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Tirelli M, Bonfiglio F, Cantalupo S, Montella A, Avitabile M, Maiorino T, Diskin SJ, Iolascon A, Capasso M. Integrative genomic analyses identify neuroblastoma risk genes involved in neuronal differentiation. Hum Genet 2024:10.1007/s00439-024-02700-2. [PMID: 39192051 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been decisive in elucidating the genetic predisposition of neuroblastoma (NB). The majority of genetic variants identified in GWAS are found in non-coding regions, suggesting that they can be causative of pathogenic dysregulations of gene expression. Nonetheless, pinpointing the potential causal genes within implicated genetic loci remains a major challenge. In this study, we integrated NB GWAS and expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) data from adrenal gland to identify candidate genes impacting NB susceptibility. We found that ZMYM1, CBL, GSKIP and WDR81 expression was dysregulated by NB predisposing variants. We further investigated the functional role of the identified genes through computational analysis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from single-cell and whole-tissue samples of NB, neural crest, and adrenal gland tissues, as well as through in vitro differentiation assays in NB cell cultures. Our results indicate that dysregulation of ZMYM1, CBL, GSKIP, WDR81 may lead to malignant transformation by affecting early and late stages of normal program of neuronal differentiation. Our findings enhance the understanding of how specific genes contribute to NB pathogenesis by highlighting their influence on neuronal differentiation and emphasizing the impact of genetic risk variants on the regulation of genes involved in critical biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Tirelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Sueva Cantalupo
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalaura Montella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Achille Iolascon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, 80145, Naples, Italy.
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Tsai CY, Ko HJ, Chiou SJ, Lin XY, Chuang TH, Cheng JT, Su YF, Loh JK, Hong YR. GSKIP modulates cell aggregation through EMT/MET signaling rather than differentiation in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:1039-1054. [PMID: 37133713 PMCID: PMC10409706 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK3β interacting protein (GSKIP) is a small A-kinase anchor protein previously reported to mediate the N-cadherin/β-catenin pool for differentiation in SH-SY5Y cells through overexpression of GSKIP to present the neuron outgrowth phenotype. To further investigate how GSKIP functions in neurons, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was utilized to knock out GSKIP (GSKIP-KO) in SH-SY5Y. Several GSKIP-KO clones resulted in an aggregation phenotype and reduced cell growth without retinoic acid (RA) treatment. However, neuron outgrowth was still observed in GSKIP-KO clones treated with RA. The GSKIP-KO clones exhibited an aggregation phenotype through suppression of GSK3β/β-catenin pathways and cell cycle progression rather than cell differentiation. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that GSKIP-KO was related to epithelial mesenchymal transition/mesenchymal epithelial transition (EMT/MET) and Wnt/β-catenin/cadherin signaling pathways, suppressing cell migration and tumorigenesis through the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin mediated EMT/MET. Conversely, reintroduction of GSKIP into GSKIP-KO clones restored cell migration and tumorigenesis. Notably, phosphor-β-catenin (S675) and β-catenin (S552) but not phosphor-β-catenin (S33/S37/T41) translocated into the nucleus for further gene activation. Collectively, these results suggested that GSKIP may function as an oncogene to form an aggregation phenotype for cell survival in harsh environments through EMT/MET rather than differentiation in the GSKIP-KO of SH-SY5Y cells. GSKIP Implication in Signaling Pathways with Potential Impact on SHSY-5Y Cell Aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Xin-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 350, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Su
- Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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Wu NS, Lin YF, Ma IC, Ko HJ, Hong YR. Many faces and functions of GSKIP: a temporospatial regulation view. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110391. [PMID: 35728705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-β (GSK3β) interaction protein (GSKIP) is one of the smallest A-kinase anchoring proteins that possesses a binding site for GSK3β. Recently, our group identified the protein kinase A (PKA)-GSKIP-GSK3β-X axis; knowledge of this axis may help us decipher the many roles of GSKIP and perhaps help explain the evolutionary reason behind the interaction between GSK3β and PKA. In this review, we highlight the critical and multifaceted role of GSKIP in facilitating PKA kinase activity and its function as a scaffolding protein in signaling pathways. We also highlight how these pivotal PKA and GSK3 kinases can control context-specific functions and interact with multiple target proteins, such as β-catenin, Drp1, Tau, and other proteins. GSKIP is a key regulator of multiple mechanisms because of not only its location at certain subcellular compartments but also its serial changes during the developmental process. Moreover, the involvement of critical upstream regulatory signaling pathways in GSKIP signaling in various cancers, such as miRNA (microRNA) and lncRNA (long noncoding RNA), may help in the identification of therapeutic targets in the era of precision medicine and personalized therapy. Finally, we emphasize on the model of the early stage of pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Although the model requires validation, it can serve as a basis for diagnostic biomarkers development and drug discovery for early-stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Siou Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Fan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - I Chu Ma
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institutes of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan,; Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Palanivel C, Chaudhary N, Seshacharyulu P, Cox JL, Yan Y, Batra SK, Ouellette MM. The GSK3 kinase and LZTR1 protein regulate the stability of Ras family proteins and the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. Neoplasia 2022; 25:28-40. [PMID: 35114566 PMCID: PMC8814762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ras family proteins are membrane-bound GTPases that control proliferation, survival, and motility. Many forms of cancers are driven by the acquisition of somatic mutations in a RAS gene. In pancreatic cancer (PC), more than 90% of tumors carry an activating mutation in KRAS. Mutations in components of the Ras signaling pathway can also be the cause of RASopathies, a group of developmental disorders. In a subset of RASopathies, the causal mutations are in the LZTR1 protein, a substrate adaptor for E3 ubiquitin ligases that promote the degradation of Ras proteins. Here, we show that the function of LZTR1 is regulated by the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). In PC cells, inhibiting or silencing GSK3 led to a decline in the level of Ras proteins, including both wild type Ras proteins and the oncogenic Kras protein. This decline was accompanied by a 3-fold decrease in the half-life of Ras proteins and was blocked by the inhibition of the proteasome or the knockdown of LZTR1. Irrespective of the mutational status of KRAS, the decline in Ras proteins was observed and accompanied by a loss of cell proliferation. This loss of proliferation was blocked by the knockdown of LZTR1 and could be recapitulated by the silencing of either KRAS or GSK3. These results reveal a novel GSK3-regulated LZTR1-dependent mechanism that controls the stability of Ras proteins and proliferation of PC cells. The significance of this novel pathway to Ras signaling and its contribution to the therapeutic properties of GSK3 inhibitors are both discussed.
