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Schröder HC, Grebenjuk VA, Wang X, Müller WEG. Hierarchical architecture of sponge spicules: biocatalytic and structure-directing activity of silicatein proteins as model for bioinspired applications. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:041002. [PMID: 27452043 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/4/041002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the first description of the silicateins, a group of enzymes that mediate the formation of the amorphous, hydrated biosilica of the skeleton of the siliceous sponges, much progress has been achieved in the understanding of this biomineralization process. These discoveries include, beside the proof of the enzymatic nature of the sponge biosilica formation, the dual property of the enzyme, to act both as a structure-forming and structure-guiding protein, and the demonstration that the initial product of silicatein is a soft, gel-like material that has to undergo a maturation process during which it achieves its favorable physical-chemical properties allowing the development of various technological or medical applications. This process comprises the hardening of the material by the removal of water and ions, its cast-molding to specific morphologies, as well as the fusion of the biosilica nanoparticles through a biosintering mechanism. The discovery that the enzymatically formed biosilica is morphogenetically active and printable also opens new applications in rapid prototyping and three-dimensional bioprinting of customized scaffolds/implants for biomedical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Andrault PM, Samsonov SA, Weber G, Coquet L, Nazmi K, Bolscher JGM, Lalmanach AC, Jouenne T, Brömme D, Pisabarro MT, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Is Both a Substrate of Cathepsins S and K and a Selective Inhibitor of Cathepsin L. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2785-98. [PMID: 25884905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cysteine cathepsins B, K, L, and S contribute to physiological and pathological processes including degradation of antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) such as surfactant protein SP-A, lactoferrin, secretory leukocyte peptidase inhibitor, and beta-defensins-2 and -3. Substantial amounts of uncleaved LL-37, a 37-mer cationic AMP, were observed in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Nevertheless LL-37 was degraded after prolonged incubation in CF sputum, and the hydrolysis was blocked by E-64, a selective inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Cathepsins K and S, expressed in human alveolar macrophages, thoroughly hydrolyzed LL-37 in vitro, whereas it competitively inhibited cathepsin L (Ki = 150 nM). Cleavage of LL-37 by cathepsins S and K impaired its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The exchange of residues 67 and 205 in the S2 pockets of cathepsins L (Leu67Tyr/Ala205Leu) and K (Tyr67Leu/Leu205Ala) switched the specificity of these mutants toward LL-37. Molecular modeling suggested that LL-37 interacted with the active site of cathepsin L in both forward (i.e., substrate-like) and reverse orientations with similar binding energies. Our data support the hypothesis that cysteine cathepsins modulate the innate immunity response by degrading distinct and representative members of the AMP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Andrault
- †INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: "Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation", Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Sergey A Samsonov
- ‡Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gunther Weber
- §INSERM, UMR 1069, Nutrition Croissance et Cancer, Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Laurent Coquet
- ∥CNRS UMR 6270, Plate-forme de Protéomique "PISSARO" de l'IRIB, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint Aignan, France
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- ⊥Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- ⊥Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Lalmanach
- #INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- ∥CNRS UMR 6270, Plate-forme de Protéomique "PISSARO" de l'IRIB, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont-Saint Aignan, France
| | - Dieter Brömme
- ○Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- ‡Structural Bioinformatics, BIOTEC TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- †INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: "Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation", Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- †INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: "Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation", Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Muth S, Gietzen S, Korzhev M, Grebenjuk VA, Wiens M, Schloßmacher U, Wang X. The silicatein propeptide acts as inhibitor/modulator of self-organization during spicule axial filament formation. FEBS J 2013; 280:1693-708. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sandra Muth
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Sabine Gietzen
- Institute for Physical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Michael Korzhev
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Vlad A. Grebenjuk
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Matthias Wiens
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
| | - Ute Schloßmacher
- ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz; Germany
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Fennell BD, Warren JM, Chung KK, Main HL, Arend AB, Tochowicz A, Götz MG. Optimization of peptidyl allyl sulfones as clan CA cysteine protease inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:468-78. [PMID: 22380780 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.651466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the synthesis and inhibitory potency of a series of novel dipeptidyl allyl sulfones as clan CA cysteine protease inhibitors. The structure of the inhibitors consists of a R(1)-Phe-R(2)-AS-Ph scaffold (AS = allyl sulfone). R(1) was varied with benzyloxycarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, or N-methylpiperazinocarbonyl substituents. R(2) was varied with either Phe of Hfe residues. Synthesis involved preparation of vinyl sulfone analogues followed by isomerization to allyl sulfones using n-butyl lithium and t-butyl hydroperoxide. Sterics, temperature and base strength were all factors that affected the formation and stereochemistry of the allyl sulfone moiety. The inhibitors were assayed with three clan CA cysteine proteases (cruzain, cathepsin B and calpain I) as well as one serine protease (trypsin). The most potent inhibitor, (E)-Mu-Phe-Hfe-AS-Ph, displayed at least 10-fold selectivity for cruzain over clan CA cysteine proteases cathepsin B and calpain I with a (kobs)/[I] of 6080 ± 1390 M(-1)s(-1).
