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Özvegy-Laczka C, Ungvári O, Bakos É. Fluorescence-based methods for studying activity and drug-drug interactions of hepatic solute carrier and ATP binding cassette proteins involved in ADME-Tox. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115448. [PMID: 36758706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, approximately 70% of drugs are eliminated through the liver. This process is governed by the concerted action of membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes. Transporters mediating hepatocellular uptake of drugs belong to the SLC (Solute carrier) superfamily of transporters. Drug efflux either toward the portal vein or into the bile is mainly mediated by active transporters of the ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) family. Alteration in the function and/or expression of liver transporters due to mutations, disease conditions, or co-administration of drugs or food components can result in altered pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, drugs or food components interacting with liver transporters may also interfere with liver function (e.g., bile acid homeostasis) and may even cause liver toxicity. Accordingly, certain transporters of the liver should be investigated already at an early stage of drug development. Most frequently radioactive probes are applied in these drug-transporter interaction tests. However, fluorescent probes are cost-effective and sensitive alternatives to radioligands, and are gaining wider application in drug-transporter interaction tests. In our review, we summarize our current understanding about hepatocyte ABC and SLC transporters affected by drug interactions. We provide an update of the available fluorescent and fluorogenic/activable probes applicable in in vitro or in vivo testing of these ABC and SLC transporters, including near-infrared transporter probes especially suitable for in vivo imaging. Furthermore, our review gives a comprehensive overview of the available fluorescence-based methods, not directly relying on the transport of the probe, suitable for the investigation of hepatic ABC or SLC-type drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary
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2
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Kuznetsova VE, Shershov VE, Guseinov TO, Miftakhov RA, Solyev PN, Novikov RA, Levashova AI, Zasedatelev AS, Lapa SA, Chudinov AV. Synthesis of Cy5-Labelled C5-Alkynyl-modified cytidine triphosphates via Sonogashira coupling for DNA labelling. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106315. [PMID: 36528924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New applications of palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira-type cross-coupling reaction between C5-halogenated 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate and novel cyanine dyes with a terminal alkyne group have been developed. The present methodology allows to synthesize of fluorescently labeled C5-nucleoside triphosphates with different acetylene linkers between the fluorophore and pyrimidine base in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Modified 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphates were shown to be good substrates for DNA polymerases and were incorporated into the DNA by polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya E Kuznetsova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Valeriy E Shershov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Teimur O Guseinov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat A Miftakhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel N Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A Novikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna I Levashova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Zasedatelev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Lapa
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Chudinov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Bar-Shir A, Alon L, Korrer MJ, Lim HS, Yadav NN, Kato Y, Pathak AP, Bulte JWM, Gilad AA. Quantification and tracking of genetically engineered dendritic cells for studying immunotherapy. Magn Reson Med 2017; 79:1010-1019. [PMID: 28480589 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetically encoded reporters can assist in visualizing biological processes in live organisms and have been proposed for longitudinal and noninvasive tracking of therapeutic cells in deep tissue. Cells can be labeled in situ or ex vivo and followed in live subjects over time. Nevertheless, a major challenge for reporter systems is to identify the cell population that actually expresses an active reporter. METHODS We have used a nucleoside analog, pyrrolo-2'-deoxycytidine, as an imaging probe for the putative reporter gene, Drosophila melanogaster 2'-deoxynucleoside kinase. Bioengineered cells were imaged in vivo in animal models of brain tumor and immunotherapy using chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI. The number of transduced cells was quantified by flow cytometry based on the optical properties of the probe. RESULTS We performed a comparative analysis of six different cell lines and demonstrate utility in a mouse model of immunotherapy. The proposed technology can be used to quantify the number of labeled cells in a given region, and moreover is sensitive enough to detect less than 10,000 cells. CONCLUSION This unique technology that enables efficient selection of labeled cells followed by in vivo monitoring with both optical and MRI. Magn Reson Med 79:1010-1019, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Bar-Shir
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lina Alon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Korrer
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hong Seo Lim
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nirbhay N Yadav
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kato
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Hays FA. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters-A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 36:7-30. [PMID: 27759477 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of nucleosides, nucleobases, and therapeutic analogs. The best-characterized ENTs are the human transporters hENT1 and hENT2. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic ENTs have also been studied (e.g., yeast, parasitic protozoa). ENTs are major pharmaceutical targets responsible for modulating the efficacy of more than 30 approved drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. This review highlights findings on the characterization of ENTs by surveying studies on genetics, permeant and inhibitor interactions, mutagenesis, and structural models of ENT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Harold Hamm Diabetes Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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5
