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Nassiri M, Ghovvati S, Gharouni M, Tahmoorespur M, Bahrami AR, Dehghani H. Engineering Human Pancreatic RNase 1 as an Immunotherapeutic Agent for Cancer Therapy Through Computational and Experimental Studies. Protein J 2024; 43:316-332. [PMID: 38145445 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Most plant and bacterial toxins are highly immunogenic with non-specific toxic effects. Human ribonucleases are thought to provide a promising basis for reducing the toxic agent's immunogenic properties, which are candidates for cancer therapy. In the cell, the ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) protein binds to the ribonuclease enzyme and forms a tight complex. This study aimed to engineer and provide a gene construct encoding an improved version of Human Pancreatic RNase 1 (HP-RNase 1) to reduce connection to RI and modulate the immunogenic effects of immunotoxins. To further characterize the interaction complex of HP-RNase 1 and RI, we established various in silico and in vitro approaches. These methods allowed us to specifically monitor interactions within native and engineered HP-RNase 1/RI complexes. In silico research involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of native and mutant HP-RNase 1 in their free form and when bound to RI. For HP-RNase 1 engineering, we designed five mutations (K8A/N72A/N89A/R92D/E112/A) based on literature studies, as this combination proved effective for the intended investigation. Then, the cDNA encoding HP-RNase 1 was generated by RT-PCR from blood and cloned into the pSYN2 expression vector. Consequently, wild-type and the engineered HP-RNase 1 were over-expressed in E. coli TG1 and purified using an IMAC column directed against a poly-his tag. The protein products were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. HP-RNase 1 catalytic activity, in the presence of various concentrations of RI, demonstrated that the mutated version of the protein is able to escape the ribonuclease inhibitor and target the RNA substrate 2.5 folds more than that of the wild type. From these data, we tend to suggest the engineered recombinant HP-RNase 1 potentially as a new immunotherapeutic agent for application in human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Ghovvati
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, 41635-1314, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Gharouni
- Department of Biochemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Applied Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
The ribonuclease A (RNase A) family is one of the best-characterized vertebrate-specific proteins. In humans, eight catalytically active RNases (numbered 1–8) have been identified and have unique tissue distributions. Apart from the digestion of dietary RNA, a broad range of biological actions, including the regulation of intra- or extra-cellular RNA metabolism as well as antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, neurotoxicity, promotion of cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, and immunomodulatory abilities, have been recently reported for the members of this family. Based on multiple biological roles, RNases are found to participate in the pathogenic processes of many diseases, such as infection, immune dysfunction, neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. This review summarizes the available data on the human RNase A family and illustrates the significant roles of the eight canonical RNases in health and disease, for stimulating further basic research and development of ideas on the potential solutions for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chenjie Han
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Undergraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China,Corresponding author
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Bovine Pancreatic RNase A: An Insight into the Mechanism of Antitumor Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061173. [PMID: 35745743 PMCID: PMC9229056 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, we extensively studied the mechanism of antitumor activity of bovine pancreatic RNase A. Using confocal microscopy, we show that after RNase A penetration into HeLa and B16 cells, a part of the enzyme remains unbound with the ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), resulting in the decrease in cytosolic RNAs in both types of cells and rRNAs in the nucleoli of HeLa cells. Molecular docking indicates the ability of RNase A to form a complex with Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer, and microscopy data confirm its localization mostly inside the nucleus, which may underlie the mechanism of RNase A penetration into cells and its intracellular traffic. RNase A reduced migration and invasion of tumor cells in vitro. In vivo, in the metastatic model of melanoma, RNase A suppressed metastases in the lungs and changed the expression of EMT markers in the tissue adjacent to metastatic foci; this increased Cdh1 and decreased Tjp1, Fn and Vim, disrupting the favorable tumor microenvironment. A similar pattern was observed for all genes except for Fn in metastatic foci, indicating a decrease in the invasive potential of tumor cells. Bioinformatic analysis of RNase-A-susceptible miRNAs and their regulatory networks showed that the main processes modulated by RNase A in the tumor microenvironment are the regulation of cell adhesion and junction, cell cycle regulation and pathways associated with EMT and tumor progression.
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Windsor IW, Dudley DM, O'Connor DH, Raines RT. Ribonuclease zymogen induces cytotoxicity upon HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:77. [PMID: 34702287 PMCID: PMC8549155 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting RNA is a promising yet underdeveloped modality for the selective killing of cells infected with HIV-1. The secretory ribonucleases (RNases) found in vertebrates have cytotoxic ribonucleolytic activity that is kept in check by a cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein, RI. METHODS We engineered amino acid substitutions that enable human RNase 1 to evade RI upon its cyclization into a zymogen that is activated by the HIV-1 protease. In effect, the zymogen has an HIV-1 protease cleavage site between the termini of the wild-type enzyme, thereby positioning a cleavable linker over the active site that blocks access to a substrate. RESULTS The amino acid substitutions in RNase 1 diminish its affinity for RI by 106-fold and confer high toxicity for T-cell leukemia cells. Pretreating these cells with the zymogen leads to a substantial drop in their viability upon HIV-1 infection, indicating specific toxicity toward infected cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the utility of ribonuclease zymogens as biologic prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dawn M Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Eller CH, Raines RT. Antimicrobial Synergy of a Ribonuclease and a Peptide Secreted by Human Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3083-3088. [PMID: 33054163 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
LL-37 is a secretory peptide that has antimicrobial activity. Ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) is a secretory enzyme that is not cytotoxic. We find that human LL-37 and human RNase 1 can act synergistically to kill Gram-negative bacterial cells. In the presence of nontoxic concentrations of LL-37, RNase 1 is toxic to Escherichia coli cells at picomolar levels. Using wild-type RNase 1 and an inactive variant labeled with a fluorophore, we observe the adherence of RNase 1 to E. coli cells and its cellular entry in the presence of LL-37. These data suggest a natural means of modulating the human microbiome via the cooperation of an endogenous peptide (37 residues) and small enzyme (128 residues).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Hu G, Miao Y, Luo X, Chu W, Fu Y. Identification of a novel cell-penetrating peptide derived from the capsid protein of chicken anemia virus and its application in gene delivery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10503-10513. [PMID: 33141296 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are a great obstacle for entrance of gene therapeutic agents. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been proven as a promising gene delivery tool. However, the early TAT peptide derived from the HIV transcription activator protein has been proven that the sequence contains Furin protease cleaved motifs which limited the TAT application in delivery of exogenous active molecules. In the present study, through the bioinformatics and experimental approach, we have identified a novel CPP derived from the N terminus of VP1 protein of chicken anemia virus (CAV), designated as CVP1-N2, which is rich in arginine residues and contains α-helical structure. Then, the ability of CVP1-N2 cell penetrating was detected using confocal imaging and flow cytometry. FITC-labeled CVP1-N2 peptide could rapidly internalize into different types of live cells with dose dependence and without cytotoxic effects by MTT assay. Surprisingly, CVP1-N2 with a pattern of nuclear sub-location has shown the higher uptake efficiency than TAT. At 10, 1, and 0.1 μM, the mean relative internalization of CVP1-N2 was respectively 1.08-, 12-, and 75-fold higher than that of CVP1, as well as 1.6-, 56-, and 75-fold higher than that of TAT. Moreover, using endocytic inhibitors along with low-temperature stress validated that the CVP1-N2 internalization route is direct translocation pathway. Finally, the capacity of CVP1-N2 for delivery of gene into cells was determined, where it was able to carry red fluorescent protein (RFP) and apoptin genes into cells respectively and induce the apoptosis. All these data indicate that CVP1-N2 could be used as a novel gene delivery vehicle for gene therapy in the future. KEY POINTS: • 1CVP1-N2 was identified as a novel more efficient cell-penetrating peptide. • 2. CVP1-N2 localized to the nucleus through the direct transduction pathway. • 3. CVP1-N2 was able to deliver the apoptin gene into HCT116 cells and induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Hu