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Pillay D, Boulangé AF, Coetzer THT. Expression, purification and characterisation of two variant cysteine peptidases from Trypanosoma congolense with active site substitutions. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 74:264-71. [PMID: 20609389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Congopain, the major cysteine peptidase of Trypanosoma congolense is an attractive candidate for an anti-disease vaccine and target for the design of specific inhibitors. A complicating factor for the inclusion of congopain in a vaccine is that multiple variants of congopain are present in the genome of the parasite. In order to determine whether the variant congopain-like genes code for peptidases with enzymatic activities different to those of congopain, two variants were cloned and expressed. Two truncated catalytic domain variants were recombinantly expressed in Pichia pastoris. The two expressed catalytic domain variants differed slightly from one another in substrate preferences and also from that of C2 (the recombinant truncated form of congopain). Surprisingly, a variant with the catalytic triad Ser(25), His(159) and Asn(175) was shown to be active against classical cysteine peptidase substrates and inhibited by E-64, a class-specific cysteine protease inhibitor. Both catalytic domain clones and C2 had pH optima of either 6.0 or 6.5 implying that these congopain-like proteases are likely to be expressed and active in the bloodstream of the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davita Pillay
- School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
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Marra BM, Souza DSL, Aguiar JN, Firmino AAP, Sarto RPD, Silva FB, Almeida CDS, Cares JE, Continho MV, Martins-de-Sa C, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Protective effects of a cysteine proteinase propeptide expressed in transgenic soybean roots. Peptides 2009; 30:825-31. [PMID: 19428757 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes cause extensive damage to a large number of ornamental plants and food crops, with estimated economical losses over 100 billion US$ worldwide. Various efforts have put forth in order to minimize nematode damage, which typically involve the use of nematicides that have high cost and enhanced toxicity to humans and the environment. Additionally, different strategies have been applied in order to develop genetically modified plants with improved nematode resistance. Among the strategies are anti-invasion and migration, feeding-cell attenuation, and anti-nematode feeding. In the present study, we focus on anti-nematode feeding, which involves the evaluation and potential use of the cysteine proteinase (CPs) propeptide as a control alternative. The cysteine proteinase prodomain, isolated from Heterodera glycines (HGCP prodomain), is a natural inhibitory peptide used to transform soybean cotyledons using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Genetically modified soybean roots expressing the propeptide were detected by Western blot and expression levels were measured by ELISA (around 0.3%). The transgenic roots expressing the propeptide were inoculated with a thousand H. glycines at the second juvenile stage, and a remarkable reduction in the number of females and eggs was observed. A reduction of female length and diameter was also observed after 35 days post-inoculation. Furthermore, the H. glycines mature protein was detected in females fed on soybean transformed root expressing or not expressing the propeptide. The data presented here indicate that the HGCP propeptide can reduce soybean cyst nematode infection and this strategy could be applied in the near future to generate resistant crop cultivars.
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Korde R, Bhardwaj A, Singh R, Srivastava A, Chauhan VS, Bhatnagar RK, Malhotra P. A prodomain peptide of Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease (falcipain-2) inhibits malaria parasite development. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3116-23. [PMID: 18461922 DOI: 10.1021/jm070735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2), a papain family cysteine protease of Plasmodium falciparum, is a promising target for antimalarial chemotherapy. Designing inhibitors that are highly selective for falcipain-2 has been difficult because of broad specificity of different cysteine proteinases. Because propeptide regions of cysteine proteases have been shown to inhibit their cognate enzymes specifically and selectively, in the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory potential of few falcipain-2 proregion peptides. A 15 residue peptide (PP1) inhibited falcipain-2 enzyme activity in vitro. Studies on the uptake of PP1 into the parasitized erythrocytes showed access of peptide into the infected RBCs. PP1 fused with Antennapedia homeoprotein internalization domain blocked hemoglobin hydrolysis, merozoite release and markedly inhibited Plasmodium falciparum growth and maturation. Together, our results identify a peptide derived from the proregion of falcipain-2 that blocks late-stage malaria parasite development in RBCs, suggesting the development of peptide and peptidometric drugs against the human malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Korde
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Silva FB, Monteiro ACS, Del Sarto RP, Marra BM, Dias SC, Figueira ELZ, Oliveira GR, Rocha TL, Souza DSL, da Silva MCM, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Proregion of Acanthoscelides obtectus cysteine proteinase: a novel peptide with enhanced selectivity toward endogenous enzymes. Peptides 2007; 28:1292-8. [PMID: 17485144 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthoscelides obtectus is a devastating storage insect pest capable of causing severe bean crop losses. In order to maintain their own development, insect pest larvae feed continuously, synthesizing efficient digestive enzymes. Among them, cysteine proteinases (CPs) are commonly produced as inactive precursors (procysteines), requiring a cleavage of the peptide proregion to become active. The proregion fits tightly into the active site of procysteines, efficiently preventing their activity. In this report, a CP cDNA (cpao) was isolated from A. obtectus midgut larvae. In silico studies indicated that the complete CP sequence contains a hydrophobic signal peptide, a prodomain and a conserved catalytic region. Moreover, the encoding cDNA contains 963bp translating into a 321 residue protein, CPAo, which was expressed in E. coli, fused with thioredoxin. Enzymatic assays using the recombinant protein revealed that the enzyme was catalytically active, being able to cleave the synthetic substrate Z-Phe-Arg-7-AMC. Additionally, this report also focuses the cpao propeptide (PCPAo) subcloning and expression. The expressed propeptide efficiently inhibited CPAo, as well as digestive CP of other bean bruchids. Little or no activity was found against proteolytic enzymes of two other coleopterans: Rhyzopertha dominica and Anthonomus grandis. The data reported here indicate the possibility of endogenous propeptides as a novel strategy on bruchids control, which could be applicable to bean improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília-DF 70770-900, Brazil
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