1
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Grønnemose AL, Østerlund EC, Otzen DE, Jørgensen TJD. EGCG has Dual and Opposing Effects on the N-terminal Region of Self-associating α-synuclein Oligomers. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167855. [PMID: 36240861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of the protein α-synuclein (α-syn) are thought to be a major toxic species in Parkinson's disease, particularly through their ability to permeabilize cell membranes. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been found to reduce this ability. We have analyzed α-syn oligomer dynamics and interconversion by H/D exchange monitored by mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Our results show that the two oligomers OI and OII co-exist in equilibrium; OI is a multimer of OII and its dissociation can be followed by HDX-MS by virtue of the correlated exchange of the N-terminal region. Urea destabilizes the α-syn oligomers, dissociating OI to OII and monomers. Oligomers exposed to EGCG undergo Met oxidation. Intriguingly, EGCG induces an oxidation-dependent effect on the structure of the N-terminal region. For the non-oxidized N-terminal region, EGCG increases the stability of the folded structure as measured by a higher level of protection against H/D exchange. In contrast, protection is clearly abrogated in the Met oxidized N-terminal region. Having a non-oxidized and disordered N-terminal region is known to be essential for efficient membrane binding. Therefore, our results suggest that the combined effect of a structural stabilization of the non-oxidized N-terminal region and the presence of a disordered oxidized N-terminal region renders the oligomers less cytotoxic by decreasing the ability of the N-terminal region to bind to cell membranes and facilitate their permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Eva Christina Østerlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas J D Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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2
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Braun T, Stehle J, Kacprzak S, Carl P, Höfer P, Subramaniam V, Drescher M. Intracellular Protein-Lipid Interactions Studied by Rapid-Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2471-2475. [PMID: 33663214 PMCID: PMC7957861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein-membrane interactions play key roles in essential cellular processes; studying these interactions in the cell is a challenging task of modern biophysical chemistry. A prominent example is the interaction of human α-synuclein (αS) with negatively charged membranes. It has been well-studied in vitro, but in spite of the huge amount of lipid membranes in the crowded environment of biological cells, to date, no interactions have been detected in cells. Here, we use rapid-scan (RS) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study αS interactions with negatively charged vesicles in vitro and upon transfection of the protein and lipid vesicles into model cells, i.e., oocytes of Xenopus laevis. We show that protein-vesicle interactions are reflected in RS spectra in vitro and in cells, which enables time-resolved monitoring of protein-membrane interaction upon transfection into cells. Our data suggest binding of a small fraction of αS to endogenous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa
S. Braun
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juliane Stehle
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sylwia Kacprzak
- Bruker BioSpin
GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Patrick Carl
- Bruker BioSpin
GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Peter Höfer
- Bruker BioSpin
GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Musteikytė G, Jayaram AK, Xu CK, Vendruscolo M, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Interactions of α-synuclein oligomers with lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1863:183536. [PMID: 33373595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an increasingly prevalent and currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder. At the molecular level, this disease is characterized by the formation of aberrant intracellular protein deposits known as Lewy bodies. Oligomeric forms of the protein α-synuclein (αS), which are believed to be both intermediates and by-products of Lewy body formation, are considered to be the main pathogenic species. Interactions of such oligomers with lipid membranes are increasingly emerging as a major molecular pathway underpinning their toxicity. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of the interactions of αS oligomers with lipid membranes. We highlight key structural and biophysical features of αS oligomers, the effects of these features on αS oligomer membrane binding properties, and resultant implications for understanding the etiology of Parkinson's disease. We discuss mechanistic modes of αS oligomer-lipid membrane interactions and the effects of environmental factors to such modes. Finally, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main molecular determinants of αS oligomer toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Musteikytė
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Akhila K Jayaram
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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4
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Biswas B, Roy S, Mondal JA, Singh PC. Interaction of α‐Synuclein with Phospholipids and the Associated Restructuring of Interfacial Lipid Water: An Interface‐Selective Vibrational Spectroscopic Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Biswas
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences 2A &2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Homi Bhabha National Institute Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Jahur Alam Mondal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Homi Bhabha National Institute Trombay Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Prashant Chandra Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences 2A &2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
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5