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingjie Miao
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Wenhui Chu
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Yongqian Fu
- Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
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Cyclic gomesin, a stable redesigned spider peptide able to enter cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183480. [PMID: 32979382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer chemo- and targeted therapies are limited in some cases due to strong side effects and/or drug resistance. Peptides have received renascent interest as anticancer therapeutics and are currently being considered as alternatives and/or as complementary to biologics and small-molecule drugs. Gomesin, a disulfide-rich host defense peptide expressed in the Brazilian spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana selectively targets and disrupts cancer cell membranes. In the current study, we employed a range of biophysical methodologies with model membranes and bioassays to investigate the use of a cyclic analogue of gomesin as a drug scaffold to internalize cancer cells. We found that cyclic gomesin can internalize cancer cells via endocytosis and direct membrane permeation. In addition, we designed an improved non-disruptive and non-toxic cyclic gomesin analogue by incorporating D-amino acids within the scaffold. This improved analogue retained the ability to enter cancer cells and can be used as a scaffold to deliver drugs. Efforts to investigate the internalization mechanism used by host defense peptides, and to improve their stability, potency, selectivity and ability to permeate cancer cell membranes will increase the opportunities to repurpose peptides as templates for designing alternative anticancer therapeutic leads.
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Bedenbender K, Schmeck BT. Endothelial Ribonuclease 1 in Cardiovascular and Systemic Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576491. [PMID: 33015070 PMCID: PMC7500176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cell layer forms the inner lining of all blood vessels to maintain proper functioning of the vascular system. However, dysfunction of the endothelium depicts a major issue in context of vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis or thrombosis that cause several million deaths per year worldwide. In recent years, the endothelial extracellular endonuclease Ribonuclease 1 (RNase1) was described as a key player in regulation of vascular homeostasis by protecting endothelial cells from detrimental effects of the damage-associated molecular pattern extracellular RNA upon acute inflammation. Despite this protective function, massive dysregulation of RNase1 was observed during prolonged endothelial cell inflammation resulting in progression of several vascular diseases. For the first time, this review article outlines the current knowledge on endothelial RNase1 and its role in function and dysfunction of the endothelium, thereby focusing on the intensive research from recent years: Uncovering the underlying mechanisms of RNase1 function and regulation in response to acute as well as long-term inflammation, the role of RNase1 in context of vascular, inflammatory and infectious diseases and the potential to develop novel therapeutic options to treat these pathologies against the background of RNase1 function in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bedenbender
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd T. Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Rangel-Muñoz N, Suarez-Arnedo A, Anguita R, Prats-Ejarque G, Osma JF, Muñoz-Camargo C, Boix E, Cruz JC, Salazar VA. Magnetite Nanoparticles Functionalized with RNases against Intracellular Infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E631. [PMID: 32640506 PMCID: PMC7408537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments against bacterial infections have severe limitations, mainly due to the emergence of resistance to conventional antibiotics. In the specific case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, they have shown a number of resistance mechanisms to counter most antibiotics. Human secretory RNases from the RNase A superfamily are proteins involved in a wide variety of biological functions, including antimicrobial activity. The objective of this work was to explore the intracellular antimicrobial action of an RNase 3/1 hybrid protein that combines RNase 1 high catalytic and RNase 3 bactericidal activities. To achieve this, we immobilized the RNase 3/1 hybrid on Polyetheramine (PEA)-modified magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). The obtained nanobioconjugates were tested in macrophage-derived THP-1 cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The obtained results show high antimicrobial activity of the functionalized hybrid protein (MNP-RNase 3/1) against the intracellular growth of P. aeruginosa of the functionalized hybrid protein. Moreover, the immobilization of RNase 3/1 enhances its antimicrobial and cell-penetrating activities without generating any significant cell damage. Considering the observed antibacterial activity, the immobilization of the RNase A superfamily and derived proteins represents an innovative approach for the development of new strategies using nanoparticles to deliver antimicrobials that counteract P. aeruginosa intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Rangel-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandra Suarez-Arnedo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Raúl Anguita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Vivian A. Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
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Forouharmehr A, Nassiri M, Ghovvati Roudsari S, Javadmanesh A. Production and introduction of a novel immunotoxin based on engineered RNase A for inducing death to Her1-positive cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4679-4687. [PMID: 31663127 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to design an immunotoxin consisting of engineered RNase A and scFv of Cetuximab. To accomplish this study goal, at first to evade RNase A from its inhibitors in the cytoplasm, six amino acids of RNase A were substituted, then the physicochemical features of engineered RNase A were assessed. To investigate the interaction between the engineered RNase A and the ribonuclease inhibitor, protein-protein docking was performed. After engineering the RNase A, it was theoretically conjugated with scFv of Cetuximab using a cleavable linker to produce scFv-engineered RNase A. Then, wild-RNase A (14 kD), engineered RNase A (14 kD) and scFv-engineered RNase A (42 kDa) were expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA columns. To confirm the expressed proteins, western blot analysis was performed. The functioning of wild-RNase A and engineered RNase A were investigated by RNA fragmentation assay. Finally, to evaluate the cytotoxicity of scFv-engineered RNase A, a dose-response cytotoxicity assay was performed on Her1-positive and Her1-negative cell lines. The results showed that engineered RNase A could maintain its structure and disulfide bonds and evade its inhibitor. Expression and purification were successfully conducted and both enzymes could degrade yeast RNA. The result of cytotoxicity showed that the engineered immunotoxin could induce cell death to Her1-positive cell lines with an IC50 of 50 nM. It appears that scFv-engineered RNase A can be a promising molecule for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Forouharmehr