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Tsai CY, Chiou SJ, Ko HJ, Cheng YF, Lin SY, Lai YL, Lin CY, Wang C, Cheng JT, Liu HF, Kwan AL, Loh JK, Hong YR. Deciphering the evolution of composite-type GSKIP in mitochondria and Wnt signaling pathways. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262138. [PMID: 35051222 PMCID: PMC8775565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously revealed the origin of mammalian simple-type glycogen synthase kinase interaction protein (GSKIP), which served as a scavenger and a competitor in the Wnt signaling pathway during evolution. In this study, we investigated the conserved and nonconserved regions of the composite-type GSKIP by utilizing bioinformatics tools, site-directed mutagenesis, and yeast two-hybrid methods. The regions were denoted as the pre-GSK3β binding site, which is located at the front of GSK3β-binding sites. Our data demonstrated that clustered mitochondria protein 1 (CLU1), a type of composite-type GSKIP that exists in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms, possesses the protein known as domain of unknown function 727 (DUF727), with a pre-GSK3β-binding site and a mutant GSK3β-binding flanking region. Another type of composite-type GSKIP, armadillo repeat containing 4 (ARMC4), which is known for cilium movement in vertebrates, contains an unintegrated DUF727 flanking region with a pre-GSK3β-binding site (115SPxF118) only. In addition, the sequence of the GSK3β-binding site in CLU1 revealed that Q126L and V130L were not conserved, differing from the ideal GSK3β-binding sequence of simple-type GSKIP. We further illustrated two exceptions, namely 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70/DnaK) and Mitofilin in nematodes, that presented an unexpected ideal GSK3β-binding region with a pre-GSK3β sequence; this composite-type GSKIP could only occur in vertebrate species. Furthermore, we revealed the importance of the pre-GSK3β-binding site (118F or 118Y) and various mutant GSK3β-binding sites of composite-type GSKIP. Collectively, our data suggest that the new composite-type GSKIP starts with a DUF727 domain followed by a pre-GSK3β-binding site, with the subsequent addition of the GSK3β-binding site, which plays vital roles for CLU1, Mitofilin, and ARMC4 in mitochondria and Wnt signaling pathways during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shean-Jaw Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Jiun Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yi Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ling Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chihuei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Fu Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Li Kwan
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YRH); (JKL)
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YRH); (JKL)
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Huang Y, Jiang Z, Gao X, Luo P, Jiang X. ARMC Subfamily: Structures, Functions, Evolutions, Interactions, and Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:791597. [PMID: 34912852 PMCID: PMC8666550 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.791597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARMCs) are widely distributed in eukaryotes and have important influences on cell adhesion, signal transduction, mitochondrial function regulation, tumorigenesis, and other processes. These proteins share a similar domain consisting of tandem repeats approximately 42 amino acids in length, and this domain constitutes a substantial platform for the binding between ARMCs and other proteins. An ARMC subfamily, including ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6, has received increasing attention. These proteins may have many terminal regions and play a critical role in various diseases. On the one hand, based on their similar central domain of tandem repeats, this ARMC subfamily may function similarly to other ARMCs. On the other hand, the unique domains on their terminals may cause these proteins to have different functions. Here, we focus on the ARMC subfamily (ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6), which is relatively conserved in vertebrates and highly conserved in mammals, particularly primates. We review the structures, biological functions, evolutions, interactions, and related diseases of the ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules. We look forward to obtaining a clearer understanding of the ARMC subfamily to facilitate further in-depth research and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Institue of Neurosurgery of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), PLA's Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zijian Jiang
- Department of Hepato-biliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Institue of Neurosurgery of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), PLA's Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Institue of Neurosurgery of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), PLA's Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Loss of Atg2b and Gskip impairs the maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool size. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 42:e0002421. [PMID: 34748402 PMCID: PMC8773083 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00024-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A germ line copy number duplication of chromosome 14q32, which contains ATG2B and GSKIP, was identified in families with myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Here, we show that mice lacking both Atg2b and Gskip, but not either alone, exhibited decreased hematopoiesis, resulting in death in utero accompanied by anemia. In marked contrast to MPN patients with duplication of ATG2B and GSKIP, the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), in particular long-term HSCs, in double-knockout fetal livers was significantly decreased due to increased cell death. Although the remaining HSCs still had the ability to differentiate into hematopoietic progenitor cells, the differentiation efficiency was quite low. Remarkably, mice with knockout of Atg2b or Gskip alone did not show any hematopoietic abnormality. Mechanistically, while loss of both genes had no effect on autophagy, it increased the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Taken together, our results indicate that Atg2b and Gskip play a synergistic effect in maintaining the pool size of HSCs.
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Variation in the Ovine Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta-Interaction Protein Gene ( GSKIP) Affects Carcass and Growth Traits in Romney Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092690. [PMID: 34573656 PMCID: PMC8465499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)-interacting protein plays a role in regulating glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, the cell cycle, and in regulating gene expression. To date, physiological function research into the GSK3β-interacting protein has been focused on cell lines, gene ‘knockout’ models, and over-expression studies, and to our knowledge, there have been no reports on how variation in the GSK3β-interacting protein gene (GSKIP) may affect phenotypic traits. In this study, PCR-SSCP methods were used to screen for variation in exon 1 and exon 2 of GSKIP in 840 New Zealand (NZ) Romney sheep. Two variant sequences were identified in exon 1 and this variation in GSKIP was associated with variation in lamb birth weight, hot carcass weight, and fat depth at the 12th rib. Abstract The glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)-interacting protein (encoded by the gene GSKIP) is a small A-kinase anchoring protein, which complexes with GSK3βand protein kinase A (PKA) and acts synergistically with cAMP/PKA signaling to inhibit GSK3β activity. The protein plays a role in regulating glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, the cell cycle, and in regulating gene expression. In this study, PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses were used to screen for variation in exon 1 and exon 2 of GSKIP in 840 New Zealand (NZ) Romney sheep. Two SSCP banding patterns representing two different nucleotide variants (A and B) were detected in an exon 1 region, whereas in an exon 2 region only one pattern was detected. Variants A and B of exon 1 had one non-synonymous nucleotide difference c.37A/G (p.Met13Val). The birthweight of sheep of genotype AA (5.9 ± 0.06 kg) was different (p = 0.023) to sheep of genotype AB (5.7 ± 0.06 kg) and BB (5.7 ± 0.06 kg). The hot carcass weight (HCW) of sheep of genotype AA (17.2 ± 0.22 kg) was different (p = 0.012) to sheep of genotype AB (17.6 ± 0.22 kg) and BB (18.0 ± 0.29 kg), and the fat depth at the 12th rib (V-GR) of sheep of genotype AA (7.7 ± 0.31 mm) was different (p = 0.016) to sheep of genotype AB (8.3 ± 0.30 mm) and BB (8.5 ± 0.39 mm). The results suggest that the c.37A/G substitution in ovine GSKIP may affect sheep growth and carcass traits.
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Ashrafizaveh S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Husmandi K, Zabolian A, Shahinozzaman M, Aref AR, Hamblin MR, Nabavi N, Crea F, Wang Y, Ahn KS. Long non-coding RNAs in the doxorubicin resistance of cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 508:104-114. [PMID: 33766750 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the main treatment used for cancer patients failing surgery. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent capable of suppressing proliferation in cancer cells and triggering apoptosis via inhibiting topoisomerase II activity and producing DNA breaks. This activity of DOX restrains mitosis and cell cycle progression. However, frequent application of DOX results in the emergence of resistance in the cancer cells. It seems that genetic and epigenetic factors can provide DOX resistance of cancer cells. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a subcategory of non-coding RNAs with role in the regulation of several cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. LncRNA dysregulation has been associated with chemoresistance, and this profile occurs upon DOX treatment of cancer. In the present review, we focus on the role of lncRNAs in mediating DOX resistance and discuss the molecular pathways and mechanisms. LncRNAs can drive DOX resistance via activating pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, and FOXC2. Some lncRNAs can activate protective autophagy in response to the stress caused by DOX, which mediates resistance. In contrast, there are other lncRNAs involved in the sensitivity of cancer cells to DOX, such as GAS5, PTCSC3 and FENDRR. Some anti-tumor agents such as polydatin can regulate the expression of lncRNAs, enhancing DOX sensitivity. Overall, lncRNAs are potential players in DOX resistance, and their identification and targeting are of importance in chemosensitivity. Furthermore, these findings can be translated into clinical for treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Husmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group-School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urological Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H3Z6, Canada.
