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Aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance conferred by Hpa2 of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii: an unusual adaptation of a common histone acetyltransferase. Biochem J 2019; 476:795-808. [PMID: 30573651 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose the greatest threat to human health. Among the list of such bacteria released by WHO, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, for which almost no treatment exists, tops the list. A. baumannii is one of the most troublesome ESKAPE pathogens and mechanisms that have facilitated its rise as a successful pathogen are not well studied. Efforts in this direction have resulted in the identification of Hpa2-Ab, an uncharacterized histone acetyltransferase enzyme of GNAT superfamily. Here, we show that Hpa2-Ab confers resistance against aminoglycoside antibiotics using Escherichia coli DH5α strains in which Hpa2 gene is expressed. Resistivity for aminoglycoside antibiotics is demonstrated with the help of CLSI-2010 and KB tests. Isothermal titration calorimetry, MALDI and acetylation assays indicate that conferred resistance is an outcome of evolved antibiotic acetylation capacity in this. Hpa2 is known to acetylate nuclear molecules; however, here it is found to cross its boundary and participate in other functions. An array of biochemical and biophysical techniques were also used to study this protein, which demonstrates that Hpa2-Ab is intrinsically oligomeric in nature, exists primarily as a dimer and its interface is mainly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Our work demonstrates an evolved survival strategy by A. baumannii and provides insights into the mechanism that facilitates it to rise as a successful pathogen.
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2
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Jing X, Evangelista Falcon W, Baudry J, Serpersu EH. Thermophilic Enzyme or Mesophilic Enzyme with Enhanced Thermostability: Can We Draw a Line? J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7086-7094. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilfredo Evangelista Falcon
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Jerome Baudry
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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3
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Kumar P, Serpersu EH. Thermodynamics of an aminoglycoside modifying enzyme with low substrate promiscuity: The aminoglycoside N3 acetyltransferase-VIa. Proteins 2017; 85:1258-1265. [PMID: 28316100 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural properties of the aminoglycoside N3-acetyltransferase-VIa (AAC-VIa) are determined. Among the aminoglycoside N3-acetyltransferases, AAC-VIa has one of the most limited substrate profiles. Kinetic studies showed that only five aminoglycosides are substrates for this enzyme with a range of fourfold difference in kcat values. Larger differences in KM (∼40-fold) resulted in ∼30-fold variation in kcat /KM . Binding of aminoglycosides to AAC-VIa was enthalpically favored and entropically disfavored with a net result of favorable Gibbs energy (ΔG < 0). A net deprotonation of the enzyme, ligand, or both accompanied the formation of binary and ternary complexes. This is opposite of what was observed with several other aminoglycoside N3-acetyltransferases, where ligand binding causes more protonation. The change in heat capacity (ΔCp) was different in H2 O and D2 O for the binary enzyme-sisomicin complex but remained the same in both solvents for the ternary enzyme-CoASH-sisomicin complex. Unlike, most other aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, the values of ΔCp were within the expected range of protein-carbohydrate interactions. Solution behavior of AAC-VIa was also different from the more promiscuous aminoglycoside N3-acetyltransferases and showed a monomer-dimer equilibrium as detected by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). Binding of ligands shifted the enzyme to monomeric state. Data also showed that polar interactions were the most dominant factor in dimer formation. Overall, thermodynamics of ligand-protein interactions and differences in protein behavior in solution provide few clues on the limited substrate profile of this enzyme despite its >55% sequence similarity to the highly promiscuous aminoglycoside N3-acetyltransferase. Proteins 2017; 85:1258-1265. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashasti Kumar
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Engin H Serpersu
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
- National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virgina 22230
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Kaplan E, Guichou JF, Chaloin L, Kunzelmann S, Leban N, Serpersu EH, Lionne C. Aminoglycoside binding and catalysis specificity of aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa: A thermodynamic, structural and kinetic study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:802-13. [PMID: 26802312 PMCID: PMC4769084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoglycoside O-phosphotransferases make up a large class of bacterial enzymes that is widely distributed among pathogens and confer a high resistance to several clinically used aminoglycoside antibiotics. Aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa, APH(2″)-IVa, is an important member of this class, but there is little information on the thermodynamics of aminoglycoside binding and on the nature of its rate-limiting step. METHODS We used isothermal titration calorimetry, electrostatic potential calculations, molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray crystallography to study the interactions between the enzyme and different aminoglycosides. We determined the rate-limiting step of the reaction by the means of transient kinetic measurements. RESULTS For the first time, Kd values were determined directly for APH(2″)-IVa and different aminoglycosides. The affinity of the enzyme seems to anti-correlate with the molecular weight of the ligand, suggesting a limited degree of freedom in the binding site. The main interactions are electrostatic bonds between the positively charged amino groups of aminoglycosides and Glu or Asp residues of APH. In spite of the significantly different ratio Kd/Km, there is no large difference in the transient kinetics obtained with the different aminoglycosides. We show that a product release step is rate-limiting for the overall reaction. CONCLUSIONS APH(2″)-IVa has a higher affinity for aminoglycosides carrying an amino group in 2' and 6', but tighter bindings do not correlate with higher catalytic efficiencies. As with APH(3')-IIIa, an intermediate containing product is preponderant during the steady state. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This intermediate may constitute a good target for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Kaplan
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Guichou
- CNRS, UMR5048 - Université de Montpellier, Centre de Biochimie Structurale, F-34090 Montpellier, France; INSERM, U1054, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nadia Leban
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Engin H Serpersu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Corinne Lionne
- CNRS, FRE3689 - Université de Montpellier, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, F-34293 Montpellier, France.