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Biswas B, Roy S, Mondal JA, Singh PC. Interaction of α-Synuclein with Phospholipids and the Associated Restructuring of Interfacial Lipid Water: An Interface-Selective Vibrational Spectroscopic Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22731-22737. [PMID: 32865870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of α-Synuclein (αS) with biological lipids is crucial for the onset of its fibrillation at the cell membrane/water interface. Probed herein is the interaction of αS with membrane-mimicking lipid monolayer/water interfaces. The results depict that αS interacts negligibly with zwitterionic lipids, but strongly affects the pristine air/water and charged lipid/water interfaces by perturbing the structure and orientation of the interfacial water. The net negative αS (-9 in bulk water; pH 7.4) reorients the water as hydrogen-up (H-up) at the air/water interface, and electrostatically interacts with positively charged lipids, making the interface nearly net neutral. αS also interacts with negatively charged lipids: the net H-up orientation of the interfacial water decreases at the anionic lipid/water interface, revealing a domain-specific interaction of net negative αS with the negatively charged lipids at the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Biswas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, 2A &2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Jahur Alam Mondal
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Prashant Chandra Singh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, 2A &2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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6
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Gilmozzi V, Gentile G, Castelo Rueda MP, Hicks AA, Pramstaller PP, Zanon A, Lévesque M, Pichler I. Interaction of Alpha-Synuclein With Lipids: Mitochondrial Cardiolipin as a Critical Player in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:578993. [PMID: 33122994 PMCID: PMC7573567 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.578993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) is a central protein in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although its role in neurotransmission is well established, the precise role of this protein in disease pathogenesis is still not fully understood. It is, however, widely regarded to be associated with the misfolding and accumulation of toxic intracellular aggregates. In fact, α-Syn is the most abundant protein component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are also characterized by a high lipid content. Lipids, the main constituents of cellular membranes, have been implicated in many aspects of PD-related processes. α-Syn interacts with membrane phospholipids and free fatty acids via its N-terminal domain, and altered lipid-protein complexes might enhance both its binding to synaptic and mitochondrial membranes and its oligomerization. Several studies have highlighted a specific interaction of α-Syn with the phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), a major constituent of mitochondrial membranes. By interacting with CL, α-Syn is able to disrupt mitochondrial membrane integrity, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, externalized CL is able to facilitate the refolding of toxic α-Syn species at the outer mitochondrial membrane. In this review, we discuss how α-Syn/lipid interactions, in particular the α-Syn/CL interaction at the mitochondrial membrane, may affect α-Syn aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction and may thus represent an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gilmozzi
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gentile
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alessandra Zanon
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Cervo Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
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7
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Cattani J, Braun T, Drescher M. Probing Alpha-Synuclein Conformations by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1948:247-260. [PMID: 30771183 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9124-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in combination with site-directed spin labeling is ideally suited to study structure, dynamics, and interactions of intrinsically disordered proteins as alpha-synuclein.Here we describe all steps required for a corresponding study: the spin labeling procedure, sample preparation, spectroscopic experimental procedure, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cattani
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Theresa Braun
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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8
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Maldonado Vidaurri E, Chavez-Montes A, Garza Tapia M, Castro-Rios R, Gonzalez-Horta A. Differential interaction of α-synuclein N-terminal segment with mitochondrial model membranes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1286-1293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Sung Y, Eliezer D. Structure and dynamics of the extended-helix state of alpha-synuclein: Intrinsic lability of the linker region. Protein Sci 2018; 27:1314-1324. [PMID: 29663556 PMCID: PMC6032355 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Parkinson's protein alpha-synuclein binds to synaptic vesicles in vivo and adopts a highly extended helical conformation when binding to lipid vesicles in vitro. High-resolution structural analysis of alpha-synuclein bound to small lipid or detergent micelles revealed two helices connected by a non-helical linker, but corresponding studies of the vesicle-bound extended-helix state are hampered by the size and heterogeneity of the protein-vesicle complex. Here we employ fluorinated alcohols (FAs) to induce a highly helical aggregation-resistant state of alpha-synuclein in solution that resembles the vesicle-bound extended-helix state but is amenable to characterization using high-resolution solution-state NMR. Analysis of chemical shift, NOE, coupling constant, PRE and relaxation measurements shows that the lipid-binding domain of alpha-synuclein in FA solutions indeed adopts a single continuous helix and that the ends of this helix do not come into detectable proximity to each other. The helix is well ordered in the center, but features an increase in fast internal motions suggestive of helix fraying approaching the termini. The central region of the helix exhibits slower time scale motions that likely result from flexing of the highly anisotropic structure. Importantly, weak or missing short- and intermediate-range NOEs in the region corresponding to the non-helical linker of micelle-bound alpha-synuclein indicate that the helical structure in this region of the protein is intrinsically unstable. This suggests that conversion of alpha-synuclein from the extended-helix to the broken-helix state represents a functionally relevant structural transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon‐Hui Sung
