthermophilic Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Metallomics 2013; 5:302-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20225e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jaramillo ML, Abanto M, Quispe RL, Calderón J, del Valle LJ, Talledo M, Ramírez P. Cloning, expression and bioinformatics analysis of ATP sulfurylase from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 in Escherichia coli. Bioinformation 2012; 8:695-704. [PMID: 23055613 PMCID: PMC3449377 DOI: 10.6026/97320630008695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular studies of enzymes involved in sulfite oxidation in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans have not yet been developed, especially in the ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) of these acidophilus tiobacilli that have importance in biomining. This enzyme synthesizes ATP and sulfate from adenosine phosphosulfate (APS) and pyrophosphate (PPi), final stage of the sulfite oxidation by these organisms in order to obtain energy. The atpS gene (1674 bp) encoding the ATPS from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 was amplified using PCR, cloned in the pET101-TOPO plasmid, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli obtaining a 63.5 kDa ATPS recombinant protein according to SDS-PAGE analysis. The bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses determined that the ATPS from A. ferrooxidans presents ATP sulfurylase (ATS) and APS kinase (ASK) domains similar to ATPS of Aquifex aeolicus, probably of a more ancestral origin. Enzyme activity towards ATP formation was determined by quantification of ATP formed from E. coli cell extracts, using a bioluminescence assay based on light emission by the luciferase enzyme. Our results demonstrate that the recombinant ATP sulfurylase from A. ferrooxidans presents an enzymatic activity for the formation of ATP and sulfate, and possibly is a bifunctional enzyme due to its high homology to the ASK domain from A. aeolicus and true kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Jaramillo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
| | - Michel Abanto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
| | - Ruth L Quispe
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
| | - Julio Calderón
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
| | - Luís J del Valle
- Centre díEnginyeria Biotecnologica i Molecular (CEBIM), Departament díEnginyeria Química, ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Talledo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima – Peru
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Harada M, Yoshida T, Kuwahara H, Shimamura S, Takaki Y, Kato C, Miwa T, Miyake H, Maruyama T. Expression of genes for sulfur oxidation in the intracellular chemoautotrophic symbiont of the deep-sea bivalve Calyptogena okutanii. Extremophiles 2010; 13:895-903. [PMID: 19730970 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-009-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand sulfur oxidation in thioauto-trophic deep-sea clam symbionts, we analyzed the recently reported genomes of two chemoautotrophic symbionts of Calyptogena okutanii (Candidatus Vesicomyosocius okutanii strain HA: Vok) and C. magnifica (Candidatus Ruthia magnifica strain Cm: Rma), and examined the sulfur oxidation gene expressions in the Vok by RT-PCR. Both symbionts have genes for sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (sqr), dissimilatory sulfite reductase (dsr), reversible dissimilatory sulfite reductase (rdsr), sulfur-oxidizing multienzyme system (sox)(soxXYZA and soxB but lacking soxCD), adenosine phosphosulfate reductase (apr), and ATP sulfurylase (sat). While these genomes share 29 orthologous genes for sulfur oxidation implying that both symbionts possess the same sulfur oxidation pathway, Rma has a rhodanese-related sulfurtransferase putative gene (Rmag0316) that has no corresponding ortholog in Vok, and Vok has one unique dsrR (COSY0782). We propose that Calyptogena symbionts oxidize sulfide and thiosulfate, and that sulfur oxidation proceeds as follows. Sulfide is oxidized to sulfite by rdsr. Sulfite is oxidized to sulfate by apr and sat. Thiosulfate is oxidized to zero-valence sulfur by sox, which is then reduced to sulfide by dsr. In addition, thiosulfate may also be oxidized into sulfate by another component of sox. The result of the RT-PCR showed that genes (dsrA, dsrB, dsrC, aprA, aprB, sat, soxB, and sqr) encoding key enzymes catalyzing sulfur oxidation were all equally expressed in the Vok under three different environmental conditions (aerobic, semioxic, and aerobic under high pressure at 9 MPa), indicating that all sulfur oxidation pathways function simultaneously to support intracellular symbiotic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Harada