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5
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Hirsch DR, Cox G, D'Erasmo MP, Shakya T, Meck C, Mohd N, Wright GD, Murelli RP. Inhibition of the ANT(2")-Ia resistance enzyme and rescue of aminoglycoside antibiotic activity by synthetic α-hydroxytropolones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4943-7. [PMID: 25283553 PMCID: PMC4798002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-2"-O-nucleotidyltransferase ANT(2")-Ia is an aminoglycoside resistance enzyme prevalent among Gram-negative bacteria, and is one of the most common determinants of enzyme-dependant aminoglycoside-resistance. The following report outlines the use of our recently described oxidopyrylium cycloaddition/ring-opening strategy in the synthesis and profiling of a library of synthetic α-hydroxytropolones against ANT(2")-Ia. In addition, we show that two of these synthetic constructs are capable of rescuing gentamicin activity against ANT-(2")-Ia-expressing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Georgina Cox
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael P D'Erasmo
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Tushar Shakya
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Christine Meck
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Noushad Mohd
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Gerard D Wright
- M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 4K1, Canada
| | - Ryan P Murelli
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Jing X, Serpersu EH. Solvent Reorganization Plays a Temperature-Dependent Role in Antibiotic Selection by a Thermostable Aminoglycoside Nucleotidyltransferase-4′. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5544-50. [DOI: 10.1021/bi5006283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Jing
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Engin H. Serpersu
- Graduate
School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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7
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Norris AL, Serpersu EH. Ligand promiscuity through the eyes of the aminoglycoside N3 acetyltransferase IIa. Protein Sci 2014; 22:916-28. [PMID: 23640799 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AGMEs) are expressed in many pathogenic bacteria and cause resistance to aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics. Remarkably, the substrate promiscuity of AGMEs is quite variable. The molecular basis for such ligand promiscuity is largely unknown as there is not an obvious link between amino acid sequence or structure and the antibiotic profiles of AGMEs. To address this issue, this article presents the first kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of one of the least promiscuous AGMEs, the AG N3 acetyltransferase-IIa (AAC-IIa) and its comparison to two highly promiscuous AGMEs, the AG N3-acetyltransferase-IIIb (AAC-IIIb) and the AG phosphotransferase(3')-IIIa (APH). Despite having similar antibiotic selectivities, AAC-IIIb and APH catalyze different reactions and share no homology to one another. AAC-IIa and AAC-IIIb catalyze the same reaction and are very similar in both amino acid sequence and structure. However, they demonstrate strong differences in their substrate profiles and kinetic and thermodynamic properties. AAC-IIa and APH are also polar opposites in terms of ligand promiscuity but share no sequence or apparent structural homology. However, they both are highly dynamic and may even contain disordered segments and both adopt well-defined conformations when AGs are bound. Contrary to this AAC-IIIb maintains a well-defined structure even in apo form. Data presented herein suggest that the antibiotic promiscuity of AGMEs may be determined neither by the flexibility of the protein nor the size of the active site cavity alone but strongly modulated or controlled by the effects of the cosubstrate on the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Norris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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8
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Norris AL, Nickels J, Sokolov AP, Serpersu EH. Protein dynamics are influenced by the order of ligand binding to an antibiotic resistance enzyme. Biochemistry 2013; 53:30-8. [PMID: 24320996 DOI: 10.1021/bi401635r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aminoglycoside N3 acetyltransferase-IIIb (AAC) is responsible for conferring bacterial resistance to a variety of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed a surprising result; the dynamics of the ternary complex between AAC and its two ligands, an antibiotic and coenzyme A, are dependent upon the order in which the ligands are bound. Additionally, two structurally similar aminoglycosides, neomycin and paromomycin, induce strikingly different dynamic properties when they are in their ternary complexes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a system in which two identically productive pathways of forming a simple ternary complex yield significant differences in dynamic properties. These observations emphasize the importance of the sequence of events in achieving optimal protein-ligand interactions and demonstrate that even a minor difference in molecular structure can have a profound effect on biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Norris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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9
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Serpersu EH, Norris AL. Effect of protein dynamics and solvent in ligand recognition by promiscuous aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2012; 67:221-48. [PMID: 22794185 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396527-1.00005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Engin H Serpersu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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10