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Choi JS, Berdis AJ. Visualizing nucleic acid metabolism using non-natural nucleosides and nucleotide analogs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1864:165-76. [PMID: 26004088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides and their corresponding mono-, di-, and triphosphates play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In addition, perturbations in this homeostasis can result in dysfunctional cellular processes that cause pathological conditions such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review article discusses contemporary research areas applying nucleoside analogs to probe the mechanistic details underlying the complexities of nucleoside metabolism at the molecular and cellular levels. The first area describes classic and contemporary approaches used to quantify the activity of nucleoside transporters, an important class of membrane proteins that mediate the influx and efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases. A focal point of this section is describing how biophotonic nucleosides are replacing conventional assays employing radiolabeled substrates to study the mechanism of these proteins. The second section describes approaches to understand the utilization of nucleoside triphosphates by cellular DNA polymerases during DNA synthesis. Emphasis here is placed on describing how novel nucleoside analogs such as 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine are being used to quantify DNA synthesis during normal replication as well as during the replication of damaged DNA. In both sections, seminal research articles relevant to these areas are described to highlight how these novel probes are improving our understanding of these biological processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; The Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; The Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, 2351 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Red5 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, 10000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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6
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Claudio-Montero A, Pinilla-Macua I, Fernández-Calotti P, Sancho-Mateo C, Lostao MP, Colomer D, Grandas A, Pastor-Anglada M. Fluorescent nucleoside derivatives as a tool for the detection of concentrative nucleoside transporter activity using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2158-66. [PMID: 25923048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The abundance and function of transporter proteins at the plasma membrane are likely to be crucial in drug responsiveness. Functional detection of human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNTs) is of interest for predicting drug sensitivity because of their ability to transport most nucleoside-derived drugs. In the present study, two fluorescent nucleoside analogues, uridine-furan and etheno-cytidine, were evaluated as tools to study in vivo nucleoside transporter-related functions. These two molecules showed high affinity interactions with hCNT1 and hCNT3 and were shown to be substrates of both transporters. Both fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry experiments showed that uridine-furan uptake was better suited for distinguishing cells that express hCNT1 or hCNT3. These data highlight the usefulness of fluorescent nucleoside derivatives, as long as they fulfill the requirements of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, for in vivo analysis of hCNT-related function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudio-Montero
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,‡Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,⊥Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Pinilla-Macua
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,‡Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Calotti
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,‡Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Sancho-Mateo
- #Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Pilar Lostao
- #Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- §Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Grandas
- ⊥Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- †Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,‡Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER ehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Choi JS, Maity A, Gray T, Berdis AJ. A metal-containing nucleoside that possesses both therapeutic and diagnostic activity against cancer. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9714-26. [PMID: 25713072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transport is an essential process that helps maintain the hyperproliferative state of most cancer cells. As such, it represents an important target for developing diagnostic and therapeutic agents that can effectively detect and treat cancer, respectively. This report describes the development of a metal-containing nucleoside designated Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside that displays both therapeutic and diagnostic properties against the human epidermal carcinoma cell line KB3-1. The cytotoxic effects of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside are both time- and dose-dependent. Flow cytometry analyses validate that the nucleoside analog causes apoptosis by blocking cell cycle progression at G2/M. Fluorescent microscopy studies show rapid accumulation in the cytoplasm within 4 h. However, more significant accumulation is observed in the nucleus and mitochondria after 24 h. This localization is consistent with the ability of the metal-containing nucleoside to influence cell cycle progression at G2/M. Mitochondrial depletion is also observed after longer incubations (Δt ∼48 h), and this effect may produce additional cytotoxic effects. siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrate that the nucleoside transporter, hENT1, plays a key role in the cellular entry of Ir(III)-PPY nucleoside. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the development of a metal-containing nucleoside that functions as a combined therapeutic and diagnostic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Suk Choi