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Structural BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew York
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10
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Cattani J, Subramaniam V, Drescher M. Room-temperature in-cell EPR spectroscopy: alpha-Synuclein disease variants remain intrinsically disordered in the cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:18147-18151. [PMID: 28696461 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-Synuclein (aS), implicated in Parkinson's disease, adopts a rich variety of different conformations depending on the macromolecular context. In order to unravel its pathophysiological role, monitoring its intracellular conformational state and identifying differences for the disease variants is crucial. Here, we present an intracellular spectroscopy approach based on a systematic spin-labeling site-scan in combination with intracellular electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy determining conformations on a molecular scale. A quantitative and model-based data analysis revealed that the vast majority of aS, be it wild-type or disease variants A30P or A53T, exists in the monomeric intrinsically disordered form in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cattani
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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11
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Morphological analysis of mitochondria for evaluating the toxicity of α-synuclein in transgenic mice and isolated preparations by atomic force microscopy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1380-1388. [PMID: 29169728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A key molecular event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is mitochondrial damage caused by α-synuclein (α-syn). Mitochondria mediates both necrosis and apoptosis, which are associated with morphological changes. However, the mechanism by which α-syn alters mitochondrial morphology remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and changes in cardiolipin (CL) levels in mitochondria isolated from the brain of Thy1α-syn mice. Cytoplasmic cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were upregulated in the brain of transgenic mice. Morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested a correlation between mitochondrial morphology and function in these animals. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with recombinant human α-synuclein N terminus (α-syn/N) decreased mitochondrial CL content. An AFM analysis showed that α-syn/N induced mitochondrial swelling and the formation of pore-like structures, which was associated with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential and complex I activity. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated by treatment with the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A, although there was no recovery of CL content. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which α-syn/N directly undermines mitochondrial structure and function via modulation of mPTP opening and CL levels, and suggests that morphological analysis of isolated mitochondria by AFM is a useful approach for evaluating mitochondrial injury.
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12
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Kumar P, Schilderink N, Subramaniam V, Huber M. Membrane Binding of Parkinson's Protein α-Synuclein: Effect of Phosphorylation at Positions 87 and 129 by the S to D Mutation Approach. Isr J Chem 2017; 57:762-770. [PMID: 28919642 PMCID: PMC5573911 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human α-synuclein, a protein relevant in the brain with so-far unknown function, plays an important role in Parkinson's disease. The phosphorylation state of αS was related to the disease, prompting interest in this process. The presumed physiological function and the disease action of αS involves membrane interaction. Here, we study the effect of phosphorylation at positions 87 and 129, mimicked by the mutations S87A, S129A (nonphosphorylated) and S87D, S129D (phosphorylated) on membrane binding. Local binding is detected by spin-label continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance. For S87A/D, six positions (27, 56, 63, 69, 76, and 90) are probed; and for S129A/D, three (27, 56, and 69). Binding to large unilamellar vesicles of 100 nm diameter of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in a 1 : 1 composition is not affected by the phosphorylation state of S129. For phosphorylation at S87, local unbinding of αS from the membrane is observed. We speculate that modulating the local membrane affinity by phosphorylation could tune the way αS interacts with different membranes; for example, tuning its membrane fusion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh-Onnes LaboratoryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Schilderink
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
- FOM Institute AMOLFAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh-Onnes LaboratoryLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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13
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Robotta M, Cattani J, Martins JC, Subramaniam V, Drescher M. Alpha-Synuclein Disease Mutations Are Structurally Defective and Locally Affect Membrane Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4254-4257. [PMID: 28298083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered human protein alpha-Synuclein (αS) has a prominent role in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Several familial variants of αS are correlated with inherited PD. Disease mutations have been shown to have an impact on lipid membrane binding. Here, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with site-directed spin labeling, we show that familial PD-associated variants are structurally defective in membrane binding and alter the local binding properties of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Robotta