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Sriram D, Dayma K, Devi AS, Raghawan AK, Rawat S, Radha V. Complex formation and reciprocal regulation between GSK3β and C3G. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118964. [PMID: 33450305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GSK3β, a ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase, regulates cell metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. Its activity is spatially and temporally regulated dependent on external stimuli and interacting partners, and its deregulation is associated with various human disorders. In this study, we identify C3G (RapGEF1), a protein essential for mammalian embryonic development as an interacting partner and substrate of GSK3β. In vivo and in vitro interaction assays demonstrated that GSK3β and Akt are present in complex with C3G. Molecular modelling and mutational analysis identified a domain in C3G that aids interaction with GSK3β, and overlaps with its nuclear export sequence. GSK3β phosphorylates C3G on primed as well as unprimed sites, and regulates its subcellular localization. Over-expression of C3G resulted in activation of Akt and inactivation of GSK3β. Huntingtin aggregate formation, dependent on GSK3β inhibition, was enhanced upon C3G overexpression. Stable clones of C2C12 cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockdown of C3G, that cannot differentiate, show reduced Akt activity and S9-GSK3β phosphorylation compared to wild type cells. Co-expression of catalytically active GSK3β inhibited C3G induced myocyte differentiation. C3G mutant defective for GSK3β phosphorylation, does not alter S9-GSK3β phosphorylation and, is compromised for inducing myocyte differentiation. Our results show complex formation and reciprocal regulation between GSK3β and C3G. We have identified a novel function of C3G as a negative regulator of GSK3β, a property important for its ability to induce myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sriram
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Kunal Dayma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ambure Sharada Devi
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | | | - Shivali Rawat
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Vegesna Radha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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11
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Yan L, Cheng G, Yang G. GSKIP protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury by enhancing Nrf2 activation via GSK-3β inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:68-75. [PMID: 32828530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β interaction protein (GSKIP), a key regulator of signaling transduction, is implicated in multiple pathological processes. However, whether GSKIP is involved in myocardial infarction is unknown. The present study was designed to determine the potential involvement of GSKIP in myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury, as an in vitro model for the study of myocardial infarction. Our data showed that H/R treatment triggered a marked decrease in GSKIP expression in cardiomyocytes. The upregulation of GSKIP significantly rescued the decreased viability of H/R-exposed cardiomyocytes and attenuated H/R-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. On the contrary, the depletion of GSKIP enhanced the sensitivity of cardiomyocytes to H/R-induced injury. Further data exhibited that GSKIP overexpression upregulated the nuclear expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated transcription activity associated with upregulation of GSK-3β phosphorylation. Interestingly, inhibition of GSK-3β by a chemical inhibitor markedly enhanced Nrf2/ARE activation and abrogated GSKIP depletion-exacerbated sensitivity to H/R-induced injury. In addition, Nrf2 inhibition markedly reversed GSKIP overexpression-induced cardioprotective effect against H/R injury. Overall, these results demonstrate that overexpression of GSKIP alleviates H/R-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes by enhancing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via GSK-3β inhibition. Our study indicates a potential role of GSKIP in myocardial infarction and GSKIP may serve as a promising molecular target for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
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Roy B, Dunbar M, Agrawal J, Allen L, Dwivedi Y. Amygdala-Based Altered miRNome and Epigenetic Contribution of miR-128-3p in Conferring Susceptibility to Depression-Like Behavior via Wnt Signaling. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:165-177. [PMID: 32173733 PMCID: PMC7171932 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) can participate in depression pathogenesis by altering a host of genes that are critical in corticolimbic functioning. The present study focuses on examining whether alterations in the miRNA network in the amygdala are associated with susceptibility or resiliency to develop depression-like behavior in rats. METHODS Amygdala-specific altered miRNA transcriptomics were determined in a rat depression model following next-generation sequencing method. Target prediction analyses (cis- and trans) and qPCR-based assays were performed to decipher the functional role of altered miRNAs. miRNA-specific target interaction was determined using in vitro transfection assay in neuroblastoma cell line. miRNA-specific findings from the rat in vivo model were further replicated in postmortem amygdala of major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects. RESULTS Changes in miRNome identified 17 significantly upregulated and 8 significantly downregulated miRNAs in amygdala of learned helpless (LH) compared with nonlearned helpless rats. Prediction analysis showed that the majority of the upregulated miRNAs had target genes enriched for the Wnt signaling pathway. Among altered miRNAs, upregulated miR-128-3p was identified as a top hit based on statistical significance and magnitude of change in LH rats. Target validation showed significant downregulation of Wnt signaling genes in amygdala of LH rats. A discernable increase in expression of amygdalar miR-128-3p along with significant downregulation of key target genes from Wnt signaling (WNT5B, DVL, and LEF1) was noted in MDD subjects. Overexpression of miR-128-3p in a cellular model lead to a marked decrease in the expression of Dvl1 and Lef1 genes, confirming them as validated targets of miR-128-3p. Additional evidence suggested that the amygdala-specific diminished expression of transcriptional repressor Snai1 could be potentially linked to induced miR-128-2 expression in LH rats. Furthermore, an amygdala-specific posttranscriptional switching mechanism could be active between miR-128-3p and RNA binding protein Arpp21 to gain control over their target genes such as Lef1. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that in amygdala a specific set of miRNAs may play an important role in depression susceptibility, which could potentially be mediated through Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Roy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael Dunbar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Juhee Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lauren Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama,Correspondence: Yogesh Dwivedi, PhD, Elesabeth Ridgely Shook Professor, Director of Translational Research, UAB Mood Disorder Program, Co-Director, UAB Depression and Suicide Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, SC711 Sparks Center, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL ()
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13
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Harada A, Kaushal N, Suzuki K, Nakatani A, Bobkov K, Vekich JA, Doyle JP, Kimura H. Balanced Activation of Striatal Output Pathways by Faster Off-Rate PDE10A Inhibitors Elicits Not Only Antipsychotic-Like Effects But Also Procognitive Effects in Rodents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:96-107. [PMID: 31689714 PMCID: PMC7098246 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faster off-rate competitive enzyme inhibitors are generally more sensitive than slower off-rate ones to binding inhibition by enzyme substrates. We previously reported that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) may be higher than that in D2-MSNs. Consequently, compared with slower off-rate phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors, faster off-rate ones comparably activated D2-MSNs but partially activated D1-MSNs. We further investigated the pharmacological profiles of phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with different off-rates. METHODS Phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with slower (T-609) and faster (T-773) off-rates were used. D1- and D2-MSN activation was assessed by substance P and enkephalin mRNA induction, respectively, in rodents. Antipsychotic-like effects were evaluated by MK-801- and methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition in rodents. Cognition was assessed by novel object recognition task and radial arm maze in rats. Prefrontal cortex activation was evaluated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry in rats. Gene translations in D1- and D2-MSNs were evaluated by translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA sequencing in mice. RESULTS Compared with T-609, T-773 comparably activated D2-MSNs but partially activated D1-MSNs. Haloperidol (a D2 antagonist) and T-773, but not T-609, produced antipsychotic-like effects in all paradigms. T-773, but not T-609 or haloperidol, activated the prefrontal cortex and improved cognition. Overall gene translation patterns in D2-MSNs by all drugs and those in D1-MSNs by T-773 and T-609 were qualitatively similar. CONCLUSIONS Differential pharmacological profiles among those drugs could be attributable to activation balance of D1- and D2-MSNs. The "balanced activation" of MSNs by faster off-rate phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors may be favorable to treat schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akina Harada