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
| | - Ayan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Thomas Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Anthony J Berdis
- From the Department of Chemistry and the Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 and
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8
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Johnson ZL, Lee JH, Lee K, Lee M, Kwon DY, Hong J, Lee SY. Structural basis of nucleoside and nucleoside drug selectivity by concentrative nucleoside transporters. eLife 2014; 3:e03604. [PMID: 25082345 PMCID: PMC4139061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are responsible for cellular entry of nucleosides, which serve as precursors to nucleic acids and act as signaling molecules. CNTs also play a crucial role in the uptake of nucleoside-derived drugs, including anticancer and antiviral agents. Understanding how CNTs recognize and import their substrates could not only lead to a better understanding of nucleoside-related biological processes but also the design of nucleoside-derived drugs that can better reach their targets. Here, we present a combination of X-ray crystallographic and equilibrium-binding studies probing the molecular origins of nucleoside and nucleoside drug selectivity of a CNT from Vibrio cholerae. We then used this information in chemically modifying an anticancer drug so that it is better transported by and selective for a single human CNT subtype. This work provides proof of principle for utilizing transporter structural and functional information for the design of compounds that enter cells more efficiently and selectively. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03604.001 DNA molecules are made from four bases—often named ‘G’, ‘A’, ‘C’, and ‘T’—that are arranged along a backbone made of sugars and phosphate groups. Chemicals called nucleosides are essentially the same as these four building blocks of DNA (and other similar molecules) but without the phosphate groups. Proteins called nucleoside transporters are found in the membranes that surround cells and can pump nucleosides into the cell. These transporters also allow drugs that are made from modified nucleosides to enter cells; however, it was previously unclear how different transporters recognized and imported specific nucleosides. Like other proteins, nucleoside transporters are basically strings of amino acids that have folded into a specific three-dimensional shape. A protein's shape is often important for defining what that protein can do, as often other molecules must bind to proteins—much like a key fitting into a lock. Johnson et al. have now revealed the three-dimensional structure of one nucleoside transporter protein bound to different nucleosides and nucleoside-derived chemicals, including three anti-cancer drugs and one anti-viral drug. Some of these chemicals were shown to bind more strongly to the transporter protein than others, and examining the three-dimensional structures revealed that the different chemicals interacted with slightly different amino acids in the transporter protein. Johnson et al. then used this information to chemically modify an anticancer drug so that it is transported more easily into cells and is imported by only one of the subtypes of nucleoside transporters that are found in humans. This provides proof of principle that information about the structure and function of a transporter protein can help to redesign chemicals such that they can enter cells more efficiently, and to tailor them for transport by specific transporters. A similar approach may in the future allow researchers to design new nucleoside-derived drugs that are better at getting inside specific cells and, as such, provide effective treatments against cancers and viral infections. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03604.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Lee Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Minhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Do-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, United States Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
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Lepist EI, Damaraju VL, Zhang J, Gati WP, Yao SYM, Smith KM, Karpinski E, Young JD, Leung KH, Cass CE. Transport of A1 adenosine receptor agonist tecadenoson by human and mouse nucleoside transporters: evidence for blood-brain barrier transport by murine equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 mENT1. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:916-22. [PMID: 23388705 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The high density of A1 adenosine receptors in the brain results in significant potential for central nervous system (CNS)-related adverse effects with A1 agonists. Tecadenoson is a selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist with close similarity to adenosine. We studied the binding and transmembrane transport of tecadenoson by recombinant human equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENTs) hENT1 and hENT2, and human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNTs) hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 in vitro and by mouse mENT1 in vivo. Binding affinities of the five recombinant human nucleoside transporters for tecadenoson differed (hENT1 > hCNT1 > hCNT3 > hENT2 > hCNT2), and tecadenoson was transported largely by hENT1. Pretreatment of mice with a phosphorylated prodrug of nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside, an inhibitor of mENT1, significantly decreased brain exposure to tecadenoson compared with that of the untreated (control) group, suggesting involvement of mENT1 in transport of tecadenoson across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In summary, ENT1 was shown to mediate the transport of tecadenoson in vitro with recombinant and native human protein and in vivo with mice. The micromolar apparent Km value of tecadenoson for transport by native hENT1 in cultured cells suggests that hENT1 will not be saturated at clinically relevant (i.e., nanomolar) concentrations of tecadenoson, and that hENT1-mediated passage across the BBB may contribute to the adverse CNS effects observed in clinical trials. In contrast, in cases in which a CNS effect is desired, the present results illustrate that synthetic A1 agonists that are transported by hENT1 could be used to target CNS disorders because of enhanced delivery to the brain.