- Marine Biodiversity Research Program, Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology(JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
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Gay SC, Segel IH, Fisher AJ. Structure of the two-domain hexameric APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans: structural basis for the absence of ATP sulfurylase activity. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2009; 65:1021-31. [PMID: 19770499 PMCID: PMC2756168 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909026547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Tbd_0210 gene of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans is annotated to encode a 60.5 kDa bifunctional enzyme with ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity. This putative bifunctional enzyme was cloned, expressed and structurally characterized. The 2.95 A resolution X-ray crystal structure reported here revealed a hexameric assembly with D(3) symmetry. Each subunit contains a large N-terminal sulfurylase-like domain and a C-terminal APS kinase domain reminiscent of the two-domain fungal ATP sulfurylases of Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which also exhibit a hexameric assembly. However, the T. denitrificans enzyme exhibits numerous structural and sequence differences in the N-terminal domain that render it inactive with respect to ATP sulfurylase activity. Surprisingly, the C-terminal domain does indeed display APS kinase activity, indicating that this gene product is a true APS kinase. Therefore, these results provide the first structural insights into a unique hexameric APS kinase that contains a nonfunctional ATP sulfurylase-like domain of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C. Gay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Irwin H. Segel
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Organisms of deep sea hydrothermal vents as a source for studying adaptation and evolution. Symbiosis 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gay SC, Fribourgh JL, Donohoue PD, Segel IH, Fisher AJ. Kinetic properties of ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 489:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Phototrophic sulfur bacteria are characterized by oxidizing various inorganic sulfur compounds for use as electron donors in carbon dioxide fixation during anoxygenic photosynthetic growth. These bacteria are divided into the purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) and the green sulfur bacteria (GSB). They utilize various combinations of sulfide, elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate and sometimes also ferrous iron and hydrogen as electron donors. This review focuses on the dissimilatory and assimilatory metabolism of inorganic sulfur compounds in these bacteria and also briefly discusses these metabolisms in other types of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. The biochemistry and genetics of sulfur compound oxidation in PSB and GSB are described in detail. A variety of enzymes catalyzing sulfur oxidation reactions have been isolated from GSB and PSB (especially Allochromatium vinosum, a representative of the Chromatiaceae), and many are well characterized also on a molecular genetic level. Complete genome sequence data are currently available for 10 strains of GSB and for one strain of PSB. We present here a genome-based survey of the distribution and phylogenies of genes involved in oxidation of sulfur compounds in these strains. It is evident from biochemical and genetic analyses that the dissimilatory sulfur metabolism of these organisms is very complex and incompletely understood. This metabolism is modular in the sense that individual steps in the metabolism may be performed by different enzymes in different organisms. Despite the distant evolutionary relationship between GSB and PSB, their photosynthetic nature and their dependency on oxidation of sulfur compounds resulted in similar ecological roles in the sulfur cycle as important anaerobic oxidizers of sulfur compounds.
