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Gavor E, Choong YK, Jobichen C, Mok YK, Kini RM, Sivaraman J. Structure of Aedes aegypti carboxypeptidase B1-inhibitor complex uncover the disparity between mosquito and non-mosquito insect carboxypeptidase inhibition mechanism. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2445-2456. [PMID: 34658092 PMCID: PMC8605369 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metallocarboxypeptidases (MCPs) in the mosquito midgut play crucial roles in infection, as well as in mosquito dietary digestion, reproduction, and development. MCPs are also part of the digestive system of plant-feeding insects, representing key targets for inhibitor development against mosquitoes/mosquito-borne pathogens or as antifeedant molecules against plant-feeding insects. Notably, some non-mosquito insect B-type MCPs are primarily insensitive to plant protease inhibitors (PPIs) such as the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI; MW 4 kDa), an inhibitor explored for cancer treatment and insecticide design. Here, we report the crystal structure of Aedes aegypti carboxypeptidase-B1 (CPBAe1)-PCI complex and compared the binding with that of PCI-insensitive CPBs. We show that PCI accommodation is determined by key differences in the active-site regions of MCPs. In particular, the loop regions α6-α7 (Leu242 -Ser250 ) and β8-α8 (Pro269 -Pro280 ) of CPBAe1 are replaced by α-helices in PCI-insensitive insect Helicoverpa zea CPBHz. These α-helices protrude into the active-site pocket of CPBHz, restricting PCI insertion and rendering the enzyme insensitive. We further compared our structure with the only other PCI complex available, bovine CPA1-PCI. The potency of PCI against CPBAe1 (Ki = 14.7 nM) is marginally less than that of bovine CPA1 (Ki = 5 nM). Structurally, the above loop regions that accommodate PCI binding in CPBAe1 are similar to that of bovine CPA1, although observed changes in proteases residues that interact with PCI could account for the differences in affinity. Our findings suggest that PCI sensitivity is largely dictated by structural interference, which broadens our understanding of carboxypeptidase inhibition as a mosquito population/parasite control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Gavor
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yeu Khai Choong
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Chacko Jobichen
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - R. Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - J. Sivaraman
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore
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2
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Gavor E, Choong YK, Tulsian NK, Nayak D, Idris F, Sivaraman H, Ting DHR, Sylvie A, Mok YK, Kini RM, Sivaraman J. Structure of Aedes aegypti procarboxypeptidase B1 and its binding with Dengue virus for controlling infection. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/1/e202101211. [PMID: 34750241 PMCID: PMC8605224 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Using high-resolution structure, we have characterized the substrate specificity of Aedes aegypti procarboxypeptidase B1 and provided mechanistic insights into the binding and inhibition of DENV Metallocarboxypeptidases play critical roles in the development of mosquitoes and influence pathogen/parasite infection of the mosquito midgut. Here, we report the crystal structure of Aedes aegypti procarboxypeptidase B1 (PCPBAe1), characterized its substrate specificity and mechanism of binding to and inhibiting Dengue virus (DENV). We show that the activated PCPBAe1 (CPBAe1) hydrolyzes both Arg- and Lys-substrates, which is modulated by residues Asp251 and Ser239. Notably, these residues are conserved in CPBs across mosquito species, possibly required for efficient digestion of basic dietary residues that are necessary for mosquito reproduction and development. Importantly, we characterized the interaction between PCPBAe1 and DENV envelope (E) protein, virus-like particles, and infectious virions. We identified residues Asp18A, Glu19A, Glu85, Arg87, and Arg89 of PCPBAe1 are essential for interaction with DENV. PCPBAe1 maps to the dimeric interface of the E protein domains I/II (Lys64–Glu84, Val238–Val252, and Leu278–Leu287). Overall, our studies provide general insights into how the substrate-binding property of mosquito carboxypeptidases could be targeted to potentially control mosquito populations or proposes a mechanism by which PCPBAe1 binds to and inhibits DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem Gavor
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeu Khai Choong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nikhil Kumar Tulsian
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Digant Nayak
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hariharan Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alonso Sylvie
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Lufrano D, Cotabarren J, Garcia-Pardo J, Fernandez-Alvarez R, Tort O, Tanco S, Avilés FX, Lorenzo J, Obregón WD. Biochemical characterization of a novel carboxypeptidase inhibitor from a variety of Andean potatoes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 120:36-45. [PMID: 26521146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural protease inhibitors of metallocarboxypeptidases are rarely reported. In this work, the cloning, expression and characterization of a proteinaceous inhibitor of the A/B-type metallocarboxypeptidases, naturally occurring in tubers of Solanum tuberosum, subsp. andigenum cv. Imilla morada, are described. The obtained cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 80 residues, which displayed the features of metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor precursors from the Potato Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor (PCI) family. The mature polypeptide (39 residues) was named imaPCI and in comparison with the prototype molecule of the family (PCI from S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum), its sequence showed one difference at its N-terminus and another three located at the secondary binding site, a region described to contribute to the stabilization of the complex inhibitor-target enzyme. In order to gain insights into the relevance of the secondary binding