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Cui JJ, Zhang Y, Ju KS. Phosphonoalamides Reveal the Biosynthetic Origin of Phosphonoalanine Natural Products and a Convergent Pathway for Their Diversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405052. [PMID: 38780891 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Phosphonate natural products, with their potent inhibitory activity, have found widespread use across multiple industries. Their success has inspired development of genome mining approaches that continue to reveal previously unknown bioactive scaffolds and biosynthetic insights. However, a greater understanding of phosphonate metabolism is required to enable prediction of compounds and their bioactivities from sequence information alone. Here, we expand our knowledge of this natural product class by reporting the complete biosynthesis of the phosphonoalamides, antimicrobial tripeptides with a conserved N-terminal l-phosphonoalanine (PnAla) residue produced by Streptomyces. The phosphonoalamides result from the convergence of PnAla biosynthesis and peptide ligation pathways. We elucidate the biochemistry underlying the transamination of phosphonopyruvate to PnAla, a new early branchpoint in phosphonate biosynthesis catalyzed by an aminotransferase with evolved specificity for phosphonate metabolism. Peptide formation is catalyzed by two ATP-grasp ligases, the first of which produces dipeptides, and a second which ligates dipeptides to PnAla to produce phosphonoalamides. Substrate specificity profiling revealed a dramatic expansion of dipeptide and tripeptide products, while finding PnaC to be the most promiscuous dipeptide ligase reported thus far. Our findings highlight previously unknown transformations in natural product biosynthesis, promising enzyme biocatalysts, and unveil insights into the diversity of phosphonopeptide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Cui
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 318W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Yeying Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 318W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 318W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, 318W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
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2
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Ashrafi S, Kuzmanović N, Patz S, Lohwasser U, Bunk B, Spröer C, Lorenz M, Elhady A, Frühling A, Neumann-Schaal M, Verbarg S, Becker M, Thünen T. Two New Rhizobiales Species Isolated from Root Nodules of Common Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) Show Different Plant Colonization Strategies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0109922. [PMID: 36005754 PMCID: PMC9603459 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root nodules of legume plants are primarily inhabited by rhizobial nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here, we propose two new Rhizobiales species isolated from root nodules of common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), as shown by core-gene phylogeny, overall genome relatedness indices, and pan-genome analysis. Mesorhizobium onobrychidis sp. nov. actively induces nodules and achieves atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide fixation. This species appears to be depleted in motility genes and is enriched in genes for direct effects on plant growth performance. Its genome reveals functional and plant growth-promoting signatures, like a large unique chromosomal genomic island with high density of symbiotic genetic traits. Onobrychidicola muellerharveyae gen. nov. sp. nov. is described as a type species of the new genus Onobrychidicola in Rhizobiaceae. This species comprises unique genetic features and plant growth-promoting traits (PGPTs), which strongly indicate its function in biotic stress reduction and motility. We applied a newly developed bioinformatics approach for in silico prediction of PGPTs (PGPT-Pred), which supports the different lifestyles of the two new species and the plant growth-promoting performance of M. onobrychidis in the greenhouse trial. IMPORTANCE The intensive use of chemical fertilizers has a variety of negative effects on the environment. Increased utilization of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is one way to mitigate those negative impacts. In order to optimize BNF, suitable candidates for different legume species are required. Despite intensive search for new rhizobial bacteria associated with legumes, no new rhizobia have recently been identified from sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). Here, we report on the discovery of two new rhizobial species associated with sainfoin, which are of high importance for the host and may help to increase sustainability in agricultural practices. We employed the combination of in silico prediction and in planta experiments, which is an effective way to detect promising plant growth-promoting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ashrafi
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nemanja Kuzmanović
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sascha Patz
- University of Tübingen, Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, Algorithms in Bioinformatics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lohwasser
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Genebank Department, Seeland, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Lorenz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Elhady
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja Frühling
- Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meina Neumann-Schaal
- Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Verbarg
- Leibniz Institute German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Torsten Thünen
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Rangel LI, Bolton MD. The unsung roles of microbial secondary metabolite effectors in the plant disease cacophony. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102233. [PMID: 35679804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants counter disease with an array of responses to styme pathogen ingress. In contrast to this cacophony, plant pathogens orchestrate a finely tuned repertoire of virulence mechanisms in their attempt to cause disease. One such example is the production of secondary metabolite effectors (SMEs). Despite many attempts to functionally categorize SMEs, their many roles in plant disease have proven they march to the beat of their producer's drum. Some lesser studied features of SMEs in plant disease include self-resistance (SR) and manipulation of the microbiome to enhance pathogen virulence. SR can be accomplished in three general compositions, with the first being the transport of the SME to a benign location; the second being modification of the SME so it cannot harm the producer; and the third being metabolic regulation of the SME or the producer homolog of the SME target. SMEs may also play an interlude prior to disease by shaping the plant microbial community, allowing producers to better establish themselves. Taken together, SMEs are integral players in the phytopathology canon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Rangel
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Fargo, ND, USA.
