1
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Bai Y, Yuan Z, Yuan S, He Z. Recent advances of Pin1 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107171. [PMID: 38325131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Pin1 (proline isomerase peptidyl-prolyl isomerase NIMA-interacting-1), as a member of PPIase family, catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of pThr/Ser-Pro amide bonds of its substrate proteins, further regulating cell proliferation, division, apoptosis, and transformation. Pin1 is overexpressed in various cancers and is positively correlated with tumor initiation and progression. Pin1 inhibition can effectively reduce tumor growth and cancer stem cell expansion, block metastatic spread, and restore chemosensitivity, suggesting that targeting Pin1 may be an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Considering the promising therapeutic effects of Pin1 inhibitors on cancers, we herein are intended to comprehensively summarize the reported Pin1 inhibitors, mainly highlighting their structures, biological functions and binding modes, in hope of providing a reference for the future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Bai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, China.
| | - Zhangxu He
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, China.
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2
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Liu L, Zhu R, Li J, Pei Y, Wang S, Xu P, Wang M, Wen Y, Zhang H, Du D, Ding H, Jiang H, Chen K, Zhou B, Yu L, Luo C. Computational and Structure-Based Development of High Potent Cell-Active Covalent Inhibitor Targeting the Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase NIMA-Interacting-1 (Pin1). J Med Chem 2022; 65:2174-2190. [PMID: 35089030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The unique proline isomerase peptidyl-prolyl isomerase NIMA-interacting-1 (Pin1) is reported to activate numerous cancer-driving pathways simultaneously, and aberrant Pin1 activation is present in many human cancers. Here, we identified a novel hit compound, ZL-Pin01, that covalently modified Pin1 at Cys113 with an half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.33 ± 0.07 μM through screening an in-house library. Crystallographic study drove the process of structure-guided optimization and led to the potent inhibitor ZL-Pin13 with an IC50 of 0.067 ± 0.03 μM. We obtained four co-crystal structures of Pin1 complexed with inhibitors that elucidated the detailed binding mode of the derivatives with Pin1. Interestingly, the co-crystal of Pin1 with ZL-Pin13 obtained by co-crystallization revealed the conformational change of Gln129 induced by the inhibitor. Furthermore, ZL-Pin13 effectively inhibited the proliferation and downregulated the Pin1 substrates in MDA-MB-231 cells. Collectively, we developed a potent covalent inhibitor of Pin1, ZL-Pin13, which could be an effective probe for studying the functional roles of Pin1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Pei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daohai Du
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lifang Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, The Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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3
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Kato Y, Kuroda T, Huang Y, Ohta R, Goto Y, Suga H. Chemoenzymatic Posttranslational Modification Reactions for the Synthesis of Ψ[CH 2NH]‐Containing Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Risa Ohta
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yuki Goto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- JST-PRESTO The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- JST-CREST The University of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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4
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Kato Y, Kuroda T, Huang Y, Ohta R, Goto Y, Suga H. Chemoenzymatic Posttranslational Modification Reactions for the Synthesis of Ψ[CH 2 NH]-Containing Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:684-688. [PMID: 31622000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Ψ[CH2 NH] reduced amide bond is a peptide isostere widely used in the development of bioactive pseudopeptides. Reported here is a method of chemoenzymatic posttranslational modification for the synthesis of Ψ[CH2 NH]-containing peptides converted from ribosomally expressed peptides. The posttranslational conversion composed of an enzymatic cyclodehydration and facile two-step chemical reduction achieves deoxygenation of a specific amide bond present in a nonprotected peptide in water. This method generates the Ψ[CH2 NH] bond in peptides and is applicable to various peptide sequences, potentially enabling the preparation of a library of Ψ[CH2 NH]-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Risa Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Goto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,JST-PRESTO, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,JST-CREST, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Zhu W, Li Y, Liu M, Zhu J, Yang Y. Uncorrelated Effect of Interdomain Contact on Pin1 Isomerase Activity Reveals Positive Catalytic Cooperativity. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1272-1278. [PMID: 30821977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pin1 is a two-domain peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) associated with neurodegeneration and tumorigenesis. The two domains, a WW and a PPIase domain, are connected by a flexible linker, making Pin1 adopt various conformations ranging from compact to extended, wherein Pin1 exhibits different extents of interdomain contact. Previous studies have shown that weakening interdomain contact increases the isomerase activity of Pin1. Here, we propose an NMR chemical shift correlation-analysis-based method that will be general for two-domain proteins to gauge two-state populations of Pin1, and we report a linker-modified mutant of Pin1 with enhanced interdomain contact and increased isomerase activity, with the latter suggesting an uncorrelated effect of interdomain contact on isomerase activity. Thus, although bindings of different substrates in the WW domain impose opposite effects on interdomain contact, in both cases, it may promote isomerization, implying cooperativity between substrate binding in the WW domain and isomerization in the PPIase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , People's Republic of China
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6
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Ma T, Huang M, Li A, Zhao F, Li D, Liu D, Zhao L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of benzimidazole derivatives as novel human Pin1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:1859-1863. [PMID: 31103446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as Pin1 inhibitors. Protease-coupled assay was used to investigate the Pin1 inhibitory potency of all synthesized compounds. Thirteen of them showed preferable Pin1 inhibitory effects with IC50 values lower than 5 μM, and 12a, 15b, 15d and 16c exhibited the most promising Pin1 inhibitory activity at low micromolar level (0.33-1.00 μM) than the positive control compound Juglone. Flow cytometry results showed that treating PC-3 cells with 16c caused slight cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. The structure-activity relationships of R1, R2, R3 and linker of the benzimidazole derivatives were analyzed in detail, which would help further exploration of new Pin1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Aihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Deyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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7
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Kadyrov R. Reduction of Amides to Amines under Mild Conditions via Catalytic Hydrogenation of Amide Acetals and Imidates. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renat Kadyrov
- Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH Rodenbacher Chaussee 4 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang Germany
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8
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BCPA { N, N'-1,4-Butanediylbis[3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide]} Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation through Increased Retention of Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase Never in Mitosis A-Interacting 1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113436. [PMID: 30388885 PMCID: PMC6275020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is caused by an imbalance of osteoclast and osteoblast activities and it is characterized by enhanced osteoclast formation and function. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase never in mitosis A (NIMA)-interacting 1 (Pin1) is a key mediator of osteoclast cell-cell fusion via suppression of the dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP). We found that N,N′-1,4-butanediylbis[3-(2-chlorophenyl)acrylamide] (BCPA) inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. In addition, BCPA attenuated the reduction of Pin1 protein during osteoclast differentiation without changing Pin1 mRNA levels. BCPA repressed the expression of osteoclast-related genes, such as DC-STAMP and osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), without altering the mRNA expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) and cellular oncogene fos (c-Fos). Furthermore, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive mononuclear cells were significantly decreased by BCPA treatment compared to treatment with the Pin1 inhibitor juglone. These data suggest that BCPA can inhibit osteoclastogenesis by regulating the expression of the DC-STAMP osteoclast fusion protein by attenuating Pin1 reduction. Therefore, BCPA may be used to treat osteoporosis.
