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Shang MH, Sun JF, Bi Y, Xu XT, Zang XN. Fluorescence and antioxidant activity of heterologous expression of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1127422. [PMID: 36891162 PMCID: PMC9987159 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1127422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanin and allophycocyanin are important active substances in Arthrospira platensis, because of their fluorescent characteristic and antioxidant capacity. In order to solve the problem of insufficient production and inconvenient modification of natural protein, recombinant expression was performed and the fluorescence activity and antioxidant activity was analyzed to meet the demand for phycocyanin and allophycocyanin. A total of seven recombinant strains were constructed in this study, including individual phycocyanin or allophycocyanin, co-expression of phycocyanin-allophycocyanin, and their co-expression with chromophore, and the expression strain for individual chromophore. Different molecular weights of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were detected in the recombinant strains, which indicated the different polymers expressed. Through mass spectrometry identification, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin may form a dimer of 66 kDa and a polymer of 300 kDa. The results of fluorescence detection showed that phycocyanin and allophycocyanin combined with phycocyanobilin to show fluorescence activity. The fluorescence peak of recombinant phycocyanin was mainly concentrated at 640 nm, which was similar to natural phycocyanin, the fluorescence peak of purified recombinant allophycocyanin was at about 642 nm. The fluorescence peak of the co-expressed recombinant phycocyanin-allophycocyanin is located at 640 nm, and the fluorescence intensity is between the recombinant phycocyanin and the recombinant allophycocyanin. After purification, the fluorescence peak of the recombinant phycocyanin is more concentrated and the fluorescence intensity is higher, which is about 1.3 times of recombinant phycocyanin-allophycocyanin, 2.8 times of recombinant allophycocyanin, indicating that phycocyanin may be more suitable to be used as fluorescence probe in medicine. The antioxidant capacity was measured by using total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-triphenylhydrazino) free radical scavenging method, and the recombinant phycobiliprotein showed antioxidant activity. Phycocyanobilin also has certain antioxidant activity and could enhance the antioxidant activity of phycobiliprotein to a certain extent. Recombinant phycocyanin-allophycocyanin polymer has stronger T-AOC, which is about 1.17-2.25 times that of the other five recombinant proteins. And recombinant phycocyanin has stronger DPPH antioxidant activity, which is about 1.2-2.5 times that of the other five recombinant proteins. This study laid the foundation for the application of recombinant phycocyanin and allophycocyanin in medical detection and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Fei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Dagnino-Leone J, Figueroa M, Uribe E, Hinrichs MV, Ortiz-López D, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Bunster M. Biosynthesis and characterization of a recombinant eukaryotic allophycocyanin using prokaryotic accessory enzymes. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e989. [PMID: 31970933 PMCID: PMC7066465 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are colored fluorescent proteins present in cyanobacteria, red alga, and cryptophyta. These proteins have many potential uses in biotechnology going from food colorants to medical applications. Allophycocyanin, the simplest PBP, is a heterodimer of αβ subunits that oligomerizes as a trimer (αβ)3. Each subunit contains a phycocyanobilin, bound to a cysteine residue, which is responsible for its spectroscopic properties. In this article, we are reporting the expression of recombinant allophycocyanin (rAPC) from the eukaryotic red algae Agarophyton chilensis in Escherichia coli, using prokaryotic accessory enzymes to obtain a fully functional rAPC. Three duet vectors were used to include coding sequences of α and β subunits from A. chilensis and accessorial enzymes (heterodimeric lyase cpc S/U, heme oxygenase 1, phycocyanobilin oxidoreductase) from cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima. rAPC was purified using several chromatographic steps. The characterization of the pure rAPC indicates very similar spectroscopic properties, λmaxAbs, λmaxEm, fluorescence lifetime, and chromophorylation degree, with native allophycocyanin (nAPC) from A. chilensis. This method, to produce high‐quality recombinant allophycocyanin, can be used to express and characterize other macroalga phycobiliproteins, to be used for biotechnological or biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Dagnino-Leone
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elena Uribe
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Victoria Hinrichs
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Ortiz-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta Bunster