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit Research, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Kazunori Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakatani
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Konstantin Bobkov
- Early Target Discovery, Research, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - John A Vekich
- Early Target Discovery, Research, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Joseph P Doyle
- Early Target Discovery, Research, Takeda California Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan,Correspondence: Haruhide Kimura, PhD, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan ()
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14
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GSKIP-Mediated Anchoring Increases Phosphorylation of Tau by PKA but Not by GSK3beta via cAMP/PKA/GSKIP/GSK3/Tau Axis Signaling in Cerebrospinal Fluid and iPS Cells in Alzheimer Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101751. [PMID: 31640277 PMCID: PMC6832502 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the protein kinase A (PKA)/GSK3β interaction protein (GSKIP)/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) axis, we hypothesized that these might play a role in Tau phosphorylation. Here, we report that the phosphorylation of Tau Ser409 in SHSY5Y cells was increased by overexpression of GSKIP WT more than by PKA- and GSK3β-binding defective mutants (V41/L45 and L130, respectively). We conducted in vitro assays of various kinase combinations to show that a combination of GSK3β with PKA but not Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) might provide a conformational shelter to harbor Tau Ser409. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was evaluated to extend the clinical significance of Tau phosphorylation status in Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurological disorders (NAD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We found higher levels of different PKA-Tau phosphorylation sites (Ser214, Ser262, and Ser409) in AD than in NAD, MCI, and normal groups. Moreover, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to produce amyloid precursor protein (APPWT/D678H) isogenic mutants. These results demonstrated an enhanced level of phosphorylation by PKA but not by the control. This study is the first to demonstrate a transient increase in phosphor-Tau caused by PKA, but not GSK3β, in the CSF and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of AD, implying that both GSKIP and GSK3β function as anchoring proteins to strengthen the cAMP/PKA/Tau axis signaling during AD pathogenesis.
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15
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Dai FQ, Li CR, Fan XQ, Tan L, Wang RT, Jin H. miR-150-5p Inhibits Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis and Recurrence by Targeting HMGA2 and β-Catenin Signaling. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:675-685. [PMID: 31121479 PMCID: PMC6529773 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and CSCs are closely associated with tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Here we found that miR-150-5p was significantly downregulated in CSCs of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its expression level was negatively correlated with disease progression and poor survival in patients with NSCLC. Inhibition of miR-150-5p increased the CSC population and sphere formation of NSCLC cells in vitro and stimulated NSCLC cell tumorigenicity and metastatic colonization in vivo. In contrast, miR-150-5p overexpression potently inhibited sphere-formed NSCLC cell tumor formation, metastatic colonization, and recurrence in xenograft models. Furthermore, we identified that miR-150-5p significantly inhibited wingless (Wnt)-β-catenin signaling by simultaneously targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta interacting protein (GSKIP) and β-catenin in NSCLC cells. miR-150-5p also targeted high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2), another regulator of CSCs, and Wnt-β-catenin signaling. The restoration of HMGA2 and β-catenin blocked miR-150-5p overexpression-induced inhibition of CSC traits in NSCLC cells. These findings suggest that miR-150-5p functions as a CSC suppressor and that overexpression of miR-150-5p may be a novel strategy to inhibit CSC-induced metastasis and recurrence in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Cheng-Run Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ren-Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory, The General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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16
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The origin of GSKIP, a multifaceted regulatory factor in the mammalian Wnt pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1046-1059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Li FF, Zhang B, Cui JH, Chen FL, Ding Y, Feng X. Alterations in β‑catenin/E‑cadherin complex formation during the mechanotransduction of Saos‑2 osteoblastic cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1495-1503. [PMID: 29901167 PMCID: PMC6072157 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical load application promotes bone formation, while reduced load leads to bone loss. However, the underlying mechanisms that regulate new bone formation are not fully understood. Wnt/β-catenin signaling has an important role in bone formation, bone growth and remodeling. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether mechanical stimuli regulated bone formation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Saos-2 osteoblastic cells were subjected to mechanical strain using a Flexcell strain loading system. The results demonstrated that 12% cyclical tensile stress significantly stimulated Saos-2 cell proliferation, increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and promoted the formation of mineralized nodules, as determined by MTT and p-nitrophenyl phosphate assays and Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that, following mechanical strain, increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and nuclear β-catenin expression was observed in cells, compared with static control culture cells. Results of reporter gene and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays also demonstrated that mechanical strain significantly increased T-cell factor reporter gene activity and the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, cyclin D1, c-fos and c-Jun in Saos-2 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that elongation mechanical strain activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and reduced β-catenin and E-cadherin interaction in Saos-2 cells. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that mechanical strain may have an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. The disassociation of the β-catenin/E-cadherin complex in the osteoblast membrane under stretch loading and the subsequent translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus may be an intrinsic mechanical signal transduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Hong Cui
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Yin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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18
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Xu D, Song R, Wang G, Jeyabal PVS, Weiskoff AM, Ding K, Shi ZZ. Obg-like ATPase 1 regulates global protein serine/threonine phosphorylation in cancer cells by suppressing the GSK3β-inhibitor 2-PP1 positive feedback loop. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3427-39. [PMID: 26655089 PMCID: PMC4823117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OLA1 is an Obg family P-loop NTPase that possesses both GTP- and ATP-hydrolyzing activities. Here we report that OLA1 is a GSK3β interacting protein, and through its ATPase activity, inhibits the GSK3β-mediated activation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 (PP1). It is hypothesized that GSK3β phosphorylates inhibitor 2 (I-2) of PP1 at Thr-72 and activates the PP1 · I-2 complex, which in turn dephosphorylates and stimulates GSK3β, thus forming a positive feedback loop. We revealed that the positive feedback loop is normally suppressed by OLA1, and becomes over-activated under OLA1 deficiency, resulting in increased cellular PP1 activity and dephosphorylation of multiple Ser/Thr phosphoproteins, and more strikingly, decreased global protein threonine phosphorylation. Furthermore, using xenograft models of colon cancer (H116) and ovarian cancer (SKOV3), we established a correlation among downregulation of OLA1, over-activation of the positive feedback loop as indicated by under-phosphorylation of I-2, and more aggressive tumor growth. This study provides the first evidence for the existence of a GSK3β-I-2-PP1 positive feedback loop in human cancer cells, and identifies OLA1 as an endogenous suppressor of this signaling motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Renduo Song
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prince V S Jeyabal
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M Weiskoff
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Shi