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Prats-Ejarque G, Torrent M, Andreu D, Pulido D, Boix E. Insight into the Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Human RNase N-terminus Derived Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184558. [PMID: 31540052 PMCID: PMC6770517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a polymorphic fungus responsible for mucosal and skin infections. Candida cells establish themselves into biofilm communities resistant to most currently available antifungal agents. An increase of severe infections ensuing in fungal septic shock in elderly or immunosuppressed patients, along with the emergence of drug-resistant strains, urge the need for the development of alternative antifungal agents. In the search for novel antifungal drugs our laboratory demonstrated that two human ribonucleases from the vertebrate-specific RNaseA superfamily, hRNase3 and hRNase7, display a high anticandidal activity. In a previous work, we proved that the N-terminal region of the RNases was sufficient to reproduce most of the parental protein bactericidal activity. Next, we explored their potency against a fungal pathogen. Here, we have tested the N-terminal derived peptides that correspond to the eight human canonical RNases (RN1-8) against planktonic cells and biofilms of C. albicans. RN3 and RN7 peptides displayed the most potent inhibitory effect with a mechanism of action characterized by cell-wall binding, membrane permeabilization and biofilm eradication activities. Both peptides are able to eradicate planktonic and sessile cells, and to alter their gene expression, reinforcing its role as a lead candidate to develop novel antifungal and antibiofilm therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Marc Torrent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Pulido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Mironova N, Vlassov V. Surveillance of Tumour Development: The Relationship Between Tumour-Associated RNAs and Ribonucleases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31572192 PMCID: PMC6753386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression is accompanied by rapid cell proliferation, loss of differentiation, the reprogramming of energy metabolism, loss of adhesion, escape of immune surveillance, induction of angiogenesis, and metastasis. Both coding and regulatory RNAs expressed by tumour cells and circulating in the blood are involved in all stages of tumour progression. Among the important tumour-associated RNAs are intracellular coding RNAs that determine the routes of metabolic pathways, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and pathways responsible for transformation, and intracellular and extracellular non-coding RNAs involved in regulation of the expression of their proto-oncogenic and oncosuppressing mRNAs. Considering the diversity/variability of biological functions of RNAs, it becomes evident that extracellular RNAs represent important regulators of cell-to-cell communication and intracellular cascades that maintain cell proliferation and differentiation. In connection with the elucidation of such an important role for RNA, a surge in interest in RNA-degrading enzymes has increased. Natural ribonucleases (RNases) participate in various cellular processes including miRNA biogenesis, RNA decay and degradation that has determined their principal role in the sustention of RNA homeostasis in cells. Findings were obtained on the contribution of some endogenous ribonucleases in the maintenance of normal cell RNA homeostasis, which thus prevents cell transformation. These findings directed attention to exogenous ribonucleases as tools to compensate for the malfunction of endogenous ones. Recently a number of proteins with ribonuclease activity were discovered whose intracellular function remains unknown. Thus, the comprehensive investigation of physiological roles of RNases is still required. In this review we focused on the control mechanisms of cell transformation by endogenous ribonucleases, and the possibility of replacing malfunctioning enzymes with exogenous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Liu HY, Chen CY, Hung YF, Lin HR, Chao HW, Shih PY, Chuang CN, Li WP, Huang TN, Hsueh YP. RNase A Promotes Proliferation of Neuronal Progenitor Cells via an ERK-Dependent Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:428. [PMID: 30534052 PMCID: PMC6275325 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ribonuclease A (RNase A) superfamily regulate various physiological processes. RNase A, the best-studied member of the RNase A superfamily, is widely expressed in different tissues, including brains. We unexpectedly found that RNase A can trigger proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells (NPC) both in vitro and in vivo. RNase A treatment induced cell proliferation in dissociated neuronal cultures and increased cell mass in neurosphere cultures. BrdU (5-Bromo-2'-Deoxyuridine) labeling confirmed the effect of RNase A on cell proliferation. Those dividing cells were Nestin- and SOX2-positive, suggesting that RNase A triggers NPC proliferation. The proliferation inhibitor Ara-C completely suppressed the effect of RNase A on NPC counts, further supporting that RNase A increases NPC number mainly by promoting proliferation. Moreover, we found that RNase A treatment increased ERK phosphorylation and blockade of the ERK pathway inhibited the effect of RNase A on NPC proliferation. Intracerebroventricular injection of RNase A into mouse brain increased the population of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) or BrdU-labeled cells in the subventricular zone. Those RNase A-induced NPCs were able to migrate into other brain areas, including hippocampus, amygdala, cortex, striatum, and thalamus. In conclusion, our study shows that RNase A promotes proliferation of NPCs via an ERK-dependent pathway and further diversifies the physiological functions of the RNase A family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ya Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fen Hung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ru Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Yun Shih
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ning Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Nan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Wang YN, Lee HH, Hung MC. A novel ligand-receptor relationship between families of ribonucleases and receptor tyrosine kinases. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:83. [PMID: 30449278 PMCID: PMC6241042 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ribonuclease is known to participate in host defense system against pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, and virus, which results in innate immune response. Nevertheless, its potential impact to host cells remains unclear. Of interest, several ribonucleases do not act as catalytically competent enzymes, suggesting that ribonucleases may be associated with certain intrinsic functions other than their ribonucleolytic activities. Most recently, human pancreatic ribonuclease 5 (hRNase5; also named angiogenin; hereinafter referred to as hRNase5/ANG), which belongs to the human ribonuclease A superfamily, has been demonstrated to function as a ligand of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. As a newly identified EGFR ligand, hRNase5/ANG associates with EGFR and stimulates EGFR and the downstream signaling in a catalytic-independent manner. Notably, hRNase5/ANG, whose level in sera of pancreatic cancer patients, serves as a non-invasive serum biomarker to stratify patients for predicting the sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapy. Here, we describe the hRNase5/ANG-EGFR pair as an example to highlight a ligand-receptor relationship between families of ribonucleases and receptor tyrosine kinases, which are thought as two unrelated protein families associated with distinct biological functions. The notion of serum biomarker-guided EGFR-targeted therapies will also be discussed. Furthering our understanding of this novel ligand-receptor interaction will shed new light on the search of ligands for their cognate receptors, especially those orphan receptors without known ligands, and deepen our knowledge of the fundamental research in membrane receptor biology and the translational application toward the development of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
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15
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Hoang TT, Tanrikulu IC, Vatland QA, Hoang TM, Raines RT. A Human Ribonuclease Variant and ERK-Pathway Inhibitors Exhibit Highly Synergistic Toxicity for Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2622-2632. [PMID: 30282811 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases (ptRNases) are prevalent secretory enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a cytosolic protein that has femtomolar affinity for ptRNases, affording protection from the toxic catalytic activity of ptRNases, which can invade human cells. A human ptRNase variant that is resistant to inhibition by RI is a cytotoxin that is undergoing a clinical trial as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. We find that the ptRNase and protein kinases in the ERK pathway exhibit strongly synergistic toxicity toward lung cancer cells (including a KRASG12C variant) and melanoma cells (including BRAFV600E variants). The synergism arises from inhibiting the phosphorylation of RI and thereby diminishing its affinity for the ptRNase. These findings link seemingly unrelated cellular processes, and suggest that the use of a kinase inhibitor to unleash a cytotoxic enzyme could lead to beneficial manifestations in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish T Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - I Caglar Tanrikulu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Quinn A Vatland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Trieu M Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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16