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9
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Matena A, Rehic E, Hönig D, Kamba B, Bayer P. Structure and function of the human parvulins Pin1 and Par14/17. Biol Chem 2018; 399:101-125. [PMID: 29040060 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parvulins belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) assisting in protein folding and in regulating the function of a broad variety of proteins in all branches of life. The human representatives Pin1 and Par14/17 are directly involved in processes influencing cellular maintenance and cell fate decisions such as cell-cycle progression, metabolic pathways and ribosome biogenesis. This review on human parvulins summarizes the current knowledge of these enzymes and intends to oppose the well-studied Pin1 to its less well-examined homolog human Par14/17 with respect to structure, catalytic and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Matena
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Edisa Rehic
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dana Hönig
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Bianca Kamba
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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10
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Wu KJ, Zhong HJ, Yang G, Wu C, Huang JM, Li G, Ma DL, Leung CH. Small Molecule Pin1 Inhibitor Blocking NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:275-279. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
| | - Jie-Min Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Guodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University; Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
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11
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Fine-tuning the extent and dynamics of binding cleft opening as a potential general regulatory mechanism in parvulin-type peptidyl prolyl isomerases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44504. [PMID: 28300139 PMCID: PMC5353683 DOI: 10.1038/srep44504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvulins or rotamases form a distinct group within peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Their exact mode of action as well as the role of conserved residues in the family are still not unambiguously resolved. Using backbone S2 order parameters and NOEs as restraints, we have generated dynamic structural ensembles of three distinct parvulins, SaPrsA, TbPin1 and CsPinA. The resulting ensembles are in good agreement with the experimental data but reveal important differences between the three enzymes. The largest difference can be attributed to the extent of the opening of the substrate binding cleft, along which motional mode the three molecules occupy distinct regions. Comparison with a wide range of other available parvulin structures highlights structural divergence along the bottom of the binding cleft acting as a hinge during the opening-closing motion. In the prototype WW-domain containing parvulin, Pin1, this region is also important in forming contacts with the WW domain known to modulate enzymatic activity of the catalytic domain. We hypothesize that modulation of the extent and dynamics of the identified ‘breathing motion’ might be one of the factors responsible for functional differences in the distinct parvulin subfamilies.
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12
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Vöhringer-Martinez E, Dörner C. Conformational Substrate Selection Contributes to the Enzymatic Catalytic Reaction Mechanism of Pin1. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12444-12453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
- Departamento de Físico-Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ciro Dörner
- Departamento de Físico-Química,
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
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13
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Dunyak BM, Gestwicki JE. Peptidyl-Proline Isomerases (PPIases): Targets for Natural Products and Natural Product-Inspired Compounds. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9622-9644. [PMID: 27409354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) are a chaperone superfamily comprising the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), cyclophilins, and parvulins. PPIases catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of proline, acting as a regulatory switch during folding, activation, and/or degradation of many proteins. These "clients" include proteins with key roles in cancer, neurodegeneration, and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that PPIase inhibitors could be important therapeutics. However, the active site of PPIases is shallow, solvent-exposed, and well conserved between family members, making selective inhibitor design challenging. Despite these hurdles, macrocyclic natural products, including FK506, rapamycin, and cyclosporin, bind PPIases with nanomolar or better affinity. De novo attempts to derive new classes of inhibitors have been somewhat less successful, often showcasing the "undruggable" features of PPIases. Interestingly, the most potent of these next-generation molecules tend to integrate features of the natural products, including macrocyclization or proline mimicry strategies. Here, we review recent developments and ongoing challenges in the inhibition of PPIases, with a focus on how natural products might inform the creation of potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Dunyak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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14
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Huang KY, Horng JC. Modulating the Affinities of Phosphopeptides for the Human Pin1 WW Domain Using 4-Substituted Proline Derivatives. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6186-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Yen Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