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Lyu J, Ushimaru R, Abe I. Characterization of Enzymes Catalyzing the Initial Steps of the β-Lactam Tabtoxin Biosynthesis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3337-3341. [PMID: 35510837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tabtoxin is a β-lactam ring-containing phytotoxin produced by a plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species. Here, we describe the early stages of tabtoxin biosynthesis, involving a C-methylation reaction catalyzed by the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase TblA as the initial step for the β-lactam construction. Gene deletion and in vitro biochemical assays demonstrated that the Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase domain of TblD catalyzes the acetylation of the α-amino group of 5-methyl-l-lysine. This establishment of the early reaction steps lays the foundation for characterizing unique β-lactam biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lyu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Richiro Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,ACT-X, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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5
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Zhang Y, Bai J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu B, Hu Y. Self-Resistance in the Biosynthesis of Fungal Macrolides Involving Cycles of Extracellular Oxidative Activation and Intracellular Reductive Inactivation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6639-6645. [PMID: 33314510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-resistance genes are employed by many microbial producers of bioactive natural products to avoid self-harm. Herein, we describe a unique strategy for self-resistance toward a macrolide antibiotic, A26771B (1), identified by elucidating its biosynthetic pathway in the fungus Penicillium egyptiacum. A highly reducing polyketide synthase and a trans-acting thioesterase generate the macrolide backbone, and a cytochrome P450 and an acyltransferase, respectively catalyze hydroxylation and succinylation to form the prodrug berkeleylactone E (2). Then, extracellular oxidative activation by a secreted flavin-dependent oxidase forms 1, while intracellular reductive inactivation by a short-chain reductase reforms 2, forming a redox cycle. Our work illustrates a unique redox-mediated resistance mechanism for fungal antibiotics and contributes to the understanding of antibiotic biosynthesis and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jian Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Catalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
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6
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Self‐Resistance in the Biosynthesis of Fungal Macrolides Involving Cycles of Extracellular Oxidative Activation and Intracellular Reductive Inactivation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Beaupre BA, Moran GR. N5 Is the New C4a: Biochemical Functionalization of Reduced Flavins at the N5 Position. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:598912. [PMID: 33195440 PMCID: PMC7662398 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.598912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For three decades the C4a-position of reduced flavins was the known site for covalency within flavoenzymes. The reactivity of this position of the reduced isoalloxazine ring with the dioxygen ground-state triplet established the C4a as a site capable of one-electron chemistry. Within the last two decades new types of reduced flavin reactivity have been documented. These studies reveal that the N5 position is also a protean site of reactivity, that is capable of nucleophilic attack to form covalent bonds with substrates. In addition, though the precise mechanism of dioxygen reactivity is yet to be definitively demonstrated, it is clear that the N5 position is directly involved in substrate oxygenation in some enzymes. In this review we document the lineage of discoveries that identified five unique modes of N5 reactivity that collectively illustrate the versatility of this position of the reduced isoalloxazine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Beaupre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Small-Molecule Acetylation by GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases in Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:84/2/e00090-19. [PMID: 32295819 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00090-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is a conserved modification used to regulate a variety of cellular pathways, such as gene expression, protein synthesis, detoxification, and virulence. Acetyltransferase enzymes transfer an acetyl moiety, usually from acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA), onto a target substrate, thereby modulating activity or stability. Members of the GCN5- N -acetyltransferase (GNAT) protein superfamily are found in all domains of life and are characterized by a core structural domain architecture. These enzymes can modify primary amines of small molecules or of lysyl residues of proteins. From the initial discovery of antibiotic acetylation, GNATs have been shown to modify a myriad of small-molecule substrates, including tRNAs, polyamines, cell wall components, and other toxins. This review focuses on the literature on small-molecule substrates of GNATs in bacteria, including structural examples, to understand ligand binding and catalysis. Understanding the plethora and versatility of substrates helps frame the role of acetylation within the larger context of bacterial cellular physiology.