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Oh JH, Chong S, Nam S, Hyun S, Choi S, Gye H, Jang S, Jang J, Hwang SW, Yu J, Lee Y. Multimeric Amphipathic α-Helical Sequences for Rapid and Efficient Intracellular Protein Transport at Nanomolar Concentrations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800240. [PMID: 30128238 PMCID: PMC6096998 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An amphipathic leucine (L) and lysine (K)-rich α-helical peptide is multimerized based on helix-loop-helix structures to maximize the penetrating activities. The multimeric LK-based cell penetrating peptides (LK-CPPs) can penetrate cells as protein-fused forms at 100-1000-fold lower concentrations than Tat peptide. The enhanced penetrating activity is increased through multimerization by degrees up to the tetramer level. The multimeric LK-CPPs show rapid cell penetration through macropinocytosis at low nanomolar concentrations, unlike the monomeric LK, which have slower penetrating kinetics at much higher concentrations. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors are highly involved in the rapid internalization of multimeric LK-CPPs. As a proof of concept of biomedical applications, an adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-γ 2), is delivered into preadipocytes, and highly enhanced expression of adipogenic genes at nanomolar concentrations is induced. The multimeric CPPs can be a useful platform for the intracellular delivery of bio-macromolecular reagents that have difficulty with penetration in order to control biological reactions in cells at feasible concentrations for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Oh
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Eun Chong
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Nam
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Soonsil Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and EducationSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sejong Choi
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojun Gye
- Department of Nano Science and Mechatronics EngineeringKonkuk University268 Chung Won Dae RoChungju‐CityChungbuk380‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmok Jang
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Joomyung Jang
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Hwang
- Department of Nano Science and Mechatronics EngineeringKonkuk University268 Chung Won Dae RoChungju‐CityChungbuk380‐701Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- Department of Chemistry and EducationSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of ChemistrySeoul National University1 Gwanak‐roGwanak‐guSeoul08826Republic of Korea
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17
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Wang YN, Lee HH, Chou CK, Yang WH, Wei Y, Chen CT, Yao J, Hsu JL, Zhu C, Ying H, Ye Y, Wang WJ, Lim SO, Xia W, Ko HW, Liu X, Liu CG, Wu X, Wang H, Li D, Prakash LR, Katz MH, Kang Y, Kim M, Fleming JB, Fogelman D, Javle M, Maitra A, Hung MC. Angiogenin/Ribonuclease 5 Is an EGFR Ligand and a Serum Biomarker for Erlotinib Sensitivity in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:752-769.e8. [PMID: 29606349 PMCID: PMC5893359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase) is a secreted enzyme critical for host defense. We discover an intrinsic RNase function, serving as a ligand for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The closely related bovine RNase A and human RNase 5 (angiogenin [ANG]) can trigger oncogenic transformation independently of their catalytic activities via direct association with EGFR. Notably, high plasma ANG level in PDAC patients is positively associated with response to EGFR inhibitor erlotinib treatment. These results identify a role of ANG as a serum biomarker that may be used to stratify patients for EGFR-targeted therapies, and offer insights into the ligand-receptor relationship between RNase and RTK families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chao-Kai Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-Te Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Cihui Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - How-Wen Ko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laura R Prakash
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew H Katz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaan Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Fogelman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 108, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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18
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Ferguson R, Subramanian V. The cellular uptake of angiogenin, an angiogenic and neurotrophic factor is through multiple pathways and largely dynamin independent. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193302. [PMID: 29486010 PMCID: PMC5828446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenin (ANG), a member of the RNase superfamily (also known as RNase 5) has neurotrophic, neuroprotective and angiogenic activities. Recently it has also been shown to be important in stem cell homeostasis. Mutations in ANG are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). ANG is a secreted protein which is taken up by cells and translocated to the nucleus. However, the import pathway/s through which ANG is taken up is/are still largely unclear. We have characterised the uptake of ANG in neuronal, astrocytic and microglial cell lines as well as primary neurons and astrocytes using pharmacological agents as well as dominant negative dynamin and Rab5 to perturb uptake and intracellular trafficking. We find that uptake of ANG is largely clathrin/dynamin independent and microtubule depolymerisation has a marginal effect. Perturbation of membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis significantly inhibited ANG uptake suggesting an uptake mechanism similar to RNase A. Our findings shed light on why mutations which do not overtly affect RNase activity but cause impaired localization are associated with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Ferguson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Vasanta Subramanian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hu G, Zheng W, Li A, Mu Y, Shi M, Li T, Zou H, Shao H, Qin A, Ye J. A novel CAV derived cell-penetrating peptide efficiently delivers exogenous molecules through caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Vet Res 2018; 49:16. [PMID: 29439726 PMCID: PMC5812233 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is a promising cargo for delivering bioactive molecules. In this study, the N terminus of VP1 from chicken anemia virus, designated as CVP1, was found to carry enriched arginine residues with α-helix. By confocal imaging, flow cytometry and MTT assay, we identified CVP1 as a novel, safe and efficient CPP. CVP1-FITC peptide could entry different types of cells tested with dose dependence, but without cytotoxic effects. Compared with TAT-FITC peptide, the CVP1-FITC peptide showed much higher cell-penetrating activity. Moreover, CVP1 could successfully deliver β-glycosidase, poly (I:C) and plasmid into HCT116 cells. Inhibitors and temperature sensitivity analysis further indicated that the cell-penetrating activity of CVP1 was based on ATP-dependent and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. All these data demonstrate that CVP1 has efficient cell-penetrating activity and great potential for developing a novel delivery vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlv Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaru Mu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Park H, Kim M, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Seo Y, Pham CD, Lee J, Byun SJ, Kwon MH. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) function as endocytic receptors for an internalizing anti-nucleic acid antibody. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14373. [PMID: 29085061 PMCID: PMC5662561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of monoclonal anti-DNA autoantibodies enters a variety of living cells. Here, we aimed to identify the endocytic receptors recognized by an internalizing anti-nucleic acid autoantibody, the 3D8 single-chain variable fragment (scFv). We found that cell surface binding and internalization of 3D8 scFv were inhibited markedly in soluble heparan sulfate (HS)/chondroitin sulfate (CS)-deficient or -removed cells and in the presence of soluble HS and CS. 3D8 scFv colocalized intracellularly with either HS proteoglycans (HSPGs) or CSPGs in HeLa cells. 3D8 scFv was co-endocytosed and co-precipitated with representative individual HSPG and CSPG molecules: syndecan-2 (a transmembrane HSPG), glypican-3 (a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HSPG); CD44 (a transmembrane CSPG); and brevican (a GPI-anchored CSPG). Collected data indicate that 3D8 scFv binds to the negatively charged sugar chains of both HSPGs and CSPGs and is then internalized along with these molecules, irrespective of how these proteoglycans are associated with the cell membrane. This is the first study to show that anti-DNA antibodies enter cells via both HSPGs and CSPGs simultaneously. The data may aid understanding of endocytic receptors that bind anti-DNA autoantibodies. The study also provides insight into potential cell membrane targets for macromolecular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Yeonjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Youngsil Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Chuong D Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Joungmin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea. .,Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea.