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Gavel OY, Kladova AV, Bursakov SA, Dias JM, Texeira S, Shnyrov VL, Moura JJG, Moura I, Romão MJ, Trincão J. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase (ATPS) from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2008; 64:593-5. [PMID: 18607083 PMCID: PMC2443958 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Native zinc/cobalt-containing ATP sulfurylase (ATPS; EC 2.7.7.4; MgATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774 was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The orthorhombic crystals diffracted to beyond 2.5 A resolution and the X-ray data collected should allow the determination of the structure of the zinc-bound form of this ATPS. Although previous biochemical studies of this protein indicated the presence of a homotrimer in solution, a dimer was found in the asymmetric unit. Elucidation of this structure will permit a better understanding of the role of the metal in the activity and stability of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Yu. Gavel
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anna V. Kladova
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sergey A. Bursakov
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João M. Dias
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susana Texeira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Valery L. Shnyrov
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Moura
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Romão
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Trincão
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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19
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Dahl C. Inorganic Sulfur Compounds as Electron Donors in Purple Sulfur Bacteria. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Sekulic N, Konrad M, Lavie A. Structural mechanism for substrate inhibition of the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domain of human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 1 and its ramifications for enzyme regulation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22112-21. [PMID: 17540769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701713200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the universal sulfuryl group donor molecule 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is synthesized in two steps by a bifunctional enzyme called PAPS synthetase. The APS kinase domain of PAPS synthetase catalyzes the second step in which APS, the product of the ATP-sulfurylase domain, is phosphorylated on its 3'-hydroxyl group to yield PAPS. The substrate APS acts as a strong uncompetitive inhibitor of the APS kinase reaction. We generated truncated and point mutants of the APS kinase domain that are active but devoid of substrate inhibition. Structural analysis of these mutant enzymes reveals the intrasubunit rearrangements that occur upon substrate binding. We also observe intersubunit rearrangements in this dimeric enzyme that result in asymmetry between the two monomers. Our work elucidates the structural elements required for the ability of the substrate APS to inhibit the reaction at micromolar concentrations. Because the ATP-sulfurylase domain of PAPS synthetase influences these elements in the APS kinase domain, we propose that this could be a communication mechanism between the two domains of the bifunctional enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Sekulic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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21
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Yu Z, Lansdon EB, Segel IH, Fisher AJ. Crystal structure of the bifunctional ATP sulfurylase-APS kinase from the chemolithotrophic thermophile Aquifex aeolicus. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:732-43. [PMID: 17095009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermophilic chemolithotroph, Aquifex aeolicus, expresses a gene product that exhibits both ATP sulfurylase and adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase activities. These enzymes are usually segregated on two separate proteins in most bacteria, fungi, and plants. The domain arrangement in the Aquifex enzyme is reminiscent of the fungal ATP sulfurylase, which contains a C-terminal domain that is homologous to APS kinase yet displays no kinase activity. Rather, in the fungal enzyme, the motif serves as a sulfurylase regulatory domain that binds the allosteric effector 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the product of true APS kinase. Therefore, the Aquifex enzyme may represent an ancestral homolog of a primitive bifunctional enzyme, from which the fungal ATP sulfurylase may have evolved. In heterotrophic sulfur-assimilating organisms such as fungi, ATP sulfurylase catalyzes the first committed step in sulfate assimilation to produce APS, which is subsequently metabolized to generate all sulfur-containing biomolecules. In contrast, ATP sulfurylase in sulfur chemolithotrophs catalyzes the reverse reaction to produce ATP and sulfate from APS and pyrophosphate. Here, the 2.3 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of Aquifex ATP sulfurylase-APS kinase bifunctional enzyme is presented. The protein dimerizes through its APS kinase domain and contains ADP bound in all four active sites. Comparison of the Aquifex ATP sulfurylase active site with those from sulfate assimilators reveals similar dispositions of the bound nucleotide and nearby residues. This suggests that minor perturbations are responsible for optimizing the kinetic properties for the physiologically relevant direction. The APS kinase active-site lid adopts two distinct conformations, where one conformation is distorted by crystal contacts. Additionally, a disulfide bond is observed in one ATP-binding P-loop of the APS kinase active site. This linkage