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Wu J, Chen H, Jiang P. Chromophore attachment to fusion protein of streptavidin and recombinant allophycocyanin α subunit. Bioengineered 2018; 9:108-115. [PMID: 28448741 PMCID: PMC5972920 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1321282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion protein (SLA) of streptavidin and allophycocyanin α subunit (holo-ApcA) was biosynthesized in Escherichia coli by a dual plasmid system. The recombinant SLA, purified by affinity chromatography, showed spectral properties similar to natural allophycocyanin α subunit (ApcA). Spectral and Zinc staining analysis indicated that the recombinant SLA covalently bound phycocyanobilin (PCB). To improve chromophorylation rate of recombinant SLA, an in vitro chromophore attachment reaction system was established, which contained partially chromophylated SLA, PCB and lyase CpcS. Spectral analysis showed that PCB bound to the recombinant SLA rapidly during the reaction. The chromophorylation rate of SLA was improved from 21.1% to 86.5%. Immunofluorescence assay showed that SLA with high chromophorylation rate had higher detection signal. Thus, in vitro chromophore attachment is an effective way to improve the chromophorylation rate of recombinant phycobiliprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China.,c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Huaxin Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
| | - Peng Jiang
- a Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao , China.,b Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , China
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Oliinyk OS, Chernov KG, Verkhusha VV. Bacterial Phytochromes, Cyanobacteriochromes and Allophycocyanins as a Source of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1691. [PMID: 28771184 PMCID: PMC5578081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial photoreceptors absorb light energy and transform it into intracellular signals that regulate metabolism. Bacterial phytochrome photoreceptors (BphPs), some cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) and allophycocyanins (APCs) possess the near-infrared (NIR) absorbance spectra that make them promising molecular templates to design NIR fluorescent proteins (FPs) and biosensors for studies in mammalian cells and whole animals. Here, we review structures, photochemical properties and molecular functions of several families of bacterial photoreceptors. We next analyze molecular evolution approaches to develop NIR FPs and biosensors. We then discuss phenotypes of current BphP-based NIR FPs and compare them with FPs derived from CBCRs and APCs. Lastly, we overview imaging applications of NIR FPs in live cells and in vivo. Our review provides guidelines for selection of existing NIR FPs, as well as engineering approaches to develop NIR FPs from the novel natural templates such as CBCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena S Oliinyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Konstantin G Chernov
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Far-red light photoacclimation: Chromophorylation of FR induced α- and β-subunits of allophycocyanin from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis sp. PCC7203. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1607-1616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Rastogi RP, Sonani RR, Patel AB, Madamwar D. Occurrence of a functionally stable photoharvesting single peptide allophycocyanin α-subunit (16.4 kDa) in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. R76DM. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the occurrence of a functionally stable single peptide APC α-subunit in cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. R76DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Ravi R. Sonani
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Avani B. Patel
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences
- Sardar Patel University
- Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120
- India
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Biswas A, Boutaghou MN, Alvey RM, Kronfel CM, Cole RB, Bryant DA, Schluchter WM. Characterization of the activities of the CpeY, CpeZ, and CpeS bilin lyases in phycoerythrin biosynthesis in Fremyella diplosiphon strain UTEX 481. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35509-35521. [PMID: 21865169 PMCID: PMC3195565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
When grown in green light, Fremyella diplosiphon strain UTEX 481 produces the red-colored protein phycoerythrin (PE) to maximize photosynthetic light harvesting. PE is composed of two subunits, CpeA and CpeB, which carry two and three phycoerythrobilin (PEB) chromophores, respectively, that are attached to specific Cys residues via thioether linkages. Specific bilin lyases are hypothesized to catalyze each PEB ligation. Using a heterologous, coexpression system in Escherichia coli, the PEB ligation activities of putative lyase subunits CpeY, CpeZ, and CpeS were tested on the CpeA and CpeB subunits from F. diplosiphon. Purified His(6)-tagged CpeA, obtained by coexpressing cpeA, cpeYZ, and the genes for PEB synthesis, had absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima at 566 and 574 nm, respectively. CpeY alone, but not CpeZ, could ligate PEB to CpeA, but the yield of CpeA-PEB was lower than achieved with CpeY and CpeZ together. Studies with site-specific variants of CpeA(C82S and C139S), together with mass spectrometric analysis of trypsin-digested CpeA-PEB, revealed that CpeY/CpeZ attached PEB at Cys(82) of CpeA. The CpeS bilin lyase ligated PEB at both Cys(82) and Cys(139) of CpeA but very inefficiently; the yield of PEB ligated at Cys(82) was much lower than observed with CpeY or CpeY/CpeZ. However, CpeS efficiently attached PEB to Cys(80) of CpeB but neither CpeY, CpeZ, nor CpeY/CpeZ could ligate PEB to CpeB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Biswas
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - M Nazim Boutaghou
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Richard M Alvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Christina M Kronfel
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Richard B Cole
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Wendy M Schluchter
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148.