- Frontier
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
| | - Jia-Cherng Horng
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
- Frontier
Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, ROC
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15
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Wang J, Tochio N, Kawasaki R, Tamari Y, Xu N, Uewaki JI, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Tate SI. Allosteric Breakage of the Hydrogen Bond within the Dual-Histidine Motif in the Active Site of Human Pin1 PPIase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5242-53. [PMID: 26226559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intimate cooperativity among active site residues in enzymes is a key factor for regulating elaborate reactions that would otherwise not occur readily. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) is the phosphorylation-dependent cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) that specifically targets phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs. Residues C113, H59, H157, and T152 form a hydrogen bond network in the active site, as in the noted connection. Theoretical studies have shown that protonation to thiolate C113 leads to rearrangement of this hydrogen bond network, with switching of the tautomeric states of adjacent histidines (H59 and H157) [Barman, A., and Hamelberg, D. (2014) Biochemistry 53, 3839-3850]. This is called the "dual-histidine motif". Here, C113A and C113S Pin1 mutants were found to alter the protonation states of H59 according to the respective residue type replaced at C113, and the mutations resulted in disruption of the hydrogen bond within the dual-histidine motif. In the C113A mutant, H59 was observed to be in exchange between ε- and δ-tautomers, which widened the entrance of the active site cavity, as seen by an increase in the distance between residues A113 and S154. The C113S mutant caused H59 to exchange between the ε-tautomer and imidazolium while not changing the active site structure. Moreover, the imidazole ring orientations of H59 and H157 were changed in the C113S mutant. These results demonstrated that a mutation at C113 modulates the hydrogen bond network dynamics. Thus, C113 acts as a pivot to drive the concerted function among the residues in the hydrogen bond network, as theoretically predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naoya Tochio
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kawasaki
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yu Tamari
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Uewaki
- Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naoko Utsunomiya-Tate
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University , 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tate
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.,Research Center for the Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics (RcMcD), Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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16
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Pin1: Intimate involvement with the regulatory protein kinase networks in the global phosphorylation landscape. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2077-86. [PMID: 25766872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphorylation is a universal regulatory mechanism that involves an extensive network of protein kinases. The discovery of the phosphorylation-dependent peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 added an additional layer of complexity to these regulatory networks. SCOPE OF REVIEW We have evaluated interactions between Pin1 and the regulatory kinome and proline-dependent phosphoproteome taking into consideration findings from targeted studies as well as data that has emerged from systematic phosphoproteomic workflows and from curated protein interaction databases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The relationship between Pin1 and the regulatory protein kinase networks is not restricted simply to the recognition of proteins that are substrates for proline-directed kinases. In this respect, Pin1 itself is phosphorylated in cells by protein kinases that modulate its functional properties. Furthermore, the phosphorylation-dependent targets of Pin1 include a number of protein kinases as well as other enzymes such as phosphatases and regulatory subunits of kinases that modulate the actions of protein kinases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE As a result of its interactions with numerous protein kinases and their substrates, as well as itself being a target for phosphorylation, Pin1 has an intricate relationship with the regulatory protein kinase and phosphoproteomic networks that orchestrate complex cellular processes and respond to environmental cues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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17
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Xu N, Tochio N, Wang J, Tamari Y, Uewaki JI, Utsunomiya-Tate N, Igarashi K, Shiraki T, Kobayashi N, Tate SI. The C113D mutation in human Pin1 causes allosteric structural changes in the phosphate binding pocket of the PPIase domain through the tug of war in the dual-histidine motif. Biochemistry 2014; 53:5568-78. [PMID: 25100325 DOI: 10.1021/bi5007817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) catalyzes specifically the pSer/pThr-Pro motif. The cis-trans isomerization mechanism has been studied by various approaches, including X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, and the kinetic isotope effect on isomerization. However, a complete picture of the reaction mechanism remains elusive. On the basis of the X-ray structure of Pin1, residue C113 was proposed to play a nucleophile attacker to catalyze the isomerization. The controversial