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21
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Patel D, Rorbach J, Downes K, Szukszto MJ, Pekalski ML, Minczuk M. Macropinocytic entry of isolated mitochondria in epidermal growth factor-activated human osteosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12886. [PMID: 29018288 PMCID: PMC5634993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria can be transferred between cells both in culture and in vivo. There is evidence that isolated mitochondria enter cells by endocytosis, but the mechanism has not been fully characterised. We investigated the entry mechanism of isolated mitochondria into human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. Initially we confirmed that respiratory-competent cells can be produced following incubation of HOS cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with functional exogenous mitochondria and selection in a restrictive medium. Treatment of HOS cells with inhibitors of different endocytic pathways suggest that uptake of EGFP-labelled mitochondria occurs via an actin-dependent endocytic pathway which is consistent with macropinocytosis. We later utilised time-lapse microscopy to show that internalised mitochondria were found in large, motile cellular vesicles. Finally, we used confocal imaging to show that EGFP-labelled mitochondria colocalise with a macropinocytic cargo molecule during internalisation, HOS cells produce membrane ruffles interacting with external mitochondria during uptake and EGFP-labelled mitochondria are found within early macropinosomes inside cells. In conclusion our results are consistent with isolated mitochondria being internalised by macropinocytosis in HOS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Patel
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Joanna Rorbach
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kate Downes
- CIMR, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, NHS Blood and Transplant, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Maciej J Szukszto
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | | | - Michal Minczuk
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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22
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Kim E, Zwi-Dantsis L, Reznikov N, Hansel CS, Agarwal S, Stevens MM. One-Pot Synthesis of Multiple Protein-Encapsulated DNA Flowers and Their Application in Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201701086. [PMID: 28474844 PMCID: PMC5516917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by biological systems, many biomimetic methods suggest fabrication of functional materials with unique physicochemical properties. Such methods frequently generate organic-inorganic composites that feature highly ordered hierarchical structures with intriguing properties, distinct from their individual components. A striking example is that of DNA-inorganic hybrid micro/nanostructures, fabricated by the rolling circle technique. Here, a novel concept for the encapsulation of bioactive proteins in DNA flowers (DNF) while maintaining the activity of protein payloads is reported. A wide range of proteins, including enzymes, can be simultaneously associated with the growing DNA strands and Mg2 PPi crystals during the rolling circle process, ultimately leading to the direct immobilization of proteins into DNF. The unique porous structure of this construct, along with the abundance of Mg ions and DNA molecules present, provides many interaction sites for proteins, enabling high loading efficiency and enhanced stability. Further, as a proof of concept, it is demonstrated that the DNF can deliver payloads of cytotoxic protein (i.e., RNase A) to the cells without a loss in its biological function and structural integrity, resulting in highly increased cell death compared to the free protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Limor Zwi-Dantsis
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Natalie Reznikov
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Hansel
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
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23
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Jiang J, Kao CY, Papoutsakis ET. How do megakaryocytic microparticles target and deliver cargo to alter the fate of hematopoietic stem cells? J Control Release 2016; 247:1-18. [PMID: 28024915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Megakaryocytic microparticles (MkMPs), the most abundant MPs in circulation, can induce the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) into functional megakaryocytes. This MkMP capability could be explored for applications in transfusion medicine but also for delivery of nucleic acids and other molecules to HSPCs for targeted molecular therapy. Understanding how MkMPs target, deliver cargo and alter the fate of HSPCs is important for exploring such applications. We show that MkMPs, which are distinct from Mk exosomes (MkExos), target HSPCs with high specificity since they have no effect on other ontologically or physiologically related cells, namely mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells or granulocytes. The outcome is also specific: only cells of the megakaryocytic lineage are generated. Observation of intact fluorescently-tagged MkMPs inside HSPCs demonstrates endocytosis as one mechanism of cargo delivery. Fluorescent labeling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging show that direct fusion of MkMPs into HSPCs is also engaged in cargo delivery. SEM imaging detailed the membrane-fusion process in four stages leading to full adsorption of MkMPs into HSPCs. Furthermore, macropinocytosis and lipid raft-mediated were shown here as mechanisms of MkMP uptake by HSPC. In contrast, the ontologically related platelet-derived MPs (PMPs) cannot be taken up by HSPCs although they bind to and induce HSPC aggregation. We show that platelet-like thrombin activation is apparently responsible for the different biological effects of MkMPs versus PMPs on HSPCs. We show that HSPC uropods are the preferential site for MkMP binding, and that CD54 (ICAM-1), CD11b, CD18 and CD43, localized on HSPC uropods, are involved in MkMP binding to HSPCs. Finally, we show that MkMP RNA is largely responsible for HSPC programming into Mk differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Chen-Yuan Kao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Eleftherios T Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
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24
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Thomas SP, Kim E, Kim JS, Raines RT. Knockout of the Ribonuclease Inhibitor Gene Leaves Human Cells Vulnerable to Secretory Ribonucleases. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6359-6362. [PMID: 27806571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease inhibitor (RNH1) is a cytosolic protein that binds with femtomolar affinity to human ribonuclease 1 (RNase 1) and homologous secretory ribonucleases. RNH1 contains 32 cysteine residues and has been implicated as an antioxidant. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out RNH1 in HeLa cells. We find that cellular RNH1 affords marked protection from the lethal ribonucleolytic activity of RNase 1 but not from oxidants. We conclude that RNH1 protects cytosolic RNA from invading ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney P Thomas
- Graduate Program in Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eunji Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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25
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Abstract
RNA interference mediated gene silencing has tremendous applicability in fields ranging from basic biological research to clinical therapy. However, delivery of siRNA across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm, where the RNA silencing machinery is located, is a significant hurdle in most primary cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), peptides that possess an intrinsic ability to translocate across cell membranes, have been explored as a means to achieve cellular delivery of siRNA. Approaches using CPPs by themselves or through incorporation into other siRNA delivery platforms have been investigated with the intent of improving cytoplasmic delivery. Here, we review the utilization of CPPs for siRNA delivery with a focus on strategies developed to enhance cellular uptake, endosomal escape and cytoplasmic localization of CPP/siRNA complexes.