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Chen Y, Liu S, Cui Y, Jiang P, Chen H, Li F, Qin S. Biosynthesis and immobilization of biofunctional allophycocyanin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:751452. [PMID: 23008737 PMCID: PMC3154788 DOI: 10.1155/2011/751452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The holo-allophycocyanin-α subunit, which has various reported pharmacological uses, was biosynthesized with both Strep-II-tag and His-tag at the N-terminal in Escherichia coli. The streptavidin-binding ability resulting from the Strep II-tag was confirmed by Western blot. Additionally, the metal-chelating ability deriving from the His-tag not only facilitated its purification by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography but also promoted its immobilization on Zn (II)-decorated silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. The holo-allophycocyanin-α subunit with streptavidin-binding ability was thereby immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles are promising as drug delivery vehicles for targeting and locating at tumors. Thus, based on genetic engineering and nanotechnology, we provide a potential strategy to facilitate the biomodification and targeted delivery of pharmacological proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaofang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huaxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Song Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Chen Y, Jiang P, Liu S, Zhao H, Cui Y, Qin S. Purification of 6×His-tagged phycobiliprotein using zinc-decorated silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:993-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Biswas A, Vasquez YM, Dragomani TM, Kronfel ML, Williams SR, Alvey RM, Bryant DA, Schluchter WM. Biosynthesis of cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins in Escherichia coli: chromophorylation efficiency and specificity of all bilin lyases from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2729-39. [PMID: 20228104 PMCID: PMC2863458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03100-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, light-harvesting proteins that are highly fluorescent due to linear tetrapyrrole chromophores, which makes them valuable as probes. Enzymes called bilin lyases usually attach these bilin chromophores to specific cysteine residues within the alpha and beta subunits via thioether linkages. A multiplasmid coexpression system was used to recreate the biosynthetic pathway for phycobiliproteins from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 in Escherichia coli. This system efficiently produced chromophorylated allophycocyanin (ApcA/ApcB) and alpha-phycocyanin with holoprotein yields ranging from 3 to 12 mg liter(-1) of culture. This heterologous expression system was used to demonstrate that the CpcS-I and CpcU proteins are both required to attach phycocyanobilin (PCB) to allophycocyanin subunits ApcD (alpha(AP-B)) and ApcF (beta(18)). The N-terminal, allophycocyanin-like domain of ApcE (L(CM)(99)) was produced in soluble form and was shown to have intrinsic bilin lyase activity. Lastly, this in vivo system was used to evaluate the efficiency of the bilin lyases for production of beta-phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Biswas
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yasmin M. Vasquez
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tierna M. Dragomani
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Monica L. Kronfel
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shervonda R. Williams
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard M. Alvey
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Donald A. Bryant
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Wendy M. Schluchter
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Liu S, Chen H, Qin S, Zhang W, Guan X, Lu Y. Highly soluble and stable recombinant holo-phycocyanin alpha subunit expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Ge B, Sun H, Feng Y, Yang J, Qin S. Functional biosynthesis of an allophycocyan beta subunit in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:246-9. [PMID: 19269586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allophycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein with various biological and pharmacological properties. An expression vector was constructed using CpeS as the bilin lyase for the allophycocyanin beta subunit, resulting in overexpression of a fluorescent allophycocyanin beta-subunit in Escherichia coli. A high-density cell culture was developed using a continuous feeding strategy. After 16 h of culture, the dry cell density reached 21.4 g l(-1), the expression of the allophycocyanin beta-subunit was 0.86 g l(-1) broth, and the relative chromoprotein yield was 81.4%. The recombinant protein showed spectral features similar to native allophycocyanin, which provide an efficient methodology for large-scale production of this valuable fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Ge
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, PR China.