result that the C113D Pin1 mutant retains the activity, albeit at a reduced level, challenges the importance of C113 as a catalyst. To facilitate our understanding of the Pin1 isomerization process, we compared the structures and dynamics of the wild type with those of the C113D mutant Pin1 PPIase domains (residues 51-163). We found the C113D mutation disturbed the hydrogen bonds between the conserved histidine residues, H59 and H157 ("dual-histidine motif"); H59 imidazole forms a stable hydrogen bond to H157 in the wild type, whereas it has a strong hydrogen bond to D113 with weakened bonding to H157 in the C113D mutant. The C113D mutation unbalanced the hydrogen bonding tug of war for H59 between C113/D113 and H157 and destabilized the catalytic site structure, which eventually resulted in an altered conformation of the basic triad (K63, R68, and R69) that binds to the phosphate group in a substrate. The change in the basic triad structure could explain the severely weakened substrate binding ability of the C113D mutant. Overall, this work demonstrated that C113 plays a role in keeping the catalytic site in an active fold, which has never before been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Hiroshima University , 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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18
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Vöhringer-Martinez E, Verstraelen T, Ayers PW. The Influence of Ser-154, Cys-113, and the Phosphorylated Threonine Residue on the Catalytic Reaction Mechanism of Pin1. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9871-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505638w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Vöhringer-Martinez
- Departamento
de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Toon Verstraelen
- Center
for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (Member of the QCMM Ghent−Brussels
Alliance)
| | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department
of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8 S4L8, Canada
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19
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Mercedes-Camacho AY, Mullins AB, Mason MD, Xu GG, Mahoney BJ, Wang X, Peng JW, Etzkorn FA. Kinetic isotope effects support the twisted amide mechanism of Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7707-13. [PMID: 24116866 DOI: 10.1021/bi400700b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Pin1 peptidyl-prolyl isomerase catalyzes isomerization of pSer/pThr-Pro motifs in regulating the cell cycle. Peptide substrates, Ac-Phe-Phe-phosphoSer-Pro-Arg-p-nitroaniline, were synthesized in unlabeled form, and with deuterium-labeled Ser-d3 and Pro-d7 amino acids. Kinetic data were collected as a function of Pin1 concentration to measure kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) on catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The normal secondary (2°) KIE value measured for the Ser-d3 substrate (kH/kD = 1.6 ± 0.2) indicates that the serine carbonyl does not rehybridize from sp(2) to sp(3) in the rate-determining step, ruling out a nucleophilic addition mechanism. The normal 2° KIE can be explained by hyperconjugation between Ser α-C-H/D and C═O and release of steric strain upon rotation of the amide bond from cis to syn-exo. The inverse 2° KIE value (kH/kD = 0.86 ± 0.08) measured for the Pro-d7 substrate indicates rehybridization of the prolyl nitrogen from sp(2) to sp(3) during the rate-limiting step of isomerization. No solvent kinetic isotope was measured by NMR exchange spectroscopy (kH2O/kD2O = 0.92 ± 0.12), indicating little or no involvement of exchangeable protons in the mechanism. These results support the formation of a simple twisted amide transition state as the mechanism for peptidyl prolyl isomerization catalyzed by Pin1. A model of the reaction mechanism is presented using crystal structures of Pin1 with ground state analogues and an inhibitor that resembles a twisted amide transition state.
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20
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Velazquez HA, Hamelberg D. Conformation-Directed Catalysis and Coupled Enzyme–Substrate Dynamics in Pin1 Phosphorylation-Dependent Cis–Trans Isomerase. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11509-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405271s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector A. Velazquez
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
| | - Donald Hamelberg
- Department
of Chemistry and
the Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, United States
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21
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Moore JD, Potter A. Pin1 inhibitors: Pitfalls, progress and cellular pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4283-91. [PMID: 23796453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Compelling data supports the hypothesis that Pin1 inhibitors will be useful for the therapy of cancer: Pin1 deficient mice resist the induction of breast cancers normally evoked by expression of MMTV-driven Ras or Erb2 alleles. While Pin1 poses challenges for drug discovery, several groups have identified potent antagonists by structure based drug design, significant progress has been made designing peptidic inhibitors and a number of natural products have been found that blockade Pin1, notably epigallocatchechin gallate (EGCG), a major flavonoid in green tea. Here we critically discuss the modes of action and likely specificity of these compounds, concluding that a suitable chemical biology tool for probing the function of Pin1 has yet to be found. We conclude by outlining some open questions regarding the target validation of Pin1 and the prospects for identification of improved inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Moore
- Horizon Discovery, Cambridge Research Park, Cambridge CB25 9TL, UK.