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10
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Nucleoside transporters: biological insights and therapeutic applications. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1461-78. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters play important physiological roles by regulating intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine (deoxy)nucleosides. This review describes the biological function and activity of the two major families of membrane nucleoside transporters that exist in mammalian cells. These include equilibrative nucleoside transporters that transport nucleosides in a gradient-dependent fashion and concentrative nucleoside transporters that import nucleosides against a gradient by coupling movement with sodium transport. Particular emphasis is placed on describing the roles of nucleoside transport in normal physiological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular function and nutrient transport across the blood–brain barrier. In addition, the role of nucleoside transport in pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are discussed. The potential therapeutic applications of manipulating nucleoside transport activities are discussed, focusing on nucleoside analogs as anti-neoplastic agents. Finally, we discuss future directions for the development of novel chemical entities to measure nucleoside transport activity at the cellular and organismal level.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside/nucleobase transporters have been investigated since the 1960s. In particular, equilibrative nucleoside transporters were thought to be valuable drug targets, since they are involved in various kinds of viral and parasitic diseases as well as cancers. DISCUSSION In the postgenomic era multiple transporters, including different subtypes, have been cloned and characterized on the molecular level. In this article we summarize recent advances regarding structure, function and localization of nucleoside/nucleobase transporters as well as the pharmacological profile of selected drugs. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the different kinetic properties and structural features of nucleoside transporters can either be used for the rational design of therapeutics directly targeting the transporter itself or for the delivery of drugs using the transporter as a port of entry into the target cell. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters are of considerable pharmacological interest as drug targets for the development of drugs tailored to each patient's need for the treatment of cardiac disease, cancer and viral infections.
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Damaraju VL, Smith KM, Mowles D, Nowak I, Karpinski E, Young JD, Robins MJ, Cass CE. Interaction of fused-pyrimidine nucleoside analogs with human concentrative nucleoside transporters: High-affinity inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Swanick KN, Dodd DW, Price JT, Brazeau AL, Jones ND, Hudson RHE, Ding Z. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of triazole-modified deoxycytidine analogues in N,N-dimethylformamide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17405-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Onambele LA, Koth D, Czaplewska JA, Schubert US, Görls H, Yano S, Obata M, Gottschaldt M, Prokop A. Mitochondrial Mode of Action of a Thymidine-Based Cisplatin Analogue Breaks Resistance in Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2010; 16:14498-505. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li Y, Soni PB, Liu L, Zhang X, Liotta DC, Lutz S. Synthesis of fluorescent nucleoside analogs as probes for 2'-deoxyribonucleoside kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:841-3. [PMID: 20060716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We are reporting on the synthesis of fluorescent nucleoside analogs with modified sugar moieties (e.g., sugars other than ribose and 2'-deoxyribose). Four novel derivatives of the fluorescent thymidine analog 6-methyl-3-(beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl) furano-[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one were synthesized via Sonogashira reaction and subsequent copper-catalyzed cycloaddition. These compounds represent promising tools for studying nucleoside metabolism inside living cells, as well as for screening directed evolution libraries of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside kinases with new and improved activity for the corresponding nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Dodd DW, Swanick KN, Price JT, Brazeau AL, Ferguson MJ, Jones ND, Hudson RHE. Blue fluorescent deoxycytidine analogues: convergent synthesis, solid-state and electronic structure, and solvatochromism. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:663-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b919921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Liu L, Li Y, Liotta D, Lutz S. Directed evolution of an orthogonal nucleoside analog kinase via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:4472-81. [PMID: 19474348 PMCID: PMC2715250 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs (NAs) represent an important category of prodrugs for the treatment of viral infections and cancer, yet the biological potency of many analogs is compromised by their inefficient activation through cellular 2′-deoxyribonucleoside kinases (dNKs). We herein report the directed evolution and characterization of an orthogonal NA kinase for 3′-deoxythymidine (ddT), using a new FACS-based screening protocol in combination with a fluorescent analog of ddT. Four rounds of random mutagenesis and DNA shuffling of Drosophila melanogaster 2′-deoxynucleoside kinase, followed by FACS analysis, yielded an orthogonal ddT kinase with a 6-fold higher activity for the NA and a 20-fold kcat/KM preference for ddT over thymidine, an overall 10 000-fold change in substrate specificity. The contributions of individual amino acid substitutions in the ddT kinase were evaluated by reverse engineering, enabling a detailed structure–function analysis to rationalize the observed changes in performance. Based on our results, kinase engineering with fluorescent NAs and FACS should prove a highly versatile method for evolving selective kinase:NA pairs and for studying fundamental aspects of the structure–function relationship in dNKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Ca(2+) signaling occurs via second messenger release from intraorganelle synthesis sites. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1612-8. [PMID: 18951023 PMCID: PMC2581485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose is an important Ca(2+)-mobilizing cytosolic messenger synthesized from beta-NAD(+) by ADP-ribosyl cyclases (ARCs). However, the focus upon ectocellular mammalian ARCs (CD38 and CD157) has led to confusion as to how extracellular enzymes generate intracellular messengers in response to stimuli. We have cloned and characterized three ARCs in the sea urchin egg and found that endogenous ARCbeta and ARCgamma are intracellular and located within the lumen of acidic, exocytotic vesicles, where they are optimally active. Intraorganelle ARCs are shielded from cytosolic substrate and targets by the organelle membrane, but this barrier is circumvented by nucleotide transport. We show that a beta-NAD(+) transporter provides ARC substrate that is converted luminally to cADPR, which, in turn, is shuttled out to the cytosol via a separate cADPR transporter. Moreover, nucleotide transport is integral to ARC activity physiologically because three transport inhibitors all inhibited the fertilization-induced Ca(2+) wave that is dependent upon cADPR. This represents a novel signaling mechanism whereby an extracellular stimulus increases the concentration of a second messenger by promoting messenger transport from intraorganelle synthesis sites to the cytosol.
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Zhang J, Visser F, King KM, Baldwin SA, Young JD, Cass CE. The role of nucleoside transporters in cancer chemotherapy with nucleoside drugs. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26:85-110. [PMID: 17345146 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are important components of treatment regimens for various malignancies. Nucleoside-specific membrane transporters mediate plasma membrane permeation of physiologic nucleosides and most nucleoside analogs, for which the initial event is cellular conversion of nucleosides to active agents. Understanding of the roles of nucleoside transporters in nucleoside drug toxicity and resistance will provide opportunities for potentiating anticancer efficacy and avoiding resistance. Because transportability is a possible determinant of toxicity and resistance of many nucleoside analogs, nucleoside transporter abundance might be a prognostic marker to assess drug resistance. Elucidation of the structural determinants of nucleoside analogs for interaction with transporter proteins as well as the structural features of transporter proteins required for permeant interaction and translocation will lead to "transportability guidelines" for the rational design and therapeutic application of nucleoside analogs as anticancer drugs. It should eventually be possible to develop clinical assays that predict sensitivity and/or resistance to nucleoside anti-cancer drugs and thus to identify those patient populations that will most likely benefit from optimal nucleoside analog treatments. This review discusses recent results from structure/function studies of human nucleoside transporters, the role of nucleoside transport processes in the cytotoxicity and resistance of several anticancer nucleoside analogs and strategies to improve the nucleoside transporter-related anticancer effects of nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Membrane Protein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Pastor-Anglada M, Casado FJ. Role of CNT3 in the transepithelial flux of nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs. J Physiol 2007; 582:1249-60. [PMID: 17412768 PMCID: PMC2075247 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.130138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of the concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT3 in the establishment of a transepithelial flux of natural nucleosides and their pharmacologically active derivatives in renal epithelial cell lines. Murine PCT cells grown on a transwell dish showed endogenous CNT3 activity at their apical membrane that was responsible for the sodium-dependent transepithelial flux of both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. hCNT3 was also identified in human kidney and its role in the transport of nucleosides was tested. To this end, MDCK cells, lacking endogenous CNT3 activity, were genetically engineered to express the human orthologue of CNT3 (hCNT3-MDCK cells). In these cells, hCNT3 was inserted into the apical membrane, thus generating, as for PCT cells, a transepithelial flux of both nucleosides and nucleoside-derived drugs. Apical-to-basolateral transepithelial flux was present in all cells expressing a functional CNT3 transporter and was significantly higher than that found either in PCT cells in absence of sodium or in mock-transfected MDCK cells. Nevertheless in all cases a significant amount of the transported nucleoside was retained and transformed inside cells. However release to the opposite compartment was CNT3 dependent, not only in terms of absolute flux (much higher when an apical CNT3 transporter was active) but also regarding metabolic transformations of the apically absorbed nucleosides. These results underline a critical role of CNT3 in the renal reabsorption of nucleosides and their derivatives as well as in their intracellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 645, Edifici annex, Planta-1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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