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Abstract
Biliproteins are a widespread group of brilliantly coloured photoreceptors characterized by linear tetrapyrrolic chromophores, bilins, which are covalently bound to the apoproteins via relatively stable thioether bonds. Covalent binding stabilizes the chromoproteins and is mandatory for phycobilisome assembly; and, it is also important in biliprotein applications such as fluorescence labelling. Covalent binding has, on the other hand, also considerably hindered biliprotein research because autocatalytic chromophore additions are rare, and information on enzymatic addition by lyases was limited to a single example, an EF-type lyase attaching phycocyanobilin to cysteine-alpha84 of C-phycocyanin. The discovery of new activities for the latter lyases, and of new types of lyases, have reinvigorated research activities in the subject. So far, work has mainly concentrated on cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Methodological advances in the process, however, as well as the finding of often large numbers of homologues, opens new possibilities for research on the subsequent assembly/disassembly of the phycobilisome in cyanobacteria and red algae, on the assembly and organization of the cryptophyte light-harvesting system, on applications in basic research such as protein folding, and on the use of phycobiliproteins for labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scheer
- Department Biologie I, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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Combinational biosynthesis of a fluorescent cyanobacterial holo-alpha-allophycocyanin in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1001-4. [PMID: 18224279 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Allophycocyanin (APC) is a phycobiliprotein with various biological and pharmacological properties. An expression vector containing five essential genes in charge of biosynthesis of cyanobacterial APC holo-alpha subunit (holo-ApcA) was constructed, resulting in over-expression of a fluorescent holo-ApcA in E. coli. After being cultured for 16 h, the dry cell density reached 22.5 g l(-1), and the expression of holo-HT-ApcA was up to 1 g l(-1) broth. The recombinant protein showed similar spectral features to native APC.
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Saunée NA, Williams SR, Bryant DA, Schluchter WM. Biogenesis of phycobiliproteins: II. CpcS-I and CpcU comprise the heterodimeric bilin lyase that attaches phycocyanobilin to CYS-82 OF beta-phycocyanin and CYS-81 of allophycocyanin subunits in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7513-22. [PMID: 18199753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708165200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 genome encodes three genes, denoted cpcS-I, cpcU, cpcV, with sequence similarity to cpeS. CpcS-I copurified with His(6)-tagged (HT) CpcU as a heterodimer, CpcSU. When CpcSU was assayed for bilin lyase activity in vitro with phycocyanobilin (PCB) and apophycocyanin, the reaction product had an absorbance maximum of 622 nm and was highly fluorescent (lambda(max) = 643 nm). In control reactions with PCB and apophycocyanin, the products had absorption maxima at 635 nm and very low fluorescence yields, indicating they contained the more oxidized mesobiliverdin (Arciero, D. M., Bryant, D. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18343-18349). Tryptic peptide mapping showed that the CpcSU-dependent reaction product had one major PCB-containing peptide that contained the PCB binding site Cys-82. The CpcSU lyase was also tested with recombinant apoHT-allophycocyanin (aporHT-AP) and PCB in vitro. AporHT-AP formed an ApcA/ApcB heterodimer with an apparent mass of approximately 27 kDa. When aporHT-AP was incubated with PCB and CpcSU, the product had an absorbance maximum of 614 nm and a fluorescence emission maximum at 636 nm, the expected maxima for monomeric holo-AP. When no enzyme or CpcS-I or CpcU was added alone, the products had absorbance maxima between 645 and 647 nm and were not fluorescent. When these reaction products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and zinc-enhanced fluorescence emission, only the reaction products from CpcSU had PCB attached to both AP subunits. Therefore, CpcSU is the bilin lyase-responsible for attachment of PCB to Cys-82 of CpcB and Cys-81 of ApcA and ApcB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle A Saunée