site in nature, a recombinant form of imaPCI (rimaPCI) having only differences at the secondary binding site with respect to recombinant PCI (rPCI) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The rimaPCI exhibited a molecular mass of 4234.8Da by MALDI-TOF/MS. It displayed potent inhibitory activity towards A/B-type carboxypeptidases (with a Ki in the nanomolar range), albeit 2-4-fold lower inhibitory capacity compared to its counterpart rPCI. This result is in agreement with our bioinformatic analysis, which showed that the main interaction established between the secondary binding site of rPCI and the bovine carboxypeptidase A is likely lost in the case of rimaPCI. These observations reinforce the importance of the secondary binding site of PCI-family members on inhibitory effects towards A/B-type metallocarboxypeptidases. Furthermore, as a simple proof of concept of its applicability in biotechnology and biomedicine, the ability of rimaPCI to protect human epidermal growth factor from C-terminal cleavage and inactivation by carboxypeptidases A and B was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lufrano
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Cotabarren
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 115 y 47 s/N, B1900AVW La Plata, Argentina
| | - Javier Garcia-Pardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Alvarez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Tort
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Tanco
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walter D Obregón
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 115 y 47 s/N, B1900AVW La Plata, Argentina.
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4
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Tam JP, Wang S, Wong KH, Tan WL. Antimicrobial Peptides from Plants. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:711-57. [PMID: 26580629 PMCID: PMC4695807 DOI: 10.3390/ph8040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have evolved differently from AMPs from other life forms. They are generally rich in cysteine residues which form multiple disulfides. In turn, the disulfides cross-braced plant AMPs as cystine-rich peptides to confer them with extraordinary high chemical, thermal and proteolytic stability. The cystine-rich or commonly known as cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) of plant AMPs are classified into families based on their sequence similarity, cysteine motifs that determine their distinctive disulfide bond patterns and tertiary structure fold. Cystine-rich plant AMP families include thionins, defensins, hevein-like peptides, knottin-type peptides (linear and cyclic), lipid transfer proteins, α-hairpinin and snakins family. In addition, there are AMPs which are rich in other amino acids. The ability of plant AMPs to organize into specific families with conserved structural folds that enable sequence variation of non-Cys residues encased in the same scaffold within a particular family to play multiple functions. Furthermore, the ability of plant AMPs to tolerate hypervariable sequences using a conserved scaffold provides diversity to recognize different targets by varying the sequence of the non-cysteine residues. These properties bode well for developing plant AMPs as potential therapeutics and for protection of crops through transgenic methods. This review provides an overview of the major families of plant AMPs, including their structures, functions, and putative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shujing Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ka H Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Wei Liang Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Fraga H, Graña-Montes R, Illa R, Covaleda G, Ventura S. Association between foldability and aggregation propensity in small disulfide-rich proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:368-83. [PMID: 24635049 PMCID: PMC4076991 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Disulfide-rich domains (DRDs) are small proteins whose native structure is stabilized by the presence of covalent disulfide bonds. These domains are versatile and can perform a wide range of functions. Many of these domains readily unfold on disulfide bond reduction, suggesting that in the absence of covalent bonding they might display significant disorder. RESULTS Here, we analyzed the degree of disorder in 97 domains representative of the different DRDs families and demonstrate that, in terms of sequence, many of them can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or contain predicted disordered regions. The analysis of the aggregation propensity of these domains indicates that, similar to IDPs, their sequences are more soluble and have less aggregating regions than those of other globular domains, suggesting that they might have evolved to avoid aggregation after protein synthesis and before they can attain its compact and covalently linked native structure. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION DRDs, which resemble IDPs in the reduced state and become globular when their disulfide bonds are formed, illustrate the link between protein folding and aggregation propensities and how these two properties cannot be easily dissociated, determining the main traits of the folding routes followed by these small proteins to attain their native oxidized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fraga
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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6