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Cattani
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juliana Cristina Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Physics, State University of Londrina , 86057-970 Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry, Zukunftskolleg, and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz , 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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14
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Roberts HL, Schneider BL, Brown DR. α-Synuclein increases β-amyloid secretion by promoting β-/γ-secretase processing of APP. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171925. [PMID: 28187176 PMCID: PMC5302447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation is often accompanied by β-amyloid deposition in some neurodegenerative diseases. We hypothesised that α-synuclein promotes β-amyloid production from APP. β-Amyloid levels and APP amyloidogenic processing were investigated in neuronal cell lines stably overexpressing wildtype and mutant α-synuclein. γ-Secretase activity and β-secretase expression were also measured. We show that α-synuclein expression induces β-amyloid secretion and amyloidogenic processing of APP in neuronal cell lines. Certain mutations of α-synuclein potentiate APP amyloidogenic processing. γ-Secretase activity was not enhanced by wildtype α-synuclein expression, however β-secretase protein levels were induced. Furthermore, a correlation between α-synuclein and β-secretase protein was seen in rat brain striata. Iron chelation abolishes the effect of α-synuclein on neuronal cell β-amyloid secretion, whereas overexpression of the ferrireductase enzyme Steap3 is robustly pro-amyloidogenic. We propose that α-synuclein promotes β-amyloid formation by modulating β-cleavage of APP, and that this is potentially mediated by the levels of reduced iron and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel L. Roberts
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard L. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ghio S, Kamp F, Cauchi R, Giese A, Vassallo N. Interaction of α-synuclein with biomembranes in Parkinson's disease--role of cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:73-82. [PMID: 26703192 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the key molecular events underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the aberrant misfolding and aggregation of the α-synuclein (αS) protein into higher-order oligomers that play a key role in neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. A wealth of experimental data supports the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity of αS oligomers is intrinsically linked with their ability to interact with, and disrupt, biological membranes; especially those membranes having negatively-charged surfaces and/or lipid packing defects. Consequences of αS-lipid interaction include increased membrane tension, permeation by pore formation, membrane lysis and/or leakage due to the extraction of lipids from the bilayer. Moreover, we assert that the interaction of αS with a liquid-disordering phospholipid uniquely enriched in mitochondrial membranes, namely cardiolipin (1,3-diphosphatidyl-sn-glycerol, CL), helps target the αS oligomeric complexes intracellularly to mitochondria. Binding mediated by CL may thus represent an important pathomechanism by which cytosolic αS could physically associate with mitochondrial membranes and disrupt their integrity. Impaired mitochondrial function culminates in a cellular bioenergetic crisis and apoptotic death. To conclude, we advocate the accelerated discovery of new drugs targeting this pathway in order to restore mitochondrial function in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ghio
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University & DZNE, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruben Cauchi
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Armin Giese
- Zentrum für Neuropathologie und Prionforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Neville Vassallo
- Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.
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Kumar P, Segers-Nolten IMJ, Schilderink N, Subramaniam V, Huber M. Parkinson's Protein α-Synuclein Binds Efficiently and with a Novel Conformation to Two Natural Membrane Mimics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142795. [PMID: 26588454 PMCID: PMC4654490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of human α-Synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson’s disease, to natural membranes is thought to be crucial in relation to its pathological and physiological function. Here the binding of αS to small unilamellar vesicles mimicking the inner mitochondrial and the neuronal plasma membrane is studied in situ by continuous wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance. Local binding information of αS spin labeled by MTSL at positions 56 and 69 respectively shows that also helix 2 (residues 50–100) binds firmly to both membranes. By double electron-electron resonance (DEER) on the mutant spin labeled at positions 27 and 56 (αS 27/56) a new conformation on the membrane is found with a distance of 3.6 nm/ 3.7 nm between residues 27 and 56. In view of the low negative charge density of these membranes, the strong interaction is surprising, emphasizing that function and pathology of αS could involve synaptic vesicles and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kammerlingh-Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ine M. J. Segers-Nolten
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Schilderink