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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Zhao KH, Su P, Tu JM, Wang X, Liu H, Plöscher M, Eichacker L, Yang B, Zhou M, Scheer H. Phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase, a near-universal lyase for cysteine-84-binding sites in cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14300-5. [PMID: 17726096 PMCID: PMC1955460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706209104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae, contain two to four types of chromophores that are attached covalently to seven or more members of a family of homologous proteins, each carrying one to four binding sites. Chromophore binding to apoproteins is catalyzed by lyases, of which only few have been characterized in detail. The situation is complicated by nonenzymatic background binding to some apoproteins. Using a modular multiplasmidic expression-reconstitution assay in Escherichia coli with low background binding, phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase (CpeS1) from Anabaena PCC7120, has been characterized as a nearly universal lyase for the cysteine-84-binding site that is conserved in all biliproteins. It catalyzes covalent attachment of phycocyanobilin to all allophycocyanin subunits and to cysteine-84 in the beta-subunits of C-phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin. Together with the known lyases, it can thereby account for chromophore binding to all binding sites of the phycobiliproteins of Anabaena PCC7120. Moreover, it catalyzes the attachment of phycoerythrobilin to cysteine-84 of both subunits of C-phycoerythrin. The only exceptions not served by CpeS1 among the cysteine-84 sites are the alpha-subunits from phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, which, by sequence analyses, have been defined as members of a subclass that is served by the more specialized E/F type lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hong Zhao
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Ping Su
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jun-Ming Tu
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Wang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hui Liu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Matthias Plöscher
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Eichacker
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Bei Yang
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
| | - Ming Zhou
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hugo Scheer
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Böhm S, Endres S, Scheer H, Zhao KH. Biliprotein chromophore attachment: chaperone-like function of the PecE subunit of alpha-phycoerythrocyanin lyase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25357-66. [PMID: 17595164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702669200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliproteins are post-translationally modified by chromophore addition. In phycoerythrocyanin, the heterodimeric lyase PecE/F covalently attaches phycocyanobilin (PCB) to cysteine-alpha84 of the apoprotein PecA, with concomitant isomerization to phycoviolobilin. We found that: (a) PecA adds autocatalytically PCB, yielding a low absorbance, low fluorescence PCB.PecA adduct, termed P645 according to its absorption maximum; (b) In the presence of PecE, a high absorbance, high fluorescence PCB.PecA adduct is formed, termed P641; (c) PecE is capable of transforming P645 to P641; (d) When in stop-flow experiments, PecA and PecE were preincubated before chromophore addition, a red-shifted intermediate (P650, tau=32 ms) was observed followed by a second, which was blue-shifted (P605, tau=0.5 s), and finally a third (P638, tau=14 s) that yielded the adduct (P641, tau=20 min); (e) The reaction was slower, and P605 was missing, if PecA and PecE were not preincubated; (f) Gel filtration gave no evidence of a stable complex between PecA and PecE; however, complex formation is induced by adding PCB; and (g) A red-shifted intermediate was also formed, but more slowly, with phycoerythrobilin, and denaturation showed that this is not yet covalently bound. We conclude, therefore, that PecA and PecE form a weak complex that is stabilized by PCB, that the first reaction step involves a conformational change and/or protonation of PCB, and that PecE has a chaperone-like function on the chromoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Böhm
- Department Biologie I, Bereich Botanik, Universität München, München D-80638, Germany
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