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Changes in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Dopamine Synthesis in the Nigrostriatal System of Mice in an Acute Model of Parkinson's Disease as a Manifestation of Neurodegeneration and Neuroplasticity. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060779. [PMID: 35741664 PMCID: PMC9221104 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive degradation of the nigrostriatal system leads to the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The synthesis of dopamine, the neurotransmitter of the nigrostriatal system, depends on the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In this study, we evaluated the synthesis of dopamine during periods of neurodegradation and neuroplasticity in the nigrostriatal system on a model of the early clinical stage of PD. It was shown that the concentration of dopamine correlated with activity of TH, while TH activity did not depend on total protein content either in the SN or in the striatum. Both during the period of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, TH activity in SN was determined by the content of P19-TH, and in the striatum it was determined by P31-TH and P40-TH (to a lesser extent). The data obtained indicate a difference in the regulation of dopamine synthesis between DA-neuron bodies and their axons, which must be considered for the further development of symptomatic pharmacotherapy aimed at increasing TH activity.
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Spontaneous changes in brain striatal dopamine synthesis and storage dynamics ex vivo reveal end-product feedback-inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cao M, Gao M, Suástegui M, Mei Y, Shao Z. Building microbial factories for the production of aromatic amino acid pathway derivatives: From commodity chemicals to plant-sourced natural products. Metab Eng 2020; 58:94-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dunkley PR, Dickson PW. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation
in vivo. J Neurochem 2019; 149:706-728. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Dunkley
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Phillip W. Dickson
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
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Trenchard IJ, Siddiqui MS, Thodey K, Smolke CD. De novo production of the key branch point benzylisoquinoline alkaloid reticuline in yeast. Metab Eng 2015; 31:74-83. [PMID: 26166409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biosynthesis for plant-based natural products, such as the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), has the potential to address limitations in plant-based supply of established drugs and make new molecules available for drug discovery. While yeast strains have been engineered to produce a variety of downstream BIAs including the opioids, these strains have relied on feeding an early BIA substrate. We describe the de novo synthesis of the major BIA branch point intermediate reticuline via norcoclaurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Modifications were introduced into yeast central metabolism to increase supply of the BIA precursor tyrosine, allowing us to achieve a 60-fold increase in production of the early benzylisoquinoline scaffold from fed dopamine with no supply of exogenous tyrosine. Yeast strains further engineered to express a mammalian tyrosine hydroxylase, four mammalian tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and recycling enzymes, and a bacterial DOPA decarboxylase produced norcoclaurine de novo. We further increased production of early benzylisoquinoline scaffolds by 160-fold through introducing mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, an optimized plant norcoclaurine synthase variant, and optimizing culture conditions. Finally, we incorporated five additional plant enzymes--three methyltransferases, a cytochrome P450, and its reductase partner--to achieve de novo production of the key branch point molecule reticuline with a titer of 19.2 μg/L. These strains and reconstructed pathways will serve as a platform for the biosynthesis of diverse natural and novel BIAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis J Trenchard
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Michael S Siddiqui
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Kate Thodey
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Christina D Smolke
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, MC 4245, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Amyere M, Dompmartin A, Wouters V, Enjolras O, Kaitila I, Docquier PL, Godfraind C, Mulliken JB, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Common somatic alterations identified in maffucci syndrome by molecular karyotyping. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:259-67. [PMID: 25565925 DOI: 10.1159/000365898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maffucci syndrome (MS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple central cartilaginous tumors (enchondromas) in association with cutaneous spindle cell hemangiomas. These patients have a high incidence of malignant transformation. No familial case is known and the etiopathogenic cause remains unknown. In enchondromatosis (Ollier disease, OD), which is comprised of enchondromas only, 4 mutations in the PTHR1 gene have been identified in 4 patients; 3 were somatic and 1 was germline. No PTHR1 mutations have been detected in MS, whereas somatic IDH1 and, more rarely, IDH2 mutations have been observed in 77% of patients with MS and 81% of patients with OD. These genetic alterations are shared with other tumors, including glioma, leukemia and carcinoma. To search for underlying somatic genomic causes, we screened MS tissues using Affymetrix SNP-chips. We looked for CNVs, LOH and uniparental isodisomy (UPID) by performing pairwise analyses between allelic intensities in tumoral DNA versus the corresponding blood-extracted DNA. While common chromosomal anomalies were absent in constitutional DNA, several shared CNVs were identified in MS-associated tumors. The most frequently encountered somatic alterations were localized in 2p22.3, 2q24.3 and 14q11.2, implicating these chromosomal rearrangements in the formation of enchondromas and spindle cell hemangiomas in MS. In one chondrosarcoma specimen, large amplifications and/or deletions were observed in chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, and 19. Some of these genetic changes have been reported in other chondrosarcomas suggesting an etiopathogenic role. No LOH/UPID was observed in any Maffucci tissue. Our findings identify frequent somatic chromosomal rearrangements on 2p22.3, 2q24.3 and 14q11.2, which may unmask mutations leading to the lesions pathognomonic of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Amyere
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Dompmartin
- Department of Dermatology, Université de Caen Basse Normandie, CHU Caen, Caen, France
| | - Vinciane Wouters
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Odile Enjolras
- Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Ilkka Kaitila
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pierre-Louis Docquier
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Godfraind
- Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Butler Mulliken
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
| | - Laurence Myriam Boon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Complex molecular regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1451-81. [PMID: 24866693 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, is strictly controlled by several interrelated regulatory mechanisms. Enzyme synthesis is controlled by epigenetic factors, transcription factors, and mRNA levels. Enzyme activity is regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. Phosphorylation of the enzyme is catalyzed by several protein kinases and dephosphorylation is mediated by two protein phosphatases that establish a sensitive process for regulating enzyme activity on a minute-to-minute basis. Interactions between tyrosine hydroxylase and other proteins introduce additional layers to the already tightly controlled production of catecholamines. Tyrosine hydroxylase degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome coupled pathway represents yet another mechanism of regulation. Here, we revisit the myriad mechanisms that regulate tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity and highlight their physiological importance in the control of catecholamine biosynthesis.
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Briggs GD, Bulley J, Dickson PW. Catalytic domain surface residues mediating catecholamine inhibition in tyrosine hydroxylase. J Biochem 2013; 155:183-93. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Briggs GD, Nagy GM, Dickson PW. Mechanism of action of salsolinol on tyrosine hydroxylase. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tyrosine hydroxylase: regulation by feedback inhibition and phosphorylation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 68:13-21. [PMID: 24054138 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411512-5.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline. In response to short-term stimuli, TH activity is regulated by feedback inhibition by the catecholamines and relief of that inhibition by phosphorylation. This chapter examines the current understanding of these regulatory mechanisms and the roles that they play in different catecholaminergic cells. This chapter also examines hierarchical phosphorylation in TH and how it provides a mechanism for the differential regulation of the major human TH isoforms.
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Ong LK, Sominsky L, Dickson PW, Hodgson DM, Dunkley PR. The Sustained Phase of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activation In vivo. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1938-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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