accounts for the low kinase activity of the enzyme under oxidizing conditions. The thermal stability of the Aquifex enzyme can be explained by the 43% decreased cavity volume found within the protein core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Phartiyal P, Kim WS, Cahoon RE, Jez JM, Krishnan HB. Soybean ATP sulfurylase, a homodimeric enzyme involved in sulfur assimilation, is abundantly expressed in roots and induced by cold treatment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 450:20-9. [PMID: 16684499 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soybeans are a rich source of protein and a key feed ingredient in livestock production, but lack sufficient levels of cysteine and methionine to meet the nutritional demands of swine or poultry as feed components. Although engineering the sulfur assimilatory pathway could lead to increased sulfur-containing amino acid content, little is known about this pathway in legumes. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of soybean ATP sulfurylase (ATPS), which acts as the metabolic entry point into the sulfur assimilation pathway. Analysis of the ATPS clone isolated from a soybean seedling cDNA library revealed an open-reading frame, encoding a 52 kDa polypeptide with an N-terminal chloroplast/plastid transit peptide, which was related to the enzymes from Arabidopsis, potato, human, and yeast. Soybean ATP sulfurylase was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Based on gel-filtration chromatography, the enzyme functions as a 100 kDa homodimer. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern blotting revealed that multiple genes encode ATP sulfurylase in soybean. Analysis of the transcript profiles retrieved from a soybean EST database indicated that ATP sulfurylase mRNA was most abundant in root tissue. Cold treatment induced mRNA accumulation and enhanced the specific activity of ATP sulfurylase in root tissue. Northern blot analysis indicated a decline in the ATP sulfurylase transcript levels during seed development. Likewise, ATP sulfurylase specific activity also declined in the later stages of seed development. Increasing the expression levels of this key enzyme during soybean seed development could lead to an increase in the availability of sulfur amino acids, thereby enhancing the nutritional value of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Phartiyal
- Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
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23
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Mougous JD, Lee DH, Hubbard SC, Schelle MW, Vocadlo DJ, Berger JM, Bertozzi CR. Molecular basis for G protein control of the prokaryotic ATP sulfurylase. Mol Cell 2006; 21:109-22. [PMID: 16387658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate assimilation is a critical component of both primary and secondary metabolism. An essential step in this pathway is the activation of sulfate through adenylation by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase (ATPS), forming adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS). Proteobacterial ATPS overcomes this energetically unfavorable reaction by associating with a regulatory G protein, coupling the energy of GTP hydrolysis to APS formation. To discover the molecular basis of this unusual role for a G protein, we biochemically characterized and solved the X-ray crystal structure of a complex between Pseudomonas syringae ATPS (CysD) and its associated regulatory G protein (CysN). The structure of CysN*D shows the two proteins in tight association; however, the nucleotides bound to each subunit are spatially segregated. We provide evidence that conserved switch motifs in the G domain of CysN allosterically mediate interactions between the nucleotide binding sites. This structure suggests a molecular mechanism by which conserved G domain architecture is used to energetically link GTP turnover to the production of an essential metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Mougous
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Stewart FJ, Newton ILG, Cavanaugh CM. Chemosynthetic endosymbioses: adaptations to oxic–anoxic interfaces. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:439-48. [PMID: 16054816 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemosynthetic endosymbioses occur ubiquitously at oxic-anoxic interfaces in marine environments. In these mutualisms, bacteria living directly within the cell of a eukaryotic host oxidize reduced chemicals (sulfur or methane), fueling their own energetic and biosynthetic needs, in addition to those of their host. In habitats such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, chemosynthetic symbioses dominate the biomass, contributing substantially to primary production. Although these symbionts have yet to be cultured, physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches have provided insights into symbiont genetics and metabolism, as well as into symbiont-host interactions, adaptations and ecology. Recent studies of endosymbiont biology are reviewed, with emphasis on a conceptual model of thioautotrophic metabolism and studies linking symbiont physiology with the geochemical environment. We also discuss current and future research directions, focusing on the use of genome analyses to reveal mechanisms that initiate and sustain the symbiont-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Stewart
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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25
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Stewart FJ, Cavanaugh CM. Symbiosis of Thioautotrophic Bacteria with Riftia pachyptila. MOLECULAR BASIS OF SYMBIOSIS 2005; 41:197-225. [PMID: 16623395 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28221-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Stewart