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dema A, Schröter MF, Perets E, Skroblin P, Moutty MC, Deàk VA, Birchmeier W, Klussmann E. The A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP) Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Interaction Protein (GSKIP) Regulates β-Catenin through Its Interactions with Both Protein Kinase A (PKA) and GSK3β. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19618-30. [PMID: 27484798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) GSK3β interaction protein (GSKIP) is a cytosolic scaffolding protein binding protein kinase A (PKA) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). Here we show that both the AKAP function of GSKIP, i.e. its direct interaction with PKA, and its direct interaction with GSK3β are required for the regulation of β-catenin and thus Wnt signaling. A cytoplasmic destruction complex targets β-catenin for degradation and thus prevents Wnt signaling. Wnt signals cause β-catenin accumulation and translocation into the nucleus, where it induces Wnt target gene expression. GSKIP facilitates control of the β-catenin stabilizing phosphorylation at Ser-675 by PKA. Its interaction with GSK3β facilitates control of the destabilizing phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser-33/Ser-37/Thr-41. The influence of GSKIP on β-catenin is explained by its scavenger function; it recruits the kinases away from the destruction complex without forming a complex with β-catenin. The regulation of β-catenin by GSKIP is specific for this AKAP as AKAP220, which also binds PKA and GSK3β, did not affect Wnt signaling. We find that the binding domain of AKAP220 for GSK3β is a conserved GSK3β interaction domain (GID), which is also present in GSKIP. Our findings highlight an essential compartmentalization of both PKA and GSK3β by GSKIP, and ascribe a function to a cytosolic AKAP-PKA interaction as a regulatory factor in the control of canonical Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling controls different biological processes, including embryonic development, cell cycle progression, glycogen metabolism, and immune regulation; deregulation is associated with diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dema
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Micha Friedemann Schröter
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Ekaterina Perets
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Philipp Skroblin
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Marie Christine Moutty
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Veronika Anita Deàk
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Enno Klussmann
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany and the DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Oudenarder Strasse 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Vattulainen-Collanus S, Akinrinade O, Li M, Koskenvuo M, Li CG, Rao SP, de Jesus Perez V, Yuan K, Sawada H, Koskenvuo JW, Alvira C, Rabinovitch M, Alastalo TP. Loss of PPARγ in endothelial cells leads to impaired angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:693-705. [PMID: 26743080 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tie2-promoter-mediated loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ, also known as PPARG) in mice leads to osteopetrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Vascular disease is associated with loss of PPARγ in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC); we evaluated the role of PPARγ in PMVEC functions, such as angiogenesis and migration. The role of PPARγ in angiogenesis was evaluated in Tie2CrePPARγ(flox/flox) and wild-type mice, and in mouse and human PMVECs. RNA sequencing and bioinformatic approaches were utilized to reveal angiogenesis-associated targets for PPARγ. Tie2CrePPARγ(flox/flox) mice showed an impaired angiogenic capacity. Analysis of endothelial progenitor-like cells using bone marrow transplantation combined with evaluation of isolated PMVECs revealed that loss of PPARγ attenuates the migration and angiogenic capacity of mature PMVECs. PPARγ-deficient human PMVECs showed a similar migration defect in culture. Bioinformatic and experimental analyses newly revealed E2F1 as a target of PPARγ in the regulation of PMVEC migration. Disruption of the PPARγ-E2F1 axis was associated with a dysregulated Wnt pathway related to the GSK3B interacting protein (GSKIP). In conclusion, PPARγ plays an important role in sustaining angiogenic potential in mature PMVECs through E2F1-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Vattulainen-Collanus
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland
| | - Molong Li
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Minna Koskenvuo
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caiyun Grace Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shailaja P Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hirofumi Sawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 5148507, Japan
| | - Juha W Koskenvuo
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Alvira
- Department of Pediatrics, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marlene Rabinovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tero-Pekka Alastalo
- Children's Hospital Helsinki, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00290, Finland
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21
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Ivanov DK, Escott-Price V, Ziehm M, Magwire MM, Mackay TFC, Partridge L, Thornton JM. Longevity GWAS Using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1470-8. [PMID: 25922346 PMCID: PMC4631106 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We used 197 Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines to perform a genome-wide association analysis for virgin female lifespan, using ~2M common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found considerable genetic variation in lifespan in the DGRP, with a broad-sense heritability of 0.413. There was little power to detect signals at a genome-wide level in single-SNP and gene-based analyses. Polygenic score analysis revealed that a small proportion of the variation in lifespan (~4.7%) was explicable in terms of additive effects of common SNPs (≥2% minor allele frequency). However, several of the top associated genes are involved in the processes previously shown to impact ageing (eg, carbohydrate-related metabolism, regulation of cell death, proteolysis). Other top-ranked genes are of unknown function and provide promising candidates for experimental examination. Genes in the target of rapamycin pathway (TOR; Chrb, slif, mipp2, dredd, RpS9, dm) contributed to the significant enrichment of this pathway among the top-ranked 100 genes (p = 4.79×10(-06)). Gene Ontology analysis suggested that genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism are important for lifespan; including the InterPro term DUF227, which has been previously associated with lifespan determination. This analysis suggests that our understanding of the genetic basis of natural variation in lifespan from induced mutations is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobril K Ivanov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthias Ziehm
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, The Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, UK
| | - Michael M Magwire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Genetics and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Genetics and W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Linda Partridge
- Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, The Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, UK. Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Deák VA, Skroblin P, Dittmayer C, Knobeloch KP, Bachmann S, Klussmann E. The A-kinase Anchoring Protein GSKIP Regulates GSK3β Activity and Controls Palatal Shelf Fusion in Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:681-90. [PMID: 26582204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.701177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) represent a family of structurally diverse proteins, all of which bind PKA. A member of this family is glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) interaction protein (GSKIP). GSKIP interacts with PKA and also directly interacts with GSK3β. The physiological function of the GSKIP protein in vivo is unknown. We developed and characterized a conditional knock-out mouse model and found that GSKIP deficiency caused lethality at birth. Embryos obtained through Caesarean section at embryonic day 18.5 were cyanotic, suffered from respiratory distress, and failed to initiate breathing properly. Additionally, all GSKIP-deficient embryos showed an incomplete closure of the palatal shelves accompanied by a delay in ossification along the fusion area of secondary palatal bones. On the molecular level, GSKIP deficiency resulted in decreased phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser-9 starting early in development (embryonic day 10.5), leading to enhanced GSK3β activity. At embryonic day 18.5, GSK3β activity decreased to levels close to that of wild type. Our findings reveal a novel, crucial role for GSKIP in the coordination of GSK3β signaling in palatal shelf fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Anita Deák
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin
| | - Philipp Skroblin
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- the Institute of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Philippstrasse 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- the Institute for Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106 Freiburg, and
| | - Sebastian Bachmann
- the Institute of Anatomy, Charité University Medicine, Philippstrasse 12, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enno Klussmann
- From the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, the DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Oudenarder Strasse 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Saliba J, Saint-Martin C, Di Stefano A, Lenglet G, Marty C, Keren B, Pasquier F, Valle VD, Secardin L, Leroy G, Mahfoudhi E, Grosjean S, Droin N, Diop M, Dessen P, Charrier S, Palazzo A, Merlevede J, Meniane JC, Delaunay-Darivon C, Fuseau P, Isnard F, Casadevall N, Solary E, Debili N, Bernard OA, Raslova H, Najman A, Vainchenker W, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Plo I. Germline duplication of ATG2B and GSKIP predisposes to familial myeloid malignancies. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1131-40. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Loh JK, Lin CC, Yang MC, Chou CH, Chen WS, Hong MC, Cho CL, Hsu CM, Cheng JT, Chou AK, Chang CH, Tseng CN, Wang CH, Lieu AS, Howng SL, Hong YR. GSKIP- and GSK3-mediated anchoring strengthens cAMP/PKA/Drp1 axis signaling in the regulation of mitochondrial elongation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1796-807. [PMID: 25920809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