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kammerlingh-Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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α-Synuclein interactions with phospholipid model membranes: Key roles for electrostatic interactions and lipid-bilayer structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2002-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Robotta M, Gerding HR, Vogel A, Hauser K, Schildknecht S, Karreman C, Leist M, Subramaniam V, Drescher M. Alpha-synuclein binds to the inner membrane of mitochondria in an α-helical conformation. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2499-502. [PMID: 25209675 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human alpha-Synuclein (αS) protein is of significant interest because of its association with Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. The intrinsically disordered protein (140 amino acids) is characterized by the absence of a well-defined structure in solution. It displays remarkable conformational flexibility upon macromolecular interactions, and can associate with mitochondrial membranes. Site-directed spin-labeling in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy enabled us to study the local binding properties of αS on artificial membranes (mimicking the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes), and to evaluate the importance of cardiolipin in this interaction. With pulsed, two-frequency, double-electron electron paramagnetic resonance (DEER) approaches, we examined, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, the conformation of αS bound to isolated mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Robotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB) and the Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz (Germany)
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19
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The N-terminus of α-synuclein is essential for both monomeric and oligomeric interactions with membranes. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:497-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alderson TR, Markley JL. Biophysical characterization of α-synuclein and its controversial structure. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:18-39. [PMID: 24634806 PMCID: PMC3908606 DOI: 10.4161/idp.26255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein, a presynaptic protein of poorly defined function, constitutes the main component of Parkinson disease-associated Lewy bodies. Extensive biophysical investigations have provided evidence that isolated α-synuclein is an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) in vitro. Subsequently serving as a model IDP in numerous studies, α-synuclein has aided in the development of many technologies used to characterize IDPs and arguably represents the most thoroughly analyzed IDP to date. Recent reports, however, have challenged the disordered nature of α-synuclein inside cells and have instead proposed a physiologically relevant helical tetramer. Despite α-synuclein's rich biophysical history, a single coherent picture has not yet emerged concerning its in vivo structure, dynamics, and physiological role(s). We present herein a review of the biophysical discoveries, developments, and models pertinent to the characterization of α-synuclein's structure and analysis of the native tetramer controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reid Alderson
- Biochemistry Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI USA
| | - John L Markley
- Biochemistry Department; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI USA ; National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI USA
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Schildknecht S, Gerding HR, Karreman C, Drescher M, Lashuel HA, Outeiro TF, Di Monte DA, Leist M. Oxidative and nitrative alpha-synuclein modifications and proteostatic stress: implications for disease mechanisms and interventions in synucleinopathies. J Neurochem 2013; 125:491-511. [PMID: 23452040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (ASYN) is a major constituent of the typical protein aggregates observed in several neurodegenerative diseases that are collectively referred to as synucleinopathies. A causal involvement of ASYN in the initiation and progression of neurological diseases is suggested by observations indicating that single-point (e.g., A30P, A53T) or multiplication mutations of the gene encoding for ASYN cause early onset forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The relative regional specificity of ASYN pathology is still a riddle that cannot be simply explained by its expression pattern. Also, transgenic over-expression of ASYN in mice does not recapitulate the typical dopaminergic neuronal death observed in PD. Thus, additional factors must contribute to ASYN-related toxicity. For instance, synucleinopathies are usually associated with inflammation and elevated levels of oxidative stress in affected brain areas. In turn, these conditions favor oxidative modifications of ASYN. Among these modifications, nitration of tyrosine residues, formation of covalent ASYN dimers, as well as methionine sulfoxidations are prominent examples that are observed in post-mortem PD brain sections. Oxidative modifications can affect ASYN aggregation, as well as its binding to biological membranes. This would affect neurotransmitter recycling, mitochondrial function and dynamics (fission/fusion), ASYN's degradation within a cell and, possibly, the transfer of modified ASYN to adjacent cells. Here, we propose a model on how covalent modifications of ASYN link energy stress, altered proteostasis, and oxidative stress, three major pathogenic processes involved in PD progression. Moreover, we hypothesize that ASYN may act physiologically as a catalytically regenerated scavenger of oxidants in healthy cells, thus performing an important protective role prior to the onset of disease or during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schildknecht
- Department of Biology, Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Yamaguchi T, Uno T, Uekusa Y, Yagi-Utsumi M, Kato K. Ganglioside-embedding small bicelles for probing membrane-landing processes of intrinsically disordered proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1235-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc38016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Stöckl MT, Zijlstra N, Subramaniam V. α-Synuclein Oligomers: an Amyloid Pore? Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:613-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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