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, The Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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26
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Minic Z, Hervé G. Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:3093-102. [PMID: 15265029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) is a giant tubeworm living around the volcanic deep-sea vents of the East Pacific Rise. This animal is devoid of a digestive tract and lives in an intimate symbiosis with a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterium. This bacterial endosymbiont is localized in the cells of a richly vascularized organ of the worm: the trophosome. These organisms are adapted to their extreme environment and take advantage of the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters to extract and assimilate inorganic metabolites, especially carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The high molecular mass hemoglobin of the worm is the transporter for both oxygen and sulfide. This last compound is delivered to the bacterium which possesses the sulfur oxidizing respiratory system, which produces the metabolic energy for the two partners. CO2 is also delivered to the bacterium where it enters the Calvin-Benson cycle. Some of the resulting small carbonated organic molecules are thus provided to the worm for its own metabolism. As far as nitrogen assimilation is concerned, NH3 can be used by the two partners but nitrate can be used only by the bacterium. This very intimate symbiosis applies also to the organization of metabolic pathways such as those of pyrimidine nucleotides and arginine. In particular, the worm lacks the first three enzymes of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathways as well as some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. The bacterium lacks the enzymes of the pyrimidine salvage pathway. This symbiotic organization constitutes a very interesting system to study the molecular and metabolic basis of biological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Signaux Régulateurs Cellulaires et Moléculaires, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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27
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Taguchi Y, Sugishima M, Fukuyama K. Crystal structure of a novel zinc-binding ATP sulfurylase from Thermus thermophilus HB8. Biochemistry 2004; 43:4111-8. [PMID: 15065853 DOI: 10.1021/bi036052t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the adenylyl group from ATP to inorganic sulfate, producing adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) and pyrophosphate. The crystal structure of ATPS from Thermus thermophilus HB8 (TtATPS, 347 amino acid residues) in complex with APS was determined at 2.5 A resolution. TtATPS is composed of three domains [domain I (residues 1-134), domain II (residues 135-290), and domain III (residues 291-347)], like the Riftia pachyptila symbiont ATPS, but lacks a fourth domain present in ATPSs from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. TtATPS forms a dimer in the crystal, and the manner of subunit association is different from that observed in dimeric R. pachyptila symbiont ATPS and in the hexameric S. cerevisiae and P. chrysogenum ATPSs. APS is located in the active site of TtATPS, which contains several motifs (QXRN, HXXH, and GRD) conserved in ATPSs. Unexpectedly, TtATPS binds one metal ion per subunit in domain III. XAFS measurement of the crystal and the Bijvoet difference Fourier map unambiguously characterized the metal ion as a zinc ion. The zinc ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by Cys294, Cys297, Cys306, and His310, and could not be removed from the protein by treatment with EDTA. The zinc ion binding site is far from the active site. Because all four residues coordinated to the zinc ion are conserved in the ATPSs from thermophilic bacteria such as Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pyrococcus abyssi, and Sulfolobus solfataricus, zinc ion chelation may contribute to the thermal stability of these ATPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Taguchi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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28
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Hanna E, MacRae IJ, Medina DC, Fisher AJ, Segel IH. ATP sulfurylase from the hyperthermophilic chemolithotroph Aquifex aeolicus. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 406:275-88. [PMID: 12361716 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(02)00428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP sulfurylase from the hyperthermophilic chemolithotroph Aquifex aeolicus is a bacterial ortholog of the enzyme from filamentous fungi. (The subunit contains an adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) kinase-like, C-terminal domain.) The enzyme is highly heat stable with a half-life >1h at 90 degrees C. Steady-state kinetics are consistent with a random A-B, ordered P-Q mechanism where A=MgATP, B=SO4(2-), P=PP(i), and Q=APS. The kinetic constants suggest that the enzyme is optimized to act in the direction of ATP+sulfate formation. Chlorate is competitive with sulfate and with APS. In sulfur chemolithotrophs, ATP sulfurylase provides an efficient route for recycling PP(i) produced by biosynthetic reactions. However, the protein possesses low APS kinase activity. Consequently, it may also function to produce PAPS for sulfate ester formation or sulfate assimilation when hydrogen serves as the energy source and a reduced inorganic sulfur source is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eissa Hanna
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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29
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. The Metabolism of Nitrogen and Amino Acids. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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