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26
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Chinak OA, Fomin AS, Nushtaeva AA, Koval OA, Savelyeva AV, Kuligina EV, Richter VA. Penetration of the peptide lactaptin into human cancer cells. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162016040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Salazar VA, Arranz-Trullén J, Navarro S, Blanco JA, Sánchez D, Moussaoui M, Boix E. Exploring the mechanisms of action of human secretory RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:830-845. [PMID: 27277554 PMCID: PMC5061719 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antimicrobial RNases, which belong to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and are secreted upon infection, display a wide spectrum of antipathogen activities. In this work, we examined the antifungal activity of the eosinophil RNase 3 and the skin-derived RNase 7, two proteins expressed by innate cell types that are directly involved in the host defense against fungal infection. Candida albicans has been selected as a suitable working model for testing RNase activities toward a eukaryotic pathogen. We explored the distinct levels of action of both RNases on yeast by combining cell viability and membrane model assays together with protein labeling and confocal microscopy. Site-directed mutagenesis was applied to ablate either the protein active site or the key anchoring region for cell binding. This is the first integrated study that highlights the RNases' dual mechanism of action. Along with an overall membrane-destabilization process, the RNases could internalize and target cellular RNA. The data support the contribution of the enzymatic activity for the antipathogen action of both antimicrobial proteins, which can be envisaged as suitable templates for the development of novel antifungal drugs. We suggest that both human RNases work as multitasking antimicrobial proteins that provide a first line immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Javier Arranz-Trullén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Susanna Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.,Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Mohammed Moussaoui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain.
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28
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Liu D, Guo H, Zheng W, Zhang N, Wang T, Wang P, Ma X. Discovery of the cell-penetrating function of A2 domain derived from LTA subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5079-88. [PMID: 26960316 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is a protein toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). As a bacterial toxin, LT holotoxin can enter intestinal epithelial cells and cause diarrhea. In addition, LT is also a powerful mucosal adjuvant capable of enhancing the strong immune responses to co-administered antigens. However, the LT immunological mechanism is still not clear in some aspects, especially with the respect to how the LTA subunit functions alone. Here, we discovered that the A2 domain of LTA could carry a fluorescent protein into cells, whose function is similar to a cell-penetrating peptide. The transmembrane-transporting ability of the A2 domain is non-specific in its cell-penetrating function, which was shown through testing with different cell types. Moreover, the LTA2 fusion protein penetrated a fluorescently labeled cell membrane that identified LTA2 internalization through membrane transport pathways, and showed it finally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, low-temperature stress and pharmacological agent treatments showed that the LTA2 internalization route is a temperature-dependent process involving the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and the macropinocytosis pathways. These results could explain the internalization of the LTA subunit alone without the LTB pentamer, contributing to a better understanding of LTA working as a mucosal adjuvant; they also suggest that the A2 domain could be used as a novel transport vehicle for research and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Guo
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- School of Biotechnology and State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Henriques S, Huang YH, Chaousis S, Sani MA, Poth A, Separovic F, Craik D. The Prototypic Cyclotide Kalata B1 Has a Unique Mechanism of Entering Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1087-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Eller C, Chao TY, Singarapu KK, Ouerfelli O, Yang G, Markley JL, Danishefsky SJ, Raines RT. Human Cancer Antigen Globo H Is a Cell-Surface Ligand for Human Ribonuclease 1. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:181-190. [PMID: 26405690 PMCID: PMC4571170 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases are secretory enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. Recent efforts have endowed the homologues from cow (RNase A) and human (RNase 1) with toxicity for cancer cells, leading to a clinical trial. The basis for the selective toxicity of ribonuclease variants for cancerous versus noncancerous cells has, however, been unclear. A screen for RNase A ligands in an array of mammalian cell-surface glycans revealed strong affinity for a hexasaccharide, Globo H, that is a tumor-associated antigen and the basis for a vaccine in clinical trials. The affinity of RNase A and RNase 1 for immobilized Globo H is in the low micromolar-high nanomolar range. Moreover, reducing the display of Globo H on the surface of human breast adenocarcinoma cells with a small-molecule inhibitor of biosynthesis or a monoclonal antibody antagonist decreases the toxicity of an RNase 1 variant. Finally, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy showed that RNase 1 interacts with Globo H by using residues that are distal from the enzymic active site. The discovery that a systemic human ribonuclease binds to a moiety displayed on human cancer cells links two clinical paradigms and suggests a mechanism for innate resistance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelcie
H. Eller
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kiran K. Singarapu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Guangbin Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - John L. Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- E-mail:
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31
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Dubois JLN, Lavignac N. Cationic poly(amidoamine) promotes cytosolic delivery of bovine RNase A in melanoma cells, while maintaining its cellular toxicity. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6501-6508. [PMID: 32262558 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleases are known to cleave ribonucleic acids, inducing cell death. RNase A, a member of the ribonuclease family, generally displayed poor in vitro activity. This has been attributed to factors such as low intracellular delivery. Poly(amidoamine)s have been used to promote the translocation of non-permeant proteins to the cytosol. Our objective was to demonstrate that poly(amidoamine)s could potentially promote the delivery of RNase A to selected cell line. Interactions of three cationic poly(amidoamine)s (P1, P2 and ISA1) with wild-type bovine RNase A were investigated using gel retardation assays, DLS and microcalorimetry. Although the polymers and the protein are essentially cationic at physiological pH, complexation between the PAAs and RNase A was observed. The high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) thermograms demonstrated that the thermal stability of the protein was reduced when complexed with ISA1 (Tmax decreased by 6.5 °C) but was not affected by P1 and P2. All the polymers displayed low cytotoxicity towards non-cancerous cells (IC50 > 3.5 mg mL-1). While RNase A alone was not toxic to mouse melanoma cells (B16F1), P1 was able to promote cytosolic delivery of biologically active RNase A, increasing cell death (IC50 = 0.09 mg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L N Dubois
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
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32
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Kim HY, Kim S, Pyun HJ, Maeng J, Lee K. Cellular uptake mechanism of TCTP-PTD in human lung carcinoma cells. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:194-203. [PMID: 25423047 DOI: 10.1021/mp500547f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that human translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) contains, at its NH2-terminus, a protein transduction domain (PTD), which we called TCTP-PTD, with the amino acid sequence MIIYRDLISH. In this report we describe how TCTP-PTD penetrates A549 human lung cancer cell membranes and promotes protein internalization. Cellular uptake of fluorescent TCTP-PTD and a recombinant fusion protein consisting of TCTP-PTD and GFP (green fluorescent protein) was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Inhibitor assays using several agents that perturb the internalization process revealed that TCTP-PTD transduces the cells partly via lipid-raft/caveola-dependent endocytosis and partly by macropinocytosis in a dynamin/actin/microtubule-dependent pathway. To trace the pathway followed by the penetration of TCTP-PTD, the localization of PTDs was investigated in the lipid-raft, subcellular, and ER fractions. We found that, after entry, TCTP-PTD is localized in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, but not in the nucleus, and is transported into endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Expression levels of caveolin-1 in A549 and HeLa cells are different, and these differences appear to contribute to the sensitivity of TCTP-PTD uptake inhibition, against lipid-raft depleter, nystatin. This elucidation of the underlying mechanism of TCTP-PTD translocation may help the design of approaches that employ TCTP-PTD in the cellular delivery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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33