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A Noncanonical Mechanism of Carboxypeptidase Inhibition Revealed by the Crystal Structure of the Tri-Kunitz SmCI in Complex with Human CPA4. Structure 2013; 21:1118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Alonso-del-Rivero M, Trejo SA, Reytor ML, Rodriguez-de-la-Vega M, Delfin J, Diaz J, González-González Y, Canals F, Chavez MA, Aviles FX. Tri-domain bifunctional inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases A and serine proteases isolated from marine annelid Sabellastarte magnifica. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15427-38. [PMID: 22411994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel bifunctional metallocarboxypeptidase and serine protease inhibitor (SmCI) isolated from the tentacle crown of the annelid Sabellastarte magnifica. SmCI is a 165-residue glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 19.69 kDa (mass spectrometry) and 18 cysteine residues forming nine disulfide bonds. Its cDNA was cloned and sequenced by RT-PCR and nested PCR using degenerated oligonucleotides. Employing this information along with data derived from automatic Edman degradation of peptide fragments, the SmCI sequence was fully characterized, indicating the presence of three bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor/Kunitz domains and its high homology with other Kunitz serine protease inhibitors. Enzyme kinetics and structural analyses revealed SmCI to be an inhibitor of human and bovine pancreatic metallocarboxypeptidases of the A-type (but not B-type), with nanomolar K(i) values. SmCI is also capable of inhibiting bovine pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, and porcine pancreatic elastase in varying measures. When the inhibitor and its nonglycosylated form (SmCI N23A mutant) were overproduced recombinantly in a Pichia pastoris system, they displayed the dual inhibitory properties of the natural form. Similarly, two bi-domain forms of the inhibitor (recombinant rSmCI D1-D2 and rSmCI D2-D3) as well as its C-terminal domain (rSmCI-D3) were also overproduced. Of these fragments, only the rSmCI D1-D2 bi-domain retained inhibition of metallocarboxypeptidase A but only partially, indicating that the whole tri-domain structure is required for such capability in full. SmCI is the first proteinaceous inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases able to act as well on another mechanistic class of proteases (serine-type) and is the first of this kind identified in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maday Alonso-del-Rivero
- Centro de Estudio de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de la Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
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8
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Salinas G, Pellizza L, Margenat M, Fló M, Fernández C. Tuned Escherichia coli as a host for the expression of disulfide-rich proteins. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:686-99. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
The correct balance between proteases and their natural protein inhibitors is of great importance in living systems. Protease inhibitors usually comprise small folds that are crosslinked by a high number of disulfide bonds, making them perfect models for the study of oxidative folding. To date, the oxidative folding of numerous protease inhibitors has been analyzed, revealing a great diversity of folding pathways that differ mainly in the heterogeneity and native disulfide-bond content of their intermediates. The two extremes of this diversity are represented by bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and hirudin, which fold, respectively, via few native intermediates and heterogeneous scrambled isomers. Other proteins, such as leech carboxypeptidase inhibitor, share characteristics of both models displaying mixed folding pathways. The study of the oxidative folding of two-domain inhibitors, such as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, tick carboxypeptidase inhibitor, and Ascaris carboxypeptidase inhibitor, has provided some clues about how two-domain protease inhibitors may fold, that is, either by folding each domain autonomously or with one domain assisting in the folding of the other. Finally, the recent determination of the structures of the major intermediates of protease inhibitors has shed light on the molecular mechanisms guiding the oxidative folding of small disulfide-rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Arolas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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10
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Parajó Y, Arolas JL, Moreno V, Sánchez-González Á, Sordo J, de Llorens R, Avilés FX, Lorenzo J. Cytotoxicity studies of [PtCl2(H2bim)] (H2bim=2,2′-biimidazole): Study of its interaction with a small protein PCI (potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor). Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Benchabane M, Goulet MC, Dallaire C, Côté PL, Michaud D. Hybrid protease inhibitors for pest and pathogen control--a functional cost for the fusion partners? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:701-708. [PMID: 18550379 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins integrating dual pesticidal functions have been devised over the last 10 years to improve the effectiveness and potential durability of pest-resistant transgenic crops, but little attention has been paid to the impact of the fusion partners on the actual activity of the resulting hybrids. Here we assessed the ability of the rice cysteine protease inhibitor, oryzacystatin I (OCI), to retain its protease inhibitory potency when used as a template to devise hybrid inhibitors with dual activity against papain-like proteases and carboxypeptidase A (CPA). C-terminal variants of OCI were generated by fusing to its C-terminal end: (i) the primary inhibitory site of the small CPA inhibitor potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI, amino acids 35-39); or (ii) the complete sequence of PCI (a.a. 1-39). The hybrid inhibitors were expressed in E. coli and tested for their inhibitory activity against papain, CPA and digestive cysteine proteases of herbivorous and predatory arthropods. In contrast with the primary inhibitory site of PCI, the entire PCI attached to OCI was as active against CPA as free, purified PCI. The OCI-PCI hybrids also showed activity against papain, but the presence of extra amino acids at the C terminus of OCI negatively altered its inhibitory potency against cysteine proteases. This negative effect, although not preventing dual binding to papain and CPA, was correlated with an increased binding affinity for papain presumably due to non-specific interactions with the PCI domain. These results confirm the potential of OCI and PCI for the design of fusion inhibitors with dual protease inhibitory activity, but also point out the possible functional costs associated with protein domain grafting to recipient pesticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Benchabane