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Jing X, Wright E, Bible AN, Peterson CB, Alexandre G, Bruce BD, Serpersu EH. Thermodynamic characterization of a thermostable antibiotic resistance enzyme, the aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (4'). Biochemistry 2012; 51:9147-55. [PMID: 23066871 DOI: 10.1021/bi301126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase (4') (ANT) is an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme that detoxifies antibiotics by nucleotidylating at the C4'-OH site. Previous crystallographic studies show that the enzyme is a homodimer and each subunit binds one kanamycin and one Mg-AMPCPP, where the transfer of the nucleotidyl group occurs between the substrates bound to different subunits. In this work, sedimentation velocity analysis of ANT by analytical ultracentrifugation showed the enzyme exists as a mixture of a monomer and a dimer in solution and that dimer formation is driven by hydrophobic interactions between the subunits. The binding of aminoglycosides shifts the equilibrium toward dimer formation, while the binding of the cosubstrate, Mg-ATP, has no effect on the monomer-dimer equilibrium. Surprisingly, binding of several divalent cations, including Mg(2+), Mn(2+), and Ca(2+), to the enzyme also shifted the equilibrium in favor of dimer formation. Binding studies, performed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, showed that divalent cations bind to the aminoglycoside binding site in the absence of substrates with a stoichiometry of 2:1. Energetic aspects of binding of all aminoglycosides to ANT were determined by isothermal titration calorimetry to be enthalpically favored and entropically disfavored with an overall favorable Gibbs energy. Aminoglycosides in the neomycin class each bind to the enzyme with significantly different enthalpic and entropic contributions, while those of the kanamycin class bind with similar thermodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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11
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Norris AL, Serpersu EH. Antibiotic selection by the promiscuous aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-(3)-IIIb is thermodynamically achieved through the control of solvent rearrangement. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9309-17. [PMID: 21958034 DOI: 10.1021/bi2011916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The results presented here show the first known observation of opposite signs of change in heat capacity (ΔC(p)) of two structurally similar ligands binding to the same protein site. Neomycin and paromomycin are aminoglycoside antibiotics that are substrates for the resistance-conferring enzyme, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-(3)-IIIb (AAC). These antibiotics are identical to one another except at the 6' position where neomycin has an amine and paromomycin has a hydroxyl. The opposite trends in ΔC(p) of binding of these two drugs to AAC suggest a differential exposure of nonpolar amino acid side chains. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments further demonstrate significantly different changes in AAC upon interaction with neomycin and paromomycin. Experiments in H(2)O and D(2)O reveal the first observed temperature dependence of solvent and vibrational contributions to ΔC(p). Coenzyme A significantly influences these effects. Together, the data suggest that AAC exploits solvent properties to facilitate favorable thermodynamic selection of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Norris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Norris AL, Serpersu EH. Interactions of coenzyme A with the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3)-IIIb and thermodynamics of a ternary system. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4036-42. [PMID: 20387904 DOI: 10.1021/bi1001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the binding of coenzyme A (CoASH) to the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (3)-IIIb (AAC) is studied by several experimental techniques. These data represent the first thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of interaction of a cofactor with an enzyme that modifies the 2-deoxystreptamine ring (2-DOS) common to all aminoglycoside antibiotics. Acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) was the preferred substrate, but propionyl and malonyl CoA were also substrates. CoASH associates with two different sites on AAC as confirmed by ITC, NMR, and fluorescence experiments: one with a high-affinity, catalytic site and a secondary, low-affinity site that overlaps with the antibiotic binding pocket. The binding of CoASH to the high-affinity site occurs with a small, unfavorable enthalpy and a favorable entropy. Binding to the second site is highly exothermic and is accompanied by an unfavorable entropic contribution. The presence of an aminoglycoside alters the binding of CoASH to AAC dramatically such that the binding occurs with a favorable enthalpy (DeltaH < 0) and an unfavorable entropy (TDeltaS < 0). This is irrespective of which aminoglycoside is the cosubstrate and occurs without a significant change in the affinity of CoASH for AAC. Also, antibiotics eliminate binding of CoASH to the second site. These data allowed the enthalpies of all six equilibria present in a ternary system (AAC-antibiotic-coenzyme) to be determined for the first time for an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme. NMR experiments also shed light on the dynamic nature of AAC as fast, slow, and intermediary exchanges between apoenzyme- and coenzyme-bound forms were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L Norris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Revuelta J, Corzana F, Bastida A, Asensio J. The Unusual Nucleotide Recognition Properties of the Resistance Enzyme ANT(4′): Inorganic Tri/Polyphosphate as a Substrate for Aminoglycoside Inactivation. Chemistry 2010; 16:8635-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Norris AL, Özen C, Serpersu EH. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Association of Antibiotics with the Aminoglycoside Acetyltransferase (3)-IIIb, a Resistance-Causing Enzyme. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4027-35. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne L. Norris
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Can Özen
- Department of Biotechnology and Central Laboratory Molecular Biology and Biotechnology R&D Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin H. Serpersu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, and Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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Okhrimenko O, Jelesarov I. A survey of the year 2006 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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