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Wencewicz TA. Crossroads of Antibiotic Resistance and Biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3370-3399. [PMID: 31288031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of antibiotics and self-protection mechanisms employed by antibiotic producers are an integral part of the growing antibiotic resistance threat. The origins of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes found in human pathogens have been traced to ancient microbial producers of antibiotics in natural environments. Widespread and frequent antibiotic use amplifies environmental pools of antibiotic resistance genes and increases the likelihood for the selection of a resistance event in human pathogens. This perspective will provide an overview of the origins of antibiotic resistance to highlight the crossroads of antibiotic biosynthesis and producer self-protection that result in clinically relevant resistance mechanisms. Some case studies of synergistic antibiotic combinations, adjuvants, and hybrid antibiotics will also be presented to show how native antibiotic producers manage the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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10
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Markley JL, Wencewicz TA. Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 29899733 PMCID: PMC5988894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines have been foundational antibacterial agents for more than 70 years. Renewed interest in tetracycline antibiotics is being driven by advancements in tetracycline synthesis and strategic scaffold modifications designed to overcome established clinical resistance mechanisms including efflux and ribosome protection. Emerging new resistance mechanisms, including enzymatic antibiotic inactivation, threaten recent progress on bringing these next-generation tetracyclines to the clinic. Here we review the current state of knowledge on the structure, mechanism, and inhibition of tetracycline-inactivating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Markley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Markley JL, Morse TL, Rath NP, Wencewicz TA. Stream-lined synthesis of 3-hydroxy-β-lactams: Norrish-Yang type II photocyclizations of β-ketoformamides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Manning ME, Danson EJ, Calderone CT. Functional chararacterization of the enzymes TabB and TabD involved in tabtoxin biosynthesis by Pseudomonas syringae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:212-217. [PMID: 29307827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci ATCC 11528 produces tabtoxin, a β-lactam-containing dipeptide phytotoxin. Tabtoxinine-β-lactam (TβL), one of tabtoxin's constituent amino acids, structurally mimics lysine, and many of the proteins encoded by the tabtoxin biosynthetic gene cluster are homologs of lysine biosynthetic enzymes, suggesting that the tabtoxin and lysine biosynthetic routes parallel one another. We cloned and expressed TabB and TabD, predicted homologs of tetrahydrodipicolinate (THDPA)-N-acyltransferase and N-acyl-THDPA aminotransferase, respectively, to determine their activities in vitro. We confirmed that TabB succinylates THDPA and that TabD is a PLP-dependent aminotransferase that utilizes glutamate as an amine donor. Surprisingly, we also found that though TabD could utilize the TabB product N-succinyl-THDPA as a substrate, THDPA itself was also recognized. These observations reveal that TabB functionally duplicates DapD, the THDPA-N-succinyltransferase involved in lysine biosynthesis, and reinforce the close relationship between the metabolic logics underpinning the respective biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Manning
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, United States
| | - Eli J Danson
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, United States
| | - Christopher T Calderone
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, 1 North College Street, Northfield, MN 55057, United States.