GSK3β binding of GSKIP affects neurite outgrowth, but the physiological significance of PKA binding to GSKIP remains to be determined. We hypothesized that GSKIP and GSK3β mediate cAMP/PKA/Drp1 axis signaling and modulate mitochondrial morphology by forming a working complex comprising PKA/GSKIP/GSK3β/Drp1. We demonstrated that GSKIP wild-type overexpression increased phosphorylation of Drp1 S637 by 7-8-fold compared to PKA kinase-inactive mutants (V41/L45) and a GSK3β binding-defective mutant (L130) under H2O2 and forskolin challenge in HEK293 cells, indicating that not only V41/L45, but also L130 may be involved in Drp1-associated protection of GSKIP. Interestingly, silencing either GSKIP or GSK3β but not GSK3α resulted in a dramatic decrease in Drp1 S637 phosphorylation, revealing that both GSKIP and GSK3β are required in this novel PKA/GSKIP/GSK3β/Drp1 complex. Moreover, overexpressed kinase-dead GSK3β-K85R, which retains the capacity to bind GSKIP, but not K85M which shows total loss of GSKIP-binding, has a higher Drp1 S637 phosphorylation similar to the GSKIP wt overexpression group, indicating that GSK3β recruits Drp1 by anchoring rather than in a kinase role. With further overexpression of either V41/L45P or the L130P GSKIP mutant, the elongated mitochondrial phenotype was lost; however, ectopically expressed Drp1 S637D, a phosphomimetic mutant, but not S637A, a non-phosphorylated mutant, restored the elongated mitochondrial morphology, indicating that Drp1 is a downstream effector of direct PKA signaling and possibly has an indirect GSKIP function involved in the cAMP/PKA/Drp1 signaling axis. Collectively, our data revealed that both GSKIP and GSK3β function as anchoring proteins in the cAMP/PKA/Drp1 signaling axis modulating Drp1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Khim Loh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Laboratory of Medical Research, Center of Education and Faculty Development, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - An-Kuo Chou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Neng Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Shung Lieu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Long Howng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ren Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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25
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Poppinga WJ, Muñoz-Llancao P, González-Billault C, Schmidt M. A-kinase anchoring proteins: cAMP compartmentalization in neurodegenerative and obstructive pulmonary diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5603-23. [PMID: 25132049 PMCID: PMC4290705 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal second messenger cAMP is generated upon stimulation of Gs protein-coupled receptors, such as the β2 -adreneoceptor, and leads to the activation of PKA, the major cAMP effector protein. PKA oscillates between an on and off state and thereby regulates a plethora of distinct biological responses. The broad activation pattern of PKA and its contribution to several distinct cellular functions lead to the introduction of the concept of compartmentalization of cAMP. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are of central importance due to their unique ability to directly and/or indirectly interact with proteins that either determine the cellular content of cAMP, such as β2 -adrenoceptors, ACs and PDEs, or are regulated by cAMP such as the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. We report on lessons learned from neurons indicating that maintenance of cAMP compartmentalization by AKAP5 is linked to neurotransmission, learning and memory. Disturbance of cAMP compartments seem to be linked to neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer's disease. We translate this knowledge to compartmentalized cAMP signalling in the lung. Next to AKAP5, we focus here on AKAP12 and Ezrin (AKAP78). These topics will be highlighted in the context of the development of novel pharmacological interventions to tackle AKAP-dependent compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Poppinga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Muñoz-Llancao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - C González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
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Beurel E, Grieco SF, Jope RS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 148:114-31. [PMID: 25435019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1136] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively phosphorylate each substrate, and why was it evolutionarily favorable for GSK3 to assume such a large responsibility? GSK3 must be particularly adaptable for incorporating new substrates into its repertoire, and we discuss the distinct properties of GSK3 that may contribute to its capacity to fulfill its roles in multiple signaling pathways. The mechanisms regulating GSK3 (predominantly post-translational modifications, substrate priming, cellular trafficking, protein complexes) have been reviewed previously, so here we focus on newly identified complexities in these mechanisms, how each of these regulatory mechanism contributes to the ability of GSK3 to select which substrates to phosphorylate, and how these mechanisms may have contributed to its adaptability as new substrates evolved. The current understanding of the mechanisms regulating GSK3 is reviewed, as are emerging topics in the actions of GSK3, particularly its interactions with receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction events, and differential actions and regulation of the two GSK3 isoforms, GSK3α and GSK3β. Another remarkable characteristic of GSK3 is its involvement in many prevalent disorders, including psychiatric and neurological diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and others. We address the feasibility of targeting GSK3 therapeutically, and provide an update of its involvement in the etiology and treatment of several disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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27
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Grant PA, Yan B, Johnson MA, Johnson DLE, Moody SA. Novel animal pole-enriched maternal mRNAs are preferentially expressed in neural ectoderm. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:478-96. [PMID: 24155242 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many animals utilize maternal mRNAs to pre-pattern the embryo before the onset of zygotic transcription. In Xenopus laevis, vegetal factors specify the germ line, endoderm, and dorsal axis, but there are few studies demonstrating roles for animal-enriched maternal mRNAs. Therefore, we carried out a microarray analysis to identify novel maternal transcripts enriched in 8-cell-stage animal blastomeres. RESULTS We identified 39 mRNAs isolated from 8-cell animal blastomeres that are >4-fold enriched compared to vegetal pole mRNAs. We characterized 14 of these that are of unknown function. We validated the microarray results for 8/14 genes by qRT-PCR and for 14/14 genes by in situ hybridization assays. Because no developmental functions are reported yet, we provide the expression patterns for each of the 14 genes. Each is expressed in the animal hemisphere of unfertilized eggs, 8-cell animal blastomeres, and diffusely in blastula animal cap ectoderm, gastrula ectoderm and neural ectoderm, neural crest (and derivatives) and cranial placodes (and derivatives). They have varying later expression in some mesodermal and endodermal tissues in tail bud through larval stages. CONCLUSIONS Novel animal-enriched maternal mRNAs are preferentially expressed in ectodermal derivatives, particularly neural ectoderm. However, they are later expressed in derivatives of other germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paaqua A Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, Washington, DC
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28
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Wang HY, Juo LI, Lin YT, Hsiao M, Lin JT, Tsai CH, Tzeng YH, Chuang YC, Chang NS, Yang CN, Lu PJ. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase promotes neuronal differentiation via negative regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:1049-59. [PMID: 22193544 PMCID: PMC3354054 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), a putative tumour suppressor, is suggested to be involved in the hyperphosphorylation of Alzheimer's Tau. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that has an important role in microtubule assembly and stability. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) has a vital role in Tau hyperphosphorylation at its microtubule-binding domains. Hyperphosphorylated Tau has a low affinity for microtubules, thus disrupting microtubule stability. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that WWOX contains two potential GSK3β-binding FXXXLI/VXRLE motifs. Immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation and molecular modelling showed that WWOX interacts physically with GSK3β. We demonstrated biochemically that WWOX can bind directly to GSK3β through its short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase domain. Moreover, the overexpression of WWOX inhibited GSK3β-stimulated S396 and S404 phosphorylation within the microtubule domains of Tau, indicating that WWOX is involved in regulating GSK3β activity in cells. WWOX repressed GSK3β activity, restored the microtubule assembly activity of Tau and promoted neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. Conversely, RNAi-mediated knockdown of WWOX in retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells inhibited neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that WWOX is likely to be involved in regulating GSK3β activity, reducing the level of phosphorylated Tau, and subsequently promoting neurite outgrowth during neuron differentiation. In summary, our data reveal a novel mechanism by which WWOX promotes neuronal differentiation in response to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Woodgett JR. GSK-3: Functional Insights from Cell Biology and Animal Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:40. [PMID: 22110425 PMCID: PMC3217193 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3 is active in cells under resting conditions and is primarily regulated through inhibition or diversion of its activity. While GSK-3 is one of the few protein kinases that can be inactivated by phosphorylation, the mechanisms of GSK-3 regulation are more varied and not fully understood. Precise control appears to be achieved by a combination of phosphorylation, localization, and sequestration by a number of GSK-3-binding proteins. GSK-3 lies downstream of several major signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase pathway, the Wnt pathway, Hedgehog signaling and Notch. Specific pools of GSK-3, which differ in intracellular localization, binding partner affinity, and relative amount are differentially sensitized to several distinct signaling pathways and these sequestration mechanisms contribute to pathway insulation and signal specificity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways involving GSK-3 is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders and there are data suggesting GSK-3 isoform-selective roles in several of these. Here, we review the current knowledge of GSK-3 regulation and targets and discuss the various animal models that have been employed to dissect the functions of GSK-3 in brain development and function through the use of conventional or conditional knockout mice as well as transgenic mice. These studies have revealed fundamental roles for these protein kinases in memory, behavior, and neuronal fate determination and provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
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Medina M, Garrido JJ, Wandosell FG. Modulation of GSK-3 as a Therapeutic Strategy on Tau Pathologies. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:24. [PMID: 22007157 PMCID: PMC3186940 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is ubiquitously expressed and unusually active in resting, non-stimulated cells. In mammals, at least three proteins (α, β1, and β2), generated from two different genes, gsk-3α and gsk-3β, are widely expressed at both the RNA and protein levels although some tissues show preferential expression of some of the three proteins. Control of GSK-3 activity occurs by complex mechanisms that depend on specific signaling pathways, often controlling the inhibition of the kinase activity. GSK-3 appears to integrate different signaling pathways from a wide selection of cellular stimuli. The unique position of GSK-3 in modulating the function of a diverse series of proteins and its association with a wide variety of human disorders has attracted significant attention as a therapeutic target and as a means to understand the molecular basis of brain disorders. Different neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Alzheimer's disease, present prominent tau pathology such as tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation and are collectively referred to as tauopathies. GSK-3 has also been associated to different neuropsychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. GSK-3β is the major kinase to phosphorylate tau both in vitro and in vivo and has been proposed as a target for therapeutic intervention. The first therapeutic strategy to modulate GSK-3 activity was the direct inhibition of its kinase activity. This review will focus on the signaling pathways involved in the control of GSK-3 activity and its pathological deregulation. We will highlight different alternatives of GSK-3 modulation including the direct pharmacological inhibition as compared to the modulation by upstream regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Medina
- Research Department, Noscira S.A., Tres Cantos Madrid, Spain
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31
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Effect of double mutations K214/A–E215/Q of FRATide on GSK3β: insights from molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Amino Acids 2011; 43:267-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Medina M, Wandosell F. Deconstructing GSK-3: The Fine Regulation of Its Activity. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:479249. [PMID: 21629747 PMCID: PMC3100567 DOI: 10.4061/2011/479249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) unique position in modulating the function of a diverse series of proteins in combination with its association with a wide variety of human disorders has attracted significant attention to the protein both as a therapeutic target and as a means to understand the molecular basis of these disorders. GSK-3 is ubiquitously expressed and, unusually, constitutively active in resting, unstimulated cells. In mammals, GSK-3α and β are each expressed widely at both the RNA and protein levels although some tissues show preferential levels of some of the two proteins. Neither gene appears to be acutely regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas the proteins are controlled posttranslationally, largely through protein-protein interactions or by posttranslational regulation. Control of GSK-3 activity thus occurs by complex mechanisms that are each dependent upon specific signalling pathways. Furthermore, GSK-3 appears to be a cellular nexus, integrating several signalling systems, including several second messengers and a wide selection of cellular stimulants. This paper will focus on the different ways to control GSK-3 activity (phosphorylation, protein complex formation, truncation, subcellular localization, etc.), the main signalling pathways involved in its control, and its pathological deregulation.
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33
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Lu S, Jiang Y, Lv J, Zou J, Wu T. Mechanism of kinase inactivation and nonbinding of FRATide to GSK3β due to K85M mutation: molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Biopolymers 2011; 95:669-81. [PMID: 21442609 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a serine/threonine protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is an essential component of several cellular processes, including insulin, growth factor, and Wnt signaling. The conserved K85 is important to GSK3β activity and FRATide binding. To elucidate the mechanisms concerning kinase inactivation and nonbinding of FRATide to GSK3β, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, molecular mechanics generalized Born/surface area (MM_GBSA) calculation, and normal mode analysis (NMA) were performed on both the wild-type (WT) and the K85M mutation of the GSK3β-FRATide complex. The results revealed that the periodic open-closed conformational change of the G loop, together with the compact conformation of the RD pocket, was disturbed in the K85M mutant, in contrast to those in the WT. This in turn caused inhibition of GSK3β. Specifically, the correct folding pattern of GSK3β was disrupted in the K85M mutant, resulting in the loss of two key hydrogen bonds between K214 of FRATide and E290 and K292 of GSK3β, respectively. Furthermore, MM_GBSA calculations indicated that the K85M mutation could lead to a less energy-favorable GSK3β-FRATide complex. In addition, NMA demonstrated that the "rocking" of the N- and C-terminal domains of GSK3β, which coordinates the mutual movement of both lobes, inducing the opening and closing of the active site of GSK3β, which may assist the entry of ATP into the ATP binding site and the release of the ADP product. Strikingly, this phenomenon was not clearly observed in the K85M mutation. This study provides a structural basis for the effect of the K85M mutation on the GSK3β-FRATide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Tang XN, Lo CW, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Sun YC, Hong YR, Yang CN. Prediction of the binding mode between GSK3β and a peptide derived from GSKIP using molecular dynamics simulation. Biopolymers 2011; 95:461-71. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mechanisms of protein kinase A anchoring. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:235-330. [PMID: 20801421 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is produced by adenylyl cyclases following stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, exerts its effect mainly through the cAMP-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase A (PKA). Due to the ubiquitous nature of the cAMP/PKA system, PKA signaling pathways underlie strict spatial and temporal control to achieve specificity. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) bind to the regulatory subunit dimer of the tetrameric PKA holoenzyme and thereby target PKA to defined cellular compartments in the vicinity of its substrates. AKAPs promote the termination of cAMP signals by recruiting phosphodiesterases and protein phosphatases, and the integration of signaling pathways by binding additional signaling proteins. AKAPs are a heterogeneous family of proteins that only display similarity within their PKA-binding domains, amphipathic helixes docking into a hydrophobic groove formed by the PKA regulatory subunit dimer. This review summarizes the current state of information on compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling with a major focus on structural aspects, evolution, diversity, and (patho)physiological functions of AKAPs and intends to outline newly emerging directions of the field, such as the elucidation of AKAP mutations and alterations of AKAP expression in human diseases, and the validation of AKAP-dependent protein-protein interactions as new drug targets. In addition, alternative PKA anchoring mechanisms employed by noncanonical AKAPs and PKA catalytic subunit-interacting proteins are illustrated.