- CRH/INAF, Pavillon des Services (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Pantoja-Uceda D, Arolas JL, García P, López-Hernández E, Padró D, Aviles FX, Blanco FJ. The NMR Structure and Dynamics of the Two-Domain Tick Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor Reveal Flexibility in Its Free Form and Stiffness upon Binding to Human Carboxypeptidase B. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7066-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800403m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pantoja-Uceda
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Joan L. Arolas
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Pascal García
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Eva López-Hernández
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Daniel Padró
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Francesc X. Aviles
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain, NMR Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain, and Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 800, 48160 Derio, Spain
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13
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Arolas JL, Aviles FX, Chang JY, Ventura S. Folding of small disulfide-rich proteins: clarifying the puzzle. Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:292-301. [PMID: 16600598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The process by which small proteins fold to their native conformations has been intensively studied over the past few decades. The particular chemistry of disulfide-bond formation has facilitated the characterization of the oxidative folding of numerous small, disulfide-rich proteins with results that illustrate a high level of diversity in folding mechanisms, differing in the heterogeneity and native disulfide-bond content of their intermediates. Information from folding studies of these proteins, together with the recent structural determinations of predominant intermediates, has provided new molecular insights into oxidative folding and clarifies the major rules that govern it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Arolas
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Bayés A, Comellas-Bigler M, Rodríguez de la Vega M, Maskos K, Bode W, Aviles FX, Jongsma MA, Beekwilder J, Vendrell J. Structural basis of the resistance of an insect carboxypeptidase to plant protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16602-7. [PMID: 16260742 PMCID: PMC1283804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505489102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), also called tomato fruitworm, is a common pest of many Solanaceous plants. This insect is known to adapt to the ingestion of plant serine protease inhibitors by using digestive proteases that are insensitive to inhibition. We have now identified a B-type carboxypeptidase of H. zea (CPBHz) insensitive to potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI) in corn earworm. To elucidate the structural features leading to the adaptation of the insect enzyme, the crystal structure of the recombinant CPBHz protein was determined by x-ray diffraction. CPBHz is a member of the A/B subfamily of metallocarboxypeptidases, which displays the characteristic metallocarboxypeptidase alpha/beta-hydrolase fold, and does not differ essentially from the previously described Helicoverpa armigera CPA, which is very sensitive to PCI. The data provide structural insight into several functional properties of CPBHz. The high selectivity shown by CPBHz for C-terminal lysine residues is due to residue changes in the S1' substrate specificity pocket that render it unable to accommodate the side chain of an arginine. The insensitivity of CPBHz to plant inhibitors is explained by the exceptional positioning of two of the main regions that stabilize other carboxypeptidase-PCI complexes, the beta8-alpha9 loop, and alpha7 together with the alpha7-alpha8 loop. The rearrangement of these two regions leads to a displacement of the active-site entrance that impairs the proper interaction with PCI. This report explains a crystal structure of an insect protease and its adaptation to defensive plant protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bayés
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Ciències, and Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Arolas JL, Lorenzo J, Rovira A, Castellà J, Aviles FX, Sommerhoff CP. A carboxypeptidase inhibitor from the tick Rhipicephalus bursa: isolation, cDNA cloning, recombinant expression, and characterization. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:3441-8. [PMID: 15561703 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411086200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel proteinaceous metallo-carboxypeptidase inhibitor, named tick carboxypeptidase inhibitor (TCI), was isolated from the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus bursa and N-terminally sequenced. The complete cDNA encoding this protein was cloned from tick mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends techniques. The full-length TCI cDNA contains an open reading frame coding for a precursor protein of 97 amino acid residues that consists of a predicted signal peptide of 22 residues and of mature TCI, a 75-residue cysteine-rich protein (12 Cys). The deduced amino acid sequence shows no homology to other known proteins; the C terminus, however, resembles those of other protein metallo-carboxypeptidase inhibitors, suggesting a common mechanism of inhibition. Recombinant TCI expressed in Escherichia coli is fully functional and inhibits carboxypeptidases of the A/B subfamily with equilibrium dissociation constants in the nanomolar range. Structural analyses by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance indicate that TCI is a protein strongly constrained by disulfide bonds, unusually stable over a wide pH range and highly resistant to denaturing conditions. As a tight binding inhibitor of plasma carboxypeptidase B, also known as thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, recombinant TCI stimulates fibrinolysis in vitro and thus may have potential for applications to prevent or treat thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Arolas
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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