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Eller CH, Lomax JE, Raines RT. Bovine brain ribonuclease is the functional homolog of human ribonuclease 1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25996-26006. [PMID: 25078100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1) plays important roles in vivo, ranging from regulating blood clotting and inflammation to directly counteracting tumorigenic cells. Understanding these putative roles has been pursued with continual comparisons of human RNase 1 to bovine RNase A, an enzyme that appears to function primarily in the ruminant gut. Our results imply a different physiology for human RNase 1. We demonstrate distinct functional differences between human RNase 1 and bovine RNase A. Moreover, we characterize another RNase 1 homolog, bovine brain ribonuclease, and find pronounced similarities between that enzyme and human RNase 1. We report that human RNase 1 and bovine brain ribonuclease share high catalytic activity against double-stranded RNA substrates, a rare quality among ribonucleases. Both human RNase 1 and bovine brain RNase are readily endocytosed by mammalian cells, aided by tight interactions with cell surface glycans. Finally, we show that both human RNase 1 and bovine brain RNase are secreted from endothelial cells in a regulated manner, implying a potential role in vascular homeostasis. Our results suggest that brain ribonuclease, not RNase A, is the true bovine homolog of human RNase 1, and provide fundamental insight into the ancestral roles and functional adaptations of RNase 1 in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelcie H Eller
- Departments of Biochemistry and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jo E Lomax
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Departments of Biochemistry and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706; Departments of Chemistry, and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
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34
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Vrtačnik P, Kos Š, Bustin SA, Marc J, Ostanek B. Influence of trypsinization and alternative procedures for cell preparation before RNA extraction on RNA integrity. Anal Biochem 2014; 463:38-44. [PMID: 24983903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of techniques such as microarrays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing is critically dependent on RNA quality. We have repeatedly observed extensive RNA degradation following trypsinization, a routine procedure used to dissociate adherent tissue culture cells prior to RNA extraction. This study investigated the cause of this degradation and identifies an alternative procedure that enables extraction of intact high-quality RNA. Trypsinization and several alternative procedures were used to dissociate a range of different cell lines prior to RNA extraction. The contribution of exogenous ribonucleases or induction of endogenous ribonucleases by trypsin reagent proteases to RNA degradation was examined. Trypsinization resulted in a complete degradation of RNA regardless of cell line type, differentiation stage, or passage number. This occurred when intact RNA was incubated directly with trypsin and was not suppressed by inhibiting trypsin's protease activity. Prevention of degradation by sodium hypochlorite treatment of trypsin reagent identified the presence of ribonucleases in trypsin derived from animal pancreas. Consistent extraction of high-quality RNA requires the use of direct cell lysis with a phenol guanidine-based reagent or an animal origin-free protease-based dissociation agent if enzymatic detachment prior to RNA extraction cannot be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vrtačnik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Ostanek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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Lomax JE, Bianchetti CM, Chang A, Phillips GN, Fox BG, Raines RT. Functional evolution of ribonuclease inhibitor: insights from birds and reptiles. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3041-56. [PMID: 24941155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a conserved protein of the mammalian cytosol. RI binds with high affinity to diverse secretory ribonucleases (RNases) and inhibits their enzymatic activity. Although secretory RNases are found in all vertebrates, the existence of a non-mammalian RI has been uncertain. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of RI homologs from chicken and anole lizard. These proteins bind to RNases from multiple species but exhibit much greater affinity for their cognate RNases than for mammalian RNases. To reveal the basis for this differential affinity, we determined the crystal structure of mouse, bovine, and chicken RI·RNase complexes to a resolution of 2.20, 2.21, and 1.92Å, respectively. A combination of structural, computational, and bioinformatic analyses enabled the identification of two residues that appear to contribute to the differential affinity for RNases. We also found marked differences in oxidative instability between mammalian and non-mammalian RIs, indicating evolution toward greater oxygen sensitivity in RIs from mammalian species. Taken together, our results illuminate the structural and functional evolution of RI, along with its dynamic role in vertebrate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lomax
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Aram Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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The RNA in reticulocytes is not just debris: It is necessary for the final stages of erythrocyte formation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Fluorogenic probe for constitutive cellular endocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:614-8. [PMID: 23601650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis is a fundamental process of eukaryotic cells that is critical for nutrient uptake, signal transduction, and growth. We have developed a molecular probe to quantify endocytosis. The probe is a lipid conjugated to a fluorophore that is masked with an enzyme-activatable moiety known as the trimethyl lock. The probe is not fluorescent when incorporated into the plasma membrane of human cells but becomes fluorescent upon internalization into endosomes, where cellular esterases activate the trimethyl lock. Using this probe, we found that human breast cancer cells undergo constitutive endocytosis more rapidly than do matched noncancerous cells. These data reveal a possible phenotypic distinction of cancer cells that could be the basis for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize both pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns and induce innate immune responses. Some TLRs are expressed in neurons and regulate neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. However, the downstream signaling pathways and effectors for TLRs in neurons are still controversial. In this report, we provide evidence that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth through the canonical myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88)-c-Fos-interleukin (IL)-6 pathway. Although both TLR7 and TLR8 recognize single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), the results of quantitative reverse transcription-PCR suggested that TLR7 is the major TLR recognizing ssRNA in brains. In both in vitro cultures and in utero electroporation experiments, manipulation of TLR7 expression levels was sufficient to alter neuronal morphology, indicating the presence of intrinsic TLR7 ligands. Besides, the RNase A treatment that removed ssRNA in cultures promoted dendrite growth. We also found that the addition of ssRNA and synthetic TLR7 agonists CL075 and loxoribine, but not R837 (imiquimod), to cultured neurons specifically restricted dendrite growth via TLR7. These results all suggest that TLR7 negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. In cultured neurons, TLR7 activation induced IL-6 and TNF-α expression through Myd88. Using Myd88-, IL-6-, and TNF-α-deficient neurons, we then demonstrated the essential roles of Myd88 and IL-6, but not TNF-α, in the TLR7 pathway to restrict dendrite growth. In addition to neuronal morphology, TLR7 knockout also affects mouse behaviors, because young mutant mice ∼2 weeks of age exhibited noticeably lower exploratory activity in an open field. In conclusion, our study suggests that TLR7 negatively regulates dendrite growth and influences cognition in mice.