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Patrick GJ, Fang L, Schaefer J, Singh S, Bowman GR, Wencewicz TA. Mechanistic Basis for ATP-Dependent Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase by Tabtoxinine-β-lactam. Biochemistry 2018; 57:117-135. [PMID: 29039929 PMCID: PMC5934995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tabtoxinine-β-lactam (TβL), also known as wildfire toxin, is a time- and ATP-dependent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase produced by plant pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae. Here we demonstrate that recombinant glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli phosphorylates the C3-hydroxyl group of the TβL 3-(S)-hydroxy-β-lactam (3-HβL) warhead. Phosphorylation of TβL generates a stable, noncovalent enzyme-ADP-inhibitor complex that resembles the glutamine synthetase tetrahedral transition state. The TβL β-lactam ring remains intact during enzyme inhibition, making TβL mechanistically distinct from traditional β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin. Our findings could enable the design of new 3-HβL transition state inhibitors targeting enzymes in the ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligase superfamily with broad therapeutic potential in many disease areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett J. Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Luting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jacob Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Timothy A. Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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14
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New antibiotics from Nature’s chemical inventory. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:6227-6252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Hart KM, Reck M, Bowman GR, Wencewicz TA. Tabtoxinine-β-lactam is a “stealth” β-lactam antibiotic that evades β-lactamase-mediated antibiotic resistance. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tabtoxinine-β-lactam (TβL) is a phytotoxin produced by plant pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
- Washington University School of Medicine
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Margaret Reck
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University in St. Louis
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics
- Washington University School of Medicine
- St. Louis
- USA
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Zhang P, Meng LH, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Li XM, Liu Y, Li X, Li CS, Wang BG. Brocaeloids A-C, 4-Oxoquinoline and Indole Alkaloids with C-2 Reversed Prenylation from the Mangrove-Derived Endophytic FungusPenicillium brocae. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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L-amino acid ligase from Pseudomonas syringae producing tabtoxin can be used for enzymatic synthesis of various functional peptides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5023-9. [PMID: 23770908 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01003-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional peptides are expected to be beneficial compounds that improve our quality of life. To address the growing need for functional peptides, we have examined peptide synthesis by using microbial enzymes. l-Amino acid ligase (Lal) catalyzes the condensation of unprotected amino acids in an ATP-dependent manner and is applicable to fermentative production. Hence, Lal is a promising enzyme to achieve cost-effective synthesis. To obtain a Lal with novel substrate specificity, we focused on the putative Lal involved in the biosynthesis of the dipeptidic phytotoxin designated tabtoxin. The tabS gene was cloned from Pseudomonas syringae NBRC14081 and overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. The recombinant TabS protein produced showed the broadest substrate specificity of any known Lal; it detected 136 of 231 combinations of amino acid substrates when dipeptide synthesis was examined. In addition, some new substrate specificities were identified and unusual amino acids, e.g., l-pipecolic acid, hydroxy-l-proline, and β-alanine, were found to be acceptable substrates. Furthermore, kinetic analysis and monitoring of the reactions over a short time revealed that TabS showed distinct substrate selectivity at the N and C termini, which made it possible to specifically synthesize a peptide without by-products such as homopeptides and heteropeptides with the reverse sequence. TabS specifically synthesized the following functional peptides, including their precursors: l-arginyl-l-phenylalanine (antihypertensive effect; yield, 62%), l-leucyl-l-isoleucine (antidepressive effect; yield, 77%), l-glutaminyl-l-tryptophan (precursor of l-glutamyl-l-tryptophan, which has antiangiogenic activity; yield, 54%), l-leucyl-l-serine (enhances saltiness; yield, 83%), and l-glutaminyl-l-threonine (precursor of l-glutamyl-l-threonine, which enhances saltiness; yield, 96%). Furthermore, our results also provide new insights into tabtoxin biosynthesis.
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Origins of the β-lactam rings in natural products. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:401-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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