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Involvement of the residues of GSKIP, AxinGID, and FRATtide in their binding with GSK3β to unravel a novel C-terminal scaffold-binding region. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 339:23-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Lin CC, Chou CH, Howng SL, Hsu CY, Hwang CC, Wang C, Hsu CM, Hong YR. GSKIP, an inhibitor of GSK3β, mediates the N-cadherin/β-catenin pool in the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:1325-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hundsrucker C, Skroblin P, Christian F, Zenn HM, Popara V, Joshi M, Eichhorst J, Wiesner B, Herberg FW, Reif B, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5507-21. [PMID: 20007971 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) include a family of scaffolding proteins that target protein kinase A (PKA) and other signaling proteins to cellular compartments and thereby confine the activities of the associated proteins to distinct regions within cells. AKAPs bind PKA directly. The interaction is mediated by the dimerization and docking domain of regulatory subunits of PKA and the PKA-binding domain of AKAPs. Analysis of the interactions between the dimerization and docking domain and various PKA-binding domains yielded a generalized motif allowing the identification of AKAPs. Our bioinformatics and peptide array screening approaches based on this signature motif identified GSKIP (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interaction protein) as an AKAP. GSKIP directly interacts with PKA and GSK3beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3beta). It is widely expressed and facilitates phosphorylation and thus inactivation of GSK3beta by PKA. GSKIP contains the evolutionarily conserved domain of unknown function 727. We show here that this domain of GSKIP and its vertebrate orthologues binds both PKA and GSK3beta and thereby provides a mechanism for the integration of PKA and GSK3beta signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundsrucker
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Kennell J, Cadigan KM. APC and beta-catenin degradation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 656:1-12. [PMID: 19928348 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1145-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kennell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Eun Jeoung L, Sung Hee H, Jaesun C, Sung Hwa S, Kwang Hum Y, Min Kyoung K, Tae Yoon P, Sang Sun K. Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta functions by modification of the small ubiquitin-like modifier. Open Biochem J 2008; 2:67-76. [PMID: 18949077 PMCID: PMC2570553 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) (SUMOylation) appears to regulate diverse cellular processes, including nuclear transport, signal transduction, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle control, ubiquitin-dependent degradation and gene transcription. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK 3beta) is a serine/threonine kinase that is thought to contribute to a variety of biological events, including embryonic development, metabolism, tumorigenesis, and cell death. GSK 3beta is a constitutively active kinase that regulates many intracellular signaling pathways by phosphorylating substrates such as beta-catenin. We noticed that the putative SUMOylation sites are localized on K(292 )residueof (291)FKFPQ(295) in GSK 3beta based on analysis of the SUMOylation consensus sequence. In this report, we showed that the SUMOylation of GSK 3beta occurs on its K(292) residue, and this modification promotes its nuclear localization in COS-1. Additionally, our data showed that the GSK 3beta SUMO mutant (K292R) decreased its kinase activity and protein stability, affecting cell death. Therefore, our observations at first time suggested that SUMOylation on the K(292) residue of GSK 3beta might be a GSK 3beta regulation mechanism for its kinase activation, subcellular localization, protein stability, and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Eun Jeoung
- School of Science Education, Chungbuk National University, Gaeshin-dong, Heungdok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lin CC, Yu CTR, Hsu CM, Chang MS, Lee CI, Huang CYF, Howng SL, Hong YR. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta interacts with and phosphorylates the spindle-associated protein astrin. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2454-64. [PMID: 18055457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) is involved in mitotic division and that inhibiting of GSK3beta kinase activity causes defects in spindle microtubule length and chromosome alignment. However, the purpose of GSK3beta involvement in spindle microtubule assembly and accurate chromosome segregation remains obscure. Here, we report that GSK3beta interacts with the spindle-associated protein Astrin both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Astrin acts as a substrate for GSK3beta and is phosphorylated at Thr-111, Thr-937 ((S/T)P motif) and Ser-974/Thr-978 ((S/T)XXX(S/T)-p motif; p is a phosphorylatable residue). Inhibition of GSK3beta impairs spindle and kinetochore accumulation of Astrin and spindle formation at mitosis, suggesting that Astrin association with the spindle microtubule and kinetochore may be dependent on phosphorylation by GSK3beta. Conversely, depletion of Astrin by small interfering RNA has no detectable influence on the localization of GSK3beta. Interestingly, in vitro assays demonstrated that Astrin enhances GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation of other substrates. Moreover, we showed that coexpression of Astrin and GSK3beta differentially increases GSK3beta-mediated Tau phosphorylation on an unprimed site. Collectively, these data indicate that GSK3beta interacts with and phosphorylates the spindle-associated protein Astrin, resulting in targeting Astrin to the spindle microtubules and kinetochores. In turn, the GSK3beta-Astrin complex may also facilitate further physiological and pathological phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Shan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Zhang N, Jiang Y, Zou J, Zhuang S, Jin H, Yu Q. Insights into unbinding mechanisms upon two mutations investigated by molecular dynamics study of GSK3β-axin complex: Role of packing hydrophobic residues. Proteins 2007; 67:941-9. [PMID: 17380482 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK 3beta) is a key component of several cellular processes including Wnt and insulin signalling pathways. The interaction of GSK3beta with scaffolding peptide axin is thought to be responsible for the effective phosphorylation of beta-catenin, the core effector of Wnt signaling, which has been linked with the occurrence of colon cancer and melanoma. It has been demonstrated that the binding of axin to GSK3beta is abolished by the single-point mutation of Val267 to Gly (V267G) in GSK3beta or Leu392 to Pro (L392P) in axin. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on wild type (WT), V267G mutant and L392P one to elucidate the two unbinding mechanisms that occur through different pathways. Besides, rough energy and residue-based energy decomposition were calculated by MM_GBSA (molecular mechanical Generalized_Born surface area) approach to illuminate the instability of the two mutants. The MD simulations of the two mutants and WT reveal that the structure of GSK3beta remains unchanged, while axin moves away from the interfacial hydrophobic pockets in both two mutants. Axin exhibits positional shift in V267G mutant, whereas, losing the hydrogen bonds that are indispensable for stabilizing the helix structure of wild type axin, the helix of axin is distorted in L392P mutant. To conclude, both two mutants destroy the hydrophobic interaction that is essential to the stability of GSK3beta-axin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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