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Sundlass NK, Eller CH, Cui Q, Raines RT. Contribution of electrostatics to the binding of pancreatic-type ribonucleases to membranes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6304-12. [PMID: 23947917 DOI: 10.1021/bi400619m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases show clinical promise as chemotherapeutic agents but are limited in efficacy by the inefficiency of their uptake by human cells. Cellular uptake can be increased by the addition of positive charges to the surface of ribonucleases, either by site-directed mutagenesis or by chemical modification. This observation has led to the hypothesis that ribonuclease uptake by cells depends on electrostatics. Here, we use a combination of experimental and computational methods to ascertain the contribution of electrostatics to the cellular uptake of ribonucleases. We focus on three homologous ribonucleases: Onconase (frog), ribonuclease A (cow), and ribonuclease 1 (human). Our results support the hypothesis that electrostatics are necessary for the cellular uptake of Onconase. In contrast, specific interactions with cell-surface components likely contribute more to the cellular uptake of ribonuclease A and ribonuclease 1 than do electrostatics. These findings provide insight for the design of new cytotoxic ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Sundlass
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Graduate Program in Biophysics, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Chao TY, Raines RT. Fluorogenic label to quantify the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:339-42. [PMID: 23340874 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of a macromolecule to the cytosol of human cells is assessed by using a pendant di-O-glycosylated derivative of fluorescein. Its fluorescence is unmasked by Escherichia coliβ-galactosidase installed in the cytosol. Background is diminished by using RNAi to suppress the expression of GLB1, which encodes a lysosomal β-galactosidase. This strategy was used to quantify the cytosolic entry of a highly cationic protein, ribonuclease A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Erazo-Oliveras A, Muthukrishnan N, Baker R, Wang TY, Pellois JP. Improving the endosomal escape of cell-penetrating peptides and their cargos: strategies and challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1177-1209. [PMID: 24223492 PMCID: PMC3816665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) can deliver cell-impermeable therapeutic cargos into cells. In particular, CPP-cargo conjugates tend to accumulate inside cells by endocytosis. However, they often remain trapped inside endocytic organelles and fail to reach the cytosolic space of cells efficiently. In this review, the evidence for CPP-mediated endosomal escape is discussed. In addition, several strategies that have been utilized to enhance the endosomal escape of CPP-cargos are described. The recent development of branched systems that display multiple copies of a CPP is presented. The use of viral or synthetic peptides that can disrupt the endosomal membrane upon activation by the low pH of endosomes is also discussed. Finally, we survey how CPPs labeled with chromophores can be used in combination with light to stimulate endosomal lysis. The mechanisms and challenges associated with these intracellular delivery methodologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-979-845-0101; Fax: +1-979-862-4718
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Ru Q, Shang BY, Miao QF, Li L, Wu SY, Gao RJ, Zhen YS. A cell penetrating peptide-integrated and enediyne-energized fusion protein shows potent antitumor activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:781-9. [PMID: 22982402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arginine-rich peptides belong to a subclass of cell penetrating peptides that are taken up by living cells and can be detected freely diffusing inside the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. This phenomenon has been attributed to either an endocytotic mode of uptake and a subsequent release from vesicles or a direct membrane penetration. Lidamycin is an antitumor antibiotic, which consists of an active enediyne chromophore (AE) and a noncovalently bound apoprotein (LDP). In the present study, a fusion protein (Arg)(9)-LDP composed of cell penetrating peptide (Arg)(9) and LDP was prepared by DNA recombination, and the enediyne-energized fusion protein (Arg)(9)-LDP-AE was prepared by molecular reconstitution. The data in fixed cells demonstrated that (Arg)(9)-LDP could rapidly enter cells, and the results based on fluorescence activated cell sorting indicated that the major route for (Arg)(9)-mediated cellular uptake of protein molecules was endocytosis. (Arg)(9)-LDP-AE demonstrated more potent cytotoxicity against different carcinoma cell lines than lidamycin in vitro. In the mouse hepatoma 22 model, (Arg)(9)-LDP-AE (0.3mg/kg) suppressed the tumor growth by 89.2%, whereas lidamycin (0.05 mg/kg) by 74.6%. Furthermore, in the glioma U87 xenograft model in nude mice, (Arg)(9)-LDP-AE at 0.2mg/kg suppressed tumor growth by 88.8%, compared with that of lidamycin by 62.9% at 0.05 mg/kg. No obvious toxic effects were observed in all groups during treatments. The results showed that energized fusion protein (Arg)(9)-LDP-AE was more effective than lidamycin and would be a promising candidate for glioma therapy. In addition, this approach to manufacturing fusion proteins might serve as a technology platform for the development of new cell penetrating peptides-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ru
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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The sulfate-binding site structure of the human eosinophil cationic protein as revealed by a new crystal form. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
The role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis is clearly established; however, the mechanisms by which platelets mediate inflammatory and immune pathways are less well understood. Platelets interact and modulate the function of blood and vascular cells by releasing bioactive molecules. Although the platelet is anucleate, it contains transcripts that may mirror disease. Platelet mRNA is only associated with low-level protein translation; however, platelets have a unique membrane structure allowing for the passage of small molecules, leading to the possibility that its cytoplasmic RNA may be passed to nucleated cells. To examine this question, platelet-like particles with labeled RNA were cocultured with vascular cells. Coculture of platelet-like particles with activated THP-1, monocytic, and endothelial cells led to visual and functional RNA transfer. Posttransfer microarray gene expression analysis of THP-1 cells showed an increase in HBG1/HBG2 and HBA1/HBA2 expression that was directly related to the transfer. Infusion of wild-type platelets into a TLR2-deficient mouse model established in vivo confirmation of select platelet RNA transfer to leukocytes. By specifically transferring green fluorescent protein, we also observed external RNA was functional in the recipient cells. The observation that platelets possess the capacity to transfer cytosolic RNA suggests a new function for platelets in the regulation of vascular homeostasis.
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Sundlass NK, Raines RT. Arginine residues are more effective than lysine residues in eliciting the cellular uptake of onconase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:10293-9. [PMID: 21980976 DOI: 10.1021/bi200979k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Onconase is an amphibian member of the pancreatic ribonuclease family of enzymes that is in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Onconase, which has an abundance of lysine residues, is internalized by cancer cells through endocytosis in a mechanism similar to that of cell-penetrating peptides. Here, we compare the effect of lysine versus arginine residues on the biochemical attributes necessary for Onconase to elicit its cytotoxic activity. In the variant R-Onconase, 10 of the 12 lysine residues in Onconase are replaced with arginine, leaving only the two active-site lysines intact. Cytometric assays quantifying internalization showed a 3-fold increase in the internalization of R-Onconase compared with Onconase. R-Onconase also showed greater affinity for heparin and a 2-fold increase in ribonucleolytic activity. Nonetheless, arginine substitution endowed only a slight increase in toxicity toward human cancer cells. Analysis of denaturation induced with guanidine-HCl showed that R-Onconase has less conformational stability than does the wild-type enzyme; moreover, R-Onconase is more susceptible to proteolytic degradation. These data indicate that arginine residues are more effective than lysine in eliciting cellular internalization but can compromise other aspects of protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Sundlass
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Gooding M, Tudzarova S, Worthington RJ, Kingsbury SR, Rebstock AS, Dube H, Simone MI, Visintin C, Lagos D, Quesada JMF, Laman H, Boshoff C, Williams GH, Stoeber K, Selwood DL. Exploring the Interaction Between siRNA and the SMoC Biomolecule Transporters: Implications for Small Molecule-Mediated Delivery of siRNA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:9-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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