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22
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Shaw JB, Li W, Holden DD, Zhang Y, Griep-Raming J, Fellers RT, Early BP, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL, Brodbelt JS. Complete protein characterization using top-down mass spectrometry and ultraviolet photodissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12646-51. [PMID: 23697802 DOI: 10.1021/ja4029654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The top-down approach to proteomics offers compelling advantages due to the potential to provide complete characterization of protein sequence and post-translational modifications. Here we describe the implementation of 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) in an Orbitrap mass spectrometer for characterization of intact proteins. Near-complete fragmentation of proteins up to 29 kDa is achieved with UVPD including the unambiguous localization of a single residue mutation and several protein modifications on Pin1 (Q13526), a protein implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease and in cancer pathogenesis. The 5 ns, high-energy activation afforded by UVPD exhibits far less precursor ion-charge state dependence than conventional collision- and electron-based dissociation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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23
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Xu GG, Slebodnick C, Etzkorn FA. Cyclohexyl ketone inhibitors of Pin1 dock in a trans-diaxial cyclohexane conformation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44226. [PMID: 23028504 PMCID: PMC3446931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclohexyl ketone substrate analogue inhibitors (Ac–pSer-Ψ[C = OCH]-Pip–tryptamine) of Pin1, the cell cycle regulatory peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase), were designed and synthesized as potential electrophilic acceptors for the Pin1 active site Cys113 nucleophile to test a proposed nucleophilic addition-isomerization mechanism. Because they were weak inhibitors, models of all three stereoisomers were docked into the active site of Pin1. Each isomer consistently minimized to a trans-diaxial cyclohexane conformation. From this, we hypothesize that Pin1 stretches substrates into a trans-pyrrolidine conformation to lower the barrier to isomerization. Our reduced amide inhibitor of Pin1 adopted a similar trans-pyrrolidine conformation in the crystal structure. The molecular model of 1, which mimics the l-Ser-l-Pro stereochemistry, in the Pin1 active site showed a distance of 4.4 Å, and an angle of 31° between Cys113-S and the ketone carbon. The computational models suggest that the mechanism of Pin1 PPIase is not likely to proceed through nucleophilic addition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felicia A. Etzkorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Zhang M, Wang XJ, Chen X, Bowman ME, Luo Y, Noel JP, Ellington AD, Etzkorn FA, Zhang Y. Structural and kinetic analysis of prolyl-isomerization/phosphorylation cross-talk in the CTD code. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1462-70. [PMID: 22670809 DOI: 10.1021/cb3000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II is an essential regulator for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. It is composed of multiple repeats of a consensus sequence Tyr(1)Ser(2)Pro(3)Thr(4)Ser(5)Pro(6)Ser(7). CTD regulation of transcription is mediated by both phosphorylation of the serines and prolyl isomerization of the two prolines. Interestingly, the phosphorylation sites are typically close to prolines, and thus the conformation of the adjacent proline could impact the specificity of the corresponding kinases and phosphatases. Experimental evidence of cross-talk between these two regulatory mechanisms has been elusive. Pin1 is a highly conserved phosphorylation-specific peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) that recognizes the phospho-Ser/Thr (pSer/Thr)-Pro motif with CTD as one of its primary substrates in vivo. In the present study, we provide structural snapshots and kinetic evidence that support the concept of cross-talk between prolyl isomerization and phosphorylation. We determined the structures of Pin1 bound with two substrate isosteres that mimic peptides containing pSer/Thr-Pro motifs in cis or trans conformations. The results unequivocally demonstrate the utility of both cis- and trans-locked alkene isosteres as close geometric mimics of peptides bound to a protein target. Building on this result, we identified a specific case in which Pin1 differentially affects the rate of dephosphorylation catalyzed by two phosphatases (Scp1 and Ssu72) that target the same serine residue in the CTD heptad repeat but have different preferences for the isomerization state of the adjacent proline residue. These data exemplify for the first time how modulation of proline isomerization can kinetically impact signal transduction in transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Xiaodong J. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, MC 0212, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061,
United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marianne E. Bowman
- Jack Skirball Chemical Biology
and Protein Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yonghua Luo
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph P. Noel
- Jack Skirball Chemical Biology
and Protein Laboratory, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Felicia A. Etzkorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, MC